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            "title": "Performance and uncertainty evaluation of empirical downscaling methods in quantifying the climate change impacts on hydrology over two North American river basins",
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                    "firstName": "Jie",
                    "lastName": "Chen"
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            "title": "Indices of water quality for sustainable management and conservation of an arid region lake, Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel",
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            "publicationTitle": "Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems",
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            "title": "Historical and Modern Fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa and Their Relationship to Rainfall Variability",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Sharon E.",
                    "lastName": "Nicholson"
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            "abstractNote": "This paper describes the fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa over the last two centuries. Lake chronologies extending back to the late eighteenth century are derived from reports of European visitors, settlers and explorers and from oral accounts of the local peoples. The historical fluctuations are meshed with the modern record to provide a picture of the lakes' fluctuations until the late twentieth century. The historical fluctuations of the lakes are quite similar. The most important of these are low levels during the first half of the nineteenth century, very high stands in the last decades of the nineteenth century, and, around the turn of the century, a rapid fall to twentieth century levels. This pattern is ubiquitous throughout eastern Africa and is apparent in numerous other lakes, including Victoria, Naivasha, Stefanie, Turkana, Malawi and Chilwa. Driest periods were in the 1920s or earlier and in the 1950s. Lake Tanganyika returned to extremely high stands in the 1960s and has continued to maintain relatively high stands since that time. Lake Rukwa rose to high stands during the 1980s and maintained them for several years. An analysis of rainfall variability shows that these trends are generally explained by variations in catchment rainfall. However, the lakes' responses to rainfall variability are sometimes dissimilar because Lake Rukwa is a closed basin. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the rainfall/lake-level relationships and the need to use water balance relationships in order to interpret the lakes' historical or paleo-fluctuations in terms of rainfall.",
            "publicationTitle": "Climatic Change",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "1999-01",
            "volume": "41",
            "issue": "1",
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            "pages": "53-71",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Climatic Change",
            "DOI": "10.1023/A:1005424619718",
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            "title": "Ra and Th adsorption coefficients in lakes—Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) “natural experiment”",
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                    "firstName": "Boaz",
                    "lastName": "Lazar"
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                    "firstName": "Debbie",
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                    "firstName": "Yehoshua",
                    "lastName": "Kolodny"
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            "abstractNote": "The adsorption rate constants of Ra and Th were estimated from empirical data from a freshwater lake and its feeding saline springs. We utilized the unique setting of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, northern Israel) in which most of the Ra and Th nuclides are introduced into the lake by saline springs with high 226Ra activities and a high 224Ra/228Ra ratio of 1.5. The mixing of the Ra enriched saline waters and freshwater in the lake causes the 224Ra/228Ra ratio to drop down to 0.1 in the Kinneret due to preferential adsorption of 228Th. These conditions constitute a “natural experiment” for estimating adsorption rates. We developed a simple mass-balance model for the radionuclides in Lake Kinneret that accurately predicted the Ra isotope ratios and the 226Ra activity in the lake. The model is comprised of simultaneous equations; one for each radionuclide. The equations have one input term: supply of radionuclides from the saline springs; and three output terms: adsorption on particles in the lake, radioactive decay and outflow from the lake. The redundancy in the analytical solutions to the mass balance equations for the relevant nuclides constrained the values of Ra and Th adsorption rate constants to a very narrow range. Our results indicate that the adsorption rate constant for Ra is between 0.005 d−1 and 0.02 d−1. The rate constant for Th is between 0.5 d−1 and 1 d−1, about fifty to a hundred times higher. The estimated desorption rate coefficient for Ra is about 50–100 times larger than its adsorption rate constant. The mass-balance equations show that the residence times of all Ra isotopes (226Ra, 228Ra,223Ra, 224Ra) and of 228Th in the lake are about 95, 92, 14, 6 and 1 d, respectively. These residence times are much shorter than the residence time of water in the lake (about 5.5 y). The steady state activity ratios in Lake Kinneret depend mainly on the adsorption rate constants, decay constants, the outflow rate from the lake and the activity ratios in the saline springs. The activity ratios are independent of the saline springs flow rate.",
            "publicationTitle": "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
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            "date": "July 15, 2008",
            "volume": "72",
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            "pages": "3446-3459",
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            "DOI": "10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.027",
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            "title": "The Caspian Lake: History, biota, structure, and function",
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                    "firstName": "H. J.",
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            "abstractNote": "The elongate, endorheic Caspian Lake has a north-south orientation and its main freshwater inflow, the Volga River, enters at the shallow north end. Two deep basins occupy its central and southern regions. These facts lead to horizontal differences in temperature, salinity, and ecology. Nutrient levels and primary production are low. Historically, lake level has fluctuated by ~6 m, but on the geological timescale, fluctuations of >200 m have occurred. The lake formed in the late Miocene, first went through a long shrinking phase, expanded to three times its present size in the late Pliocene, and repeatedly rose and fell throughout the Pleistocene, with corresponding freshenings and salinizations. The lake surface has remained below sea level since the last pleniglacial. This dynamic history led to the assemblage of a set of euryhaline biota of Tethyan and freshwater origin, besides Baltic elements, that invaded with glacial meltwater. Endemism is as high as in Lake Baikal, but typical marine groups are absent. Because the lake is oxygenated to the bottom, its biota show a vertical zonation, but without a true abyssal community, suggesting catastrophic episodes of deep anoxia.",
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            "abstractNote": "Lake Titicaca, because of its area and volume and its situation at high attitude within the tropics, is a unique hydrological site in the world. It should be noted that it stands at the transition point between two very distinct geographical regions: the desert fringe of the Pacific coast to the west and the great Amazonian forest extending to the Atlantic coast to the east.  Many scientists have been attracted to the lake in the past because of its unusual limnological features. In this book the editors have compiled an exhaustive review of current knowledge from the existing literature and from the results of more recent observations.  It is certain that this book will become the essential reference work for scientists wanting to make progress in revealing the lake's secrets. It can be stated unequivocally that this work constitutes a complete review of the present state of knowledge on Lake Titicaca and that it provides the latest results of research on this habitat.",
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            "title": "Late Quaternary Environmental History of Lake Valencia, Venezuela",
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                    "firstName": "J. Platt",
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                    "firstName": "B.",
                    "lastName": "Leyden"
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            "abstractNote": "Chemical, paleontological, and mineralogical analyses of a 7.5-meter core from the middle of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, have provided information on the paleoclimatic history of this low-elevation, low-latitude site for the last 13,000 years. The data show that dry climates existed in this region from 13,000 years before present (B.P.) until about 10,000 years B.P. The Lake Valencia Basin was occupied by intermittent saline marshes at that time. About 10,000 years B.P., a permanent lake of fluctuating salinity formed and arboreal plant communities replaced the earlier dominant xeric herbaceous vegetation and marsh plants. By 8500 years B.P., Lake Valencia reached moderate to low salinities and discharged water; the modern vegetation became established at that time. After 8500 years B.P., the lake twice ceased discharging as a result of reduced watershed moisture. The second of these drying episodes is still in progress and has been aggravated by human activities in the watershed.",
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            "date": "December 18, 1981",
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            "title": "Basic data on the hydrology of Lakes Ohrid and Prespa",
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                    "firstName": "Cvetanka",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper deals with hydrological analyses of Lakes Ohrid and Prespa. The watersheds and the lakes themselves are shared by three countries: Albania, Greece and Macedonia. As a result of insufficient interstate scientific cooperation and inexistence of data exchange, the lakes and their watersheds are not fully investigated regarding hydrology and hydrogeology. This paper represents a first attempt at a complete hydrological analysis based on data from the Macedonian side. This is not considered to be a particular deficiency, because over 60% of the lakes' watersheds and the lakes themselves belong to Macedonia, where a great number of reliable and long-term data series of hydrometeorological observations exist. The Prespa lakes do not have surface outflow and are connected with Lake Ohrid by underground karst conduits. Because of this, from the hydrological point of view, the lakes and their watersheds cannot be analysed separately. The changes of the regime of the air temperature and the rainfall distribution have been investigated in this report. An increase of the maximum and decrease of the minimum annual air temperatures, as well as a decrease of annual precipitation sums has been determined. Also, a statistically significant descending trend of water level in both lakes has been confirmed, with a statement that the water level decrease in Lake Prespa is extremely alarming. From 1985 to 1995 the water level in Lake Prespa has dropped by more than 5 m. The main reasons for this cannot be identified easily because there are no data on water use quantities from all three countries. As the lakes represent unique natural, ecological and economical water resources in a region suffering water shortage, we plead for a strengthening of international support in activities on salvation of both lakes. A prerequisite for this is the water balance calculation and common cooperation in sustainable water resources management of the lakes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
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                    "lastName": "Kadioğlu"
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                    "lastName": "Şen"
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            "title": "The geochemistry of Lake Bosumtwi, a hydrologically closed basin in the humid zone of tropical Ghana",
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            "publicationTitle": "Limnology and Oceanography",
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            "date": "November 1, 1996",
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            "title": "Deglacial and postglacial evolution of the Pingualuit Crater Lake basin, northern Québec (Canada)",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Pierre-Arnaud",
                    "lastName": "Desiage"
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                    "firstName": "Patrick",
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            "abstractNote": "The Pingualuit Crater, located in the Ungava Peninsula (northern Québec, Canada) is a 1.4-Ma-old impact crater hosting a ~ 245-m-deep lake. The lake has a great potential to preserve unique paleoclimatic and paleoecological sedimentary records of the last glacial/interglacial cycles in the terrestrial Canadian Arctic. In order to investigate the stratigraphy in the lake and the late Quaternary glacial history of the Pingualuit Crater, this study compiles data from three expeditions carried out in May 2007 (~ 9-m-long sediment core), in August 2010 (~ 50 km of seismic lines), and in September 2012 (high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR topography of the inner slopes). Despite the weak penetration (~ 10 m) of the 3.5-kHz subbottom profiling caused by the presence of boulders in the sedimentary column, seismic data coupled with the stratigraphy established from the sediment core enabled the identification of two glaciolacustrine units deposited during the final stages of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) retreat in the crater. Two episodes of postglacial mass wasting events were also identified on the slopes and in the deep basin of the crater. The high-resolution topography of the internal slopes of the crater generated from the LiDAR data permitted the confirmation of a paleolake level at 545 m and determination of the elevation of drainage outlets. Together with the mapping of glacial and deglacial landforms from air photographs, the LiDAR data allowed the development of a new deglaciation and drainage scenario for the Pingualuit Crater Lake and surrounding area. The model proposes three main phases of lake drainage, based on the activation of seven outlets following the retreat of the LIS front toward the southwest. Finally, as opposed to other high-latitude crater lake basins such as Lake El'gygytgyn or Laguna Potrok Aike where high-resolution paleoclimatic records were obtained owing to high sediment accumulation rates, the seismic data from the Pingualuit Crater Lake suggest extremely low sedimentation rates after the retreat of the LIS owing to the absence of tributaries.",
            "publicationTitle": "Geomorphology",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "November 1, 2015",
            "volume": "248",
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