[ { "key": "EPDMD2SN", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/EPDMD2SN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/EPDMD2SN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kahn et al.", "parsedDate": "1982-06-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EPDMD2SN", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Distribution of Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Levels in a Blood Donor Population", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard A.", "lastName": "Kahn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gina", "lastName": "Johnson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard D.", "lastName": "Aach" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andria", "lastName": "Hines" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank R.", "lastName": "Ellis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William V.", "lastName": "Miller" } ], "abstractNote": "The authors studied the distribution of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in 10,034 volunteer blood donors. The mean ± SD ALT value was 21.4 ± 19.3 IU/liter; 549 (5.5%) of the donors had an ALT value greater than 45 IU; 2.5 per cent had ALT values >60 IU. In general, ALT levels were higher In males than in females, and were age related; peak values occurred in the third decade of life for males and between 50–60 years of age in females. ALT values greater than 45 IU were found significantly more often in males, In donors of both sexes 30–40 years of age, In married donors, in non Caucasians, and in those whose education level was no higher than high school. Follow-up samples in donors with an initial ALT >45 IU, revealed that 67% continued to have ALT values above 45 IU 2–8 weeks following initial sampling, and 40% had an ALT >45 IU when tested again six months after entry into the study. ALT values >60 IU were associated with a significantly increased prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HB8) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBC) occurring together. No statistically significant association was found between transaminase activity and the prevalence of anti-HBs or anti-HBc alone, or with hepatitis A antibody. These findings demonstrate that there are defined sociodemographic and serologic features of donors with elevated ALT values.", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Epidemiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "06/01/1982", "volume": "115", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "929-940", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Am. J. Epidemiol.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/6/929", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:24:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002-9262, 1476-6256", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "aje.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 6807084", "tags": [ { "tag": "alanine aminotransferase", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "blood donors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hepatitis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hepatitis viruses", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "non-A", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "non-B", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "viral", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:15Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:15Z" } }, { "key": "2RAL6938", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/2RAL6938", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/2RAL6938", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mohamoud et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-06-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2RAL6938", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a systematic review and data synthesis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yousra A", "lastName": "Mohamoud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ghina R", "lastName": "Mumtaz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Suzanne", "lastName": "Riome" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "DeWolfe", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laith J", "lastName": "Abu-Raddad" } ], "abstractNote": "Background\nEgypt has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the world, estimated nationally at 14.7%. Our study’s objective was to delineate the evidence on the epidemiology of HCV infection among the different population groups in Egypt, and to draw analytical inferences about the nature of HCV transmission in this country.\n\nMethods\nWe conducted a systematic review of all data on HCV prevalence and incidence in Egypt following PRISMA guidelines. The main sources of data included PubMed and Embase databases. We also used a multivariate regression model to infer the temporal trend of HCV prevalence among the general population and high risk population in Egypt.\n\nResults\nWe identified 150 relevant records, four of which were incidence studies. HCV incidence ranged from 0.8 to 6.8 per 1,000 person-years. Overall, HCV prevalence among pregnant women ranged between 5-15%, among blood donors between 5-25%, and among other general population groups between 0-40%. HCV prevalence among multi-transfused patients ranged between 10-55%, among dialysis patients between 50-90%, and among other high risk populations between 10% and 85%. HCV prevalence varied widely among other clinical populations and populations at intermediate risk. Risk factors appear to be parenteral anti-schistosomal therapy, injections, transfusions, and surgical procedures, among others. Results of our time trend analysis suggest that there is no evidence of a statistically significant decline in HCV prevalence over time in both the general population (p-value: 0.215) and high risk population (p-value: 0.426).\n\nConclusions\nEgypt is confronted with an HCV disease burden of historical proportions that distinguishes this nation from others. A massive HCV epidemic at the national level must have occurred with substantial transmission still ongoing today. HCV prevention in Egypt must become a national priority. Policymakers, and public health and medical care stakeholders need to introduce and implement further prevention measures targeting the routes of HCV transmission.", "publicationTitle": "BMC Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-6-24", "volume": "13", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "288", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "BMC Infect Dis", "DOI": "10.1186/1471-2334-13-288", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3702438/", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:28:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-2334", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 23799878\nPMCID: PMC3702438", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:15Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:15Z" } }, { "key": "66857T9L", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/66857T9L", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/66857T9L", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zumla et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "66857T9L", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Inflammation and tuberculosis: host-directed therapies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Zumla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Rao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. K.", "lastName": "Parida" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Keshavjee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Cassell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Wallis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Axelsson-Robertsson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Doherty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Andersson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Maeurer" } ], "abstractNote": "Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease that kills almost two million individuals every year. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB is caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, the backbone of first-line antitubercular treatment. MDR TB affects an estimated 500 000 new patients annually. Genetic analysis of drug-resistant MDR-TB showed that airborne transmission of undetected and untreated strains played a major role in disease outbreaks. The need for new TB vaccines and faster diagnostics, as well as the development of new drugs, has recently been highlighted. The major problem in terms of current TB research and clinical demands is the increasing number of cases of extensively drug-resistant and ‘treatment-refractory’ TB. An emerging scenario of adjunct host-directed therapies is intended to target pulmonary TB where inflammatory processes can be deleterious and lead to immune exhaustion. ‘Target-organ-saving’ strategies may be warranted to prevent damage to infected tissues and achieve focused, clinically relevant and long-lasting anti-M. tb cellular immune responses. Candidates for such interventions may be biological agents or already approved drugs that can be ‘re-purposed’ to interfere with biologically relevant cellular checkpoints. Here, we review current concepts of inflammation in TB disease and discuss candidate pathways for host-directed therapies to achieve better clinical outcomes.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Internal Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 2015", "volume": "277", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "373-387", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Intern Med", "DOI": "10.1111/joim.12256", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12256/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2796", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Inflammation and tuberculosis", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 The Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "M. tuberculosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "drug-resistant tuberculosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "host-directed therapy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "inflammation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "multidrug-resistant tuberculosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "tuberculosis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:14Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:14Z" } }, { "key": "WAVAXMIC", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/WAVAXMIC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/WAVAXMIC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mohamoud et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-06-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WAVAXMIC", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a systematic review and data synthesis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yousra A.", "lastName": "Mohamoud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ghina R.", "lastName": "Mumtaz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Suzanne", "lastName": "Riome" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "DeWolfe", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laith J.", "lastName": "Abu-Raddad" } ], "abstractNote": "Egypt has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the world, estimated nationally at 14.7%. Our study’s objective was to delineate the evidence on the epidemiology of HCV infection among the different population groups in Egypt, and to draw analytical inferences about the nature of HCV transmission in this country.", "publicationTitle": "BMC Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-06-24", "volume": "13", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "288", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1186/1471-2334-13-288", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/288/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:28:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-2334", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.biomedcentral.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2013 Mohamoud et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.", "extra": "PMID: 23799878", "tags": [ { "tag": "Egypt", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epidemiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hepatitis C Virus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Incidence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prevalence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Systematic Review", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:14Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:14Z" } }, { "key": "BW5ST3PT", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/BW5ST3PT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/BW5ST3PT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ramachandran and Swaminathan", "parsedDate": "2015-02-13", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BW5ST3PT", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Safety and Tolerability Profile of Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Medications", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geetha", "lastName": "Ramachandran" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Soumya", "lastName": "Swaminathan" } ], "abstractNote": "Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem, representing the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases globally, despite being nearly 100 % curable. Multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB, a form of TB resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (rifampin), two of the key first-line TB drugs, is becoming increasingly common. MDR-TB is treated with a combination of drugs that are less effective but more toxic than isoniazid and rifampicin. These drugs include fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, ethionamide, cycloserine, aminosalicyclic acid, linezolid and clofazimine among others. Minor adverse effects are quite common and they can be easily managed with symptomatic treatment. However, some adverse effects can be life-threatening, e.g. nephrotoxicity due to aminoglycosides, cardiotoxicity due to fluoroquinolones, gastrointestinal toxicity due to ethionamide or para-aminosalicylic acid, central nervous system toxicity due to cycloserine, etc. Baseline evaluation may help to identify patients who are at increased risk for adverse effects. Regular clinical and laboratory evaluation during treatment is very important to prevent adverse effects from becoming serious. Timely and intensive monitoring for, and management of adverse effects caused by, second-line drugs are essential components of drug-resistant TB control programmes; poor management of adverse effects increases the risk of non-adherence or irregular adherence to treatment, and may result in death or permanent morbidity. Treating physicians should have a thorough knowledge of the adverse effects associated with the use of second-line anti-TB drugs, and routinely monitor the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. In this review, we have compiled safety and tolerability information regarding second-line anti-TB drugs in both adults and children.", "publicationTitle": "Drug Safety", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015/02/13", "volume": "38", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "253-269", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Drug Saf", "DOI": "10.1007/s40264-015-0267-y", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40264-015-0267-y", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0114-5916, 1179-1942", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Drug Safety and Pharmacovigilance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pharmacology/Toxicology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:14Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:14Z" } }, { "key": "FZHBP758", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/FZHBP758", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/FZHBP758", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ramappa and Aithal", "parsedDate": "2013-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FZHBP758", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hepatotoxicity Related to Anti-tuberculosis Drugs: Mechanisms and Management", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vidyasagar", "lastName": "Ramappa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guruprasad P.", "lastName": "Aithal" } ], "abstractNote": "Development of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is an intricate process involving both concurrent as well as sequential events determining the direction of the pathways, degree of liver injury and its outcome. Decades of clinical observation have identified a number of drug and host related factors that are associated with an increased risk of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity, although majority of the studies are retrospective with varied case definitions and sample sizes. Investigations on genetic susceptibility to hepatotoxicity have so far focused on formation and accumulation reactive metabolite as well as factors that contribute to cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and the environment which can modulate the threshold for hepatocyte death secondary to oxidative stress. Recent advances in pharmacogenetics have promised the development of refined algorithms including drug, host and environmental risk factors that allow better tailoring of medications based on accurate estimates of risk–benefit ratio. Future investigations exploring the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity should be performed using human tissue and samples whenever possible, so that the novel findings can be translated readily into clinical applications.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-3", "volume": "3", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "37-49", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Clin Exp Hepatol", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jceh.2012.12.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3940184/", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0973-6883", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Hepatotoxicity Related to Anti-tuberculosis Drugs", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 25755470\nPMCID: PMC3940184", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:13Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:13Z" } }, { "key": "QT47ENLL", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/QT47ENLL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/QT47ENLL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sharma et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-03-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QT47ENLL", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Safety of 3 Different Reintroduction Regimens of Antituberculosis Drugs after Development of Antituberculosis Treatment–Induced Hepatotoxicity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Surendra K.", "lastName": "Sharma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rohit", "lastName": "Singla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pawan", "lastName": "Sarda" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alladi", "lastName": "Mohan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Govind", "lastName": "Makharia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arvind", "lastName": "Jayaswal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vishnubhatla", "lastName": "Sreenivas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sarman", "lastName": "Singh" } ], "abstractNote": "Background. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is the most common adverse drug reaction leading to interruption of antituberculosis treatment. Worldwide, different reintroduction regimens have been advocated, but no consensus guidelines are available. Reintroduction of antituberculosis drugs in patients with DIH has never been studied systematically. We aimed to compare the safety of 3 different reintroduction regimens of antituberculosis drugs in patients with antituberculosis DIH.\nMethods. A total of 175 patients with a diagnosis of antituberculosis DIH were randomized to receive 1 of 3 different predefined reintroduction regimens of antituberculosis drugs and were evaluated prospectively. Patients in arm I were given isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide simultaneously at full dosage from day 1. In arm II, drugs were administered in a manner similar to that recommended in the American Thoracic Society guidelines for reintroduction. In arm III, drugs were administered in accordance with British Thoracic Society guidelines.\nResults. Nineteen patients (10.9%) had recurrence of DIH during follow-up. Eight, 6, and 5 patients had recurrence of hepatitis in arms I, II, and III, respectively (P=.69). Of all the clinical and laboratory parameters, pretreatment serum albumin level was the only statistically significant predictor of future recurrence of DIH on reintroduction of antituberculosis drugs (Pµ.01).\nConclusions. The recurrence rate of hepatotoxicity was not significantly different between the 3 groups. According to the findings of the present study, all 3 of the potentially hepatotoxic drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide) can be reintroduced simultaneously at full dosage safely from day 1, especially for patients with bilateral extensive pulmonary tuberculosis, to halt disease transmission or to treat patients with life-threatening tuberculosis.\nTrial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number: NCT00405301.", "publicationTitle": "Clinical Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/15/2010", "volume": "50", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "833-839", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clin Infect Dis.", "DOI": "10.1086/650576", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/6/833", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1058-4838, 1537-6591", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "cid.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20156055", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:13Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:13Z" } }, { "key": "I9M32WYA", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/I9M32WYA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/I9M32WYA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4510459, "username": "misty307", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/misty307", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Trinh et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I9M32WYA", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "HIV Suppression among Patients on Treatment in Vietnam: A Review of HIV Viral Load Testing in a Public Urban Clinic in Ho Chi Minh City", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. Tony", "lastName": "Trinh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian T.", "lastName": "Montague" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy P.", "lastName": "Flanigan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hoang My", "lastName": "Gerard" } ], "abstractNote": "Background. There are few reports of HIV viral load (VL) testing among patients on ART in Vietnam. Methods. From a public clinic in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), we reviewed cases of VL measurements from adults on ART. Results. We identified 228 cases. Median age was 30 years (27–34), 85% were male, and 77% had a history of IDU. The mean ART duration was 26 months (95% CI 25–27); d4T/3TC/NVP was the most common regimen. Viral suppression was seen in 160/228 (70%). Viremia (>1000 copies/mL) was associated with prior ART exposure (OR 5.68, P < .0001) and immunologic failure (OR 4.69, P = .0001). Targeted testing accounted for 13% of cases, only half of which yielded viremia. Conclusion. We demonstrate a high HIV suppression rate among patients on ART in HCMC, Vietnam. In this setting, routine testing detects viremia missed by targeted testing.", "publicationTitle": "AIDS Research and Treatment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "2011", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "AIDS Res Treat", "DOI": "10.1155/2011/230953", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066628/", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2090-1240", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "HIV Suppression among Patients on Treatment in Vietnam", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21490776\nPMCID: PMC3066628", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-05T15:19:13Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-05T15:19:13Z" } }, { "key": "9DCJ3UCU", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/9DCJ3UCU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/9DCJ3UCU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/H9IZBR94", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9DCJ3UCU", "version": 11, "parentItem": "H9IZBR94", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066628/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z" } }, { "key": "NXURJRQE", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/NXURJRQE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/NXURJRQE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/H9IZBR94", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NXURJRQE", "version": 11, "parentItem": "H9IZBR94", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066628/pdf/ART2011-230953.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z" } }, { "key": "H9IZBR94", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/H9IZBR94", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/H9IZBR94", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Trinh et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "H9IZBR94", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "HIV Suppression among Patients on Treatment in Vietnam: A Review of HIV Viral Load Testing in a Public Urban Clinic in Ho Chi Minh City", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. Tony", "lastName": "Trinh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian T.", "lastName": "Montague" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy P.", "lastName": "Flanigan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hoang My", "lastName": "Gerard" } ], "abstractNote": "Background. There are few reports of HIV viral load (VL) testing among patients on ART in Vietnam. Methods. From a public clinic in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), we reviewed cases of VL measurements from adults on ART. Results. We identified 228 cases. Median age was 30 years (27–34), 85% were male, and 77% had a history of IDU. The mean ART duration was 26 months (95% CI 25–27); d4T/3TC/NVP was the most common regimen. Viral suppression was seen in 160/228 (70%). Viremia (>1000 copies/mL) was associated with prior ART exposure (OR 5.68, P < .0001) and immunologic failure (OR 4.69, P = .0001). Targeted testing accounted for 13% of cases, only half of which yielded viremia. Conclusion. We demonstrate a high HIV suppression rate among patients on ART in HCMC, Vietnam. In this setting, routine testing detects viremia missed by targeted testing.", "publicationTitle": "AIDS Research and Treatment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "2011", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "AIDS Res Treat", "DOI": "10.1155/2011/230953", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066628/", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2090-1240", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "HIV Suppression among Patients on Treatment in Vietnam", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21490776\nPMCID: PMC3066628", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:41:12Z" } }, { "key": "EJ4W8E8R", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/EJ4W8E8R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/EJ4W8E8R", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/DKAMSCE6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "EJ4W8E8R", "version": 10, "parentItem": "DKAMSCE6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "url": "http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/6/833.long", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z" } }, { "key": "V45QT7F7", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/V45QT7F7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/V45QT7F7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/DKAMSCE6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "V45QT7F7", "version": 10, "parentItem": "DKAMSCE6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "url": "http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/6/833.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z" } }, { "key": "DKAMSCE6", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/DKAMSCE6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/DKAMSCE6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sharma et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-03-15", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "DKAMSCE6", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Safety of 3 Different Reintroduction Regimens of Antituberculosis Drugs after Development of Antituberculosis Treatment–Induced Hepatotoxicity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Surendra K.", "lastName": "Sharma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rohit", "lastName": "Singla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pawan", "lastName": "Sarda" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alladi", "lastName": "Mohan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Govind", "lastName": "Makharia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arvind", "lastName": "Jayaswal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vishnubhatla", "lastName": "Sreenivas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sarman", "lastName": "Singh" } ], "abstractNote": "Background. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is the most common adverse drug reaction leading to interruption of antituberculosis treatment. Worldwide, different reintroduction regimens have been advocated, but no consensus guidelines are available. Reintroduction of antituberculosis drugs in patients with DIH has never been studied systematically. We aimed to compare the safety of 3 different reintroduction regimens of antituberculosis drugs in patients with antituberculosis DIH.\nMethods. A total of 175 patients with a diagnosis of antituberculosis DIH were randomized to receive 1 of 3 different predefined reintroduction regimens of antituberculosis drugs and were evaluated prospectively. Patients in arm I were given isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide simultaneously at full dosage from day 1. In arm II, drugs were administered in a manner similar to that recommended in the American Thoracic Society guidelines for reintroduction. In arm III, drugs were administered in accordance with British Thoracic Society guidelines.\nResults. Nineteen patients (10.9%) had recurrence of DIH during follow-up. Eight, 6, and 5 patients had recurrence of hepatitis in arms I, II, and III, respectively (P=.69). Of all the clinical and laboratory parameters, pretreatment serum albumin level was the only statistically significant predictor of future recurrence of DIH on reintroduction of antituberculosis drugs (Pµ.01).\nConclusions. The recurrence rate of hepatotoxicity was not significantly different between the 3 groups. According to the findings of the present study, all 3 of the potentially hepatotoxic drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide) can be reintroduced simultaneously at full dosage safely from day 1, especially for patients with bilateral extensive pulmonary tuberculosis, to halt disease transmission or to treat patients with life-threatening tuberculosis.\nTrial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number: NCT00405301.", "publicationTitle": "Clinical Infectious Diseases", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/15/2010", "volume": "50", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "833-839", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clin Infect Dis.", "DOI": "10.1086/650576", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/6/833", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1058-4838, 1537-6591", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "cid.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20156055", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z" } }, { "key": "G968W7XX", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/G968W7XX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/G968W7XX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/DKAMSCE6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G968W7XX", "version": 10, "parentItem": "DKAMSCE6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20156055", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:31:23Z" } }, { "key": "G77M6M7T", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/G77M6M7T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/G77M6M7T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ramappa and Aithal", "parsedDate": "2013-03", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "G77M6M7T", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hepatotoxicity Related to Anti-tuberculosis Drugs: Mechanisms and Management", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vidyasagar", "lastName": "Ramappa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guruprasad P.", "lastName": "Aithal" } ], "abstractNote": "Development of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is an intricate process involving both concurrent as well as sequential events determining the direction of the pathways, degree of liver injury and its outcome. Decades of clinical observation have identified a number of drug and host related factors that are associated with an increased risk of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity, although majority of the studies are retrospective with varied case definitions and sample sizes. Investigations on genetic susceptibility to hepatotoxicity have so far focused on formation and accumulation reactive metabolite as well as factors that contribute to cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and the environment which can modulate the threshold for hepatocyte death secondary to oxidative stress. Recent advances in pharmacogenetics have promised the development of refined algorithms including drug, host and environmental risk factors that allow better tailoring of medications based on accurate estimates of risk–benefit ratio. Future investigations exploring the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity should be performed using human tissue and samples whenever possible, so that the novel findings can be translated readily into clinical applications.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-3", "volume": "3", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "37-49", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Clin Exp Hepatol", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jceh.2012.12.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3940184/", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0973-6883", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Hepatotoxicity Related to Anti-tuberculosis Drugs", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 25755470\nPMCID: PMC3940184", "tags": [], "collections": [], 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K.", "lastName": "Parida" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Keshavjee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Cassell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Wallis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Axelsson-Robertsson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Doherty" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Andersson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Maeurer" } ], "abstractNote": "Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease that kills almost two million individuals every year. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB is caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, the backbone of first-line antitubercular treatment. MDR TB affects an estimated 500 000 new patients annually. Genetic analysis of drug-resistant MDR-TB showed that airborne transmission of undetected and untreated strains played a major role in disease outbreaks. The need for new TB vaccines and faster diagnostics, as well as the development of new drugs, has recently been highlighted. The major problem in terms of current TB research and clinical demands is the increasing number of cases of extensively drug-resistant and ‘treatment-refractory’ TB. An emerging scenario of adjunct host-directed therapies is intended to target pulmonary TB where inflammatory processes can be deleterious and lead to immune exhaustion. ‘Target-organ-saving’ strategies may be warranted to prevent damage to infected tissues and achieve focused, clinically relevant and long-lasting anti-M. tb cellular immune responses. Candidates for such interventions may be biological agents or already approved drugs that can be ‘re-purposed’ to interfere with biologically relevant cellular checkpoints. Here, we review current concepts of inflammation in TB disease and discuss candidate pathways for host-directed therapies to achieve better clinical outcomes.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Internal Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 2015", "volume": "277", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "373-387", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Intern Med", "DOI": "10.1111/joim.12256", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joim.12256/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2796", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Inflammation and tuberculosis", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 The Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "M. tuberculosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "drug-resistant tuberculosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "host-directed therapy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "inflammation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "multidrug-resistant tuberculosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "tuberculosis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:30:39Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:30:39Z" } }, { "key": "BBFRG7J4", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/BBFRG7J4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/BBFRG7J4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/TDTTQJ6I", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BBFRG7J4", "version": 8, "parentItem": "TDTTQJ6I", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:39Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/joim.12256/asset/joim12256.pdf?v=1&t=ighg7rzd&s=2a7e4145e8631290505b852d6b294ad5ff31d753", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:30:39Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:30:39Z" } }, { "key": "HUCJ5W2M", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/HUCJ5W2M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/HUCJ5W2M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ramachandran and Swaminathan", "parsedDate": "2015-02-13", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "HUCJ5W2M", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Safety and Tolerability Profile of Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Medications", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geetha", "lastName": "Ramachandran" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Soumya", "lastName": "Swaminathan" } ], "abstractNote": "Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem, representing the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases globally, despite being nearly 100 % curable. Multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB, a form of TB resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (rifampin), two of the key first-line TB drugs, is becoming increasingly common. MDR-TB is treated with a combination of drugs that are less effective but more toxic than isoniazid and rifampicin. These drugs include fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, ethionamide, cycloserine, aminosalicyclic acid, linezolid and clofazimine among others. Minor adverse effects are quite common and they can be easily managed with symptomatic treatment. However, some adverse effects can be life-threatening, e.g. nephrotoxicity due to aminoglycosides, cardiotoxicity due to fluoroquinolones, gastrointestinal toxicity due to ethionamide or para-aminosalicylic acid, central nervous system toxicity due to cycloserine, etc. Baseline evaluation may help to identify patients who are at increased risk for adverse effects. Regular clinical and laboratory evaluation during treatment is very important to prevent adverse effects from becoming serious. Timely and intensive monitoring for, and management of adverse effects caused by, second-line drugs are essential components of drug-resistant TB control programmes; poor management of adverse effects increases the risk of non-adherence or irregular adherence to treatment, and may result in death or permanent morbidity. Treating physicians should have a thorough knowledge of the adverse effects associated with the use of second-line anti-TB drugs, and routinely monitor the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. In this review, we have compiled safety and tolerability information regarding second-line anti-TB drugs in both adults and children.", "publicationTitle": "Drug Safety", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015/02/13", "volume": "38", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "253-269", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Drug Saf", "DOI": "10.1007/s40264-015-0267-y", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40264-015-0267-y", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0114-5916, 1179-1942", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Drug Safety and Pharmacovigilance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pharmacology/Toxicology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z" } }, { "key": "KEDHZBHC", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/KEDHZBHC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/KEDHZBHC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/HUCJ5W2M", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KEDHZBHC", "version": 7, "parentItem": "HUCJ5W2M", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40264-015-0267-y", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z" } }, { "key": "IXNFRR3I", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/IXNFRR3I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/IXNFRR3I", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/HUCJ5W2M", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "IXNFRR3I", "version": 7, "parentItem": "HUCJ5W2M", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40264-015-0267-y.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:30:11Z" } }, { "key": "ZDMRMC6Q", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 423790, "name": "User Requirements", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/ZDMRMC6Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/user_requirements/items/ZDMRMC6Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/423790/items/CPFJBC8B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2639675, "username": "knguyen15", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/knguyen15", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZDMRMC6Q", "version": 5, "parentItem": "CPFJBC8B", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-11-02T04:28:54Z", "url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/288", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-02T04:28:54Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-02T04:28:54Z" } } ]