[ { "key": "TR9PVA4H", "version": 309, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/TR9PVA4H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/TR9PVA4H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ayoub et al.", "parsedDate": "2018", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "TR9PVA4H", "version": 309, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Relations Between Parental Socioeconomic Status, Personality, and Life Outcomes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mona", "lastName": "Ayoub" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel D.", "lastName": "Gosling" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeff", "lastName": "Potter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Shanahan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brent W.", "lastName": "Roberts" } ], "abstractNote": "Studies have shown that cognitive ability is correlated with parental socioeconomic status (pSES). However, little is known about the correlation between personality and pSES. To better understand this relation, we conducted a meta-analysis of the correlations between pSES and personality traits and temperament dimensions. The correlations were generally very small with the exception of the correlation between pSES and openness to experience. Our results were replicated in a large (N ¼ 2,183,377) data set of self-reported personality scores collected online. Using this data set, we also examined the interaction between pSES and personality on attained education and socioeconomic status. We found evidence for the resource substitution hypothesis, which proposes that personality compensates for background disadvantage.", "publicationTitle": "Social Psychological and Personality Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "04/2018", "volume": "9", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "338-352", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Social Psychological and Personality Science", "DOI": "10.1177/1948550617707018", "citationKey": "ayoubRelationsParentalSocioeconomic2018", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550617707018", "accessDate": "2024-09-10T17:18:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1948-5506, 1948-5514", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "D6QQ7GHB", "version": 309, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/D6QQ7GHB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/D6QQ7GHB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ayoub et al.", "parsedDate": "2021-11-18", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "D6QQ7GHB", "version": 309, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Longitudinal Associations Between Parenting and Child Big Five Personality Traits", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mona", "lastName": "Ayoub" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bo", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Göllner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olivia E.", "lastName": "Atherton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ulrich", "lastName": "Trautwein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brent W.", "lastName": "Roberts" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Beth", "lastName": "Visser" } ], "abstractNote": "The goal of this research was to explore the relationships between four parenting dimensions (academic involvement, structure, cultural stimulation, and goals) and child personality development. Many theories, such as social learning, attachment theory, and the psychological resources principle assume that parenting practices influence child personality development. Most of past research on the associations between parenting and child Big Five traits specifically has used cross-sectional data. The few longitudinal studies that examined these associations found small relations between parenting and child personality. We extended this research by examining the long-term relations between four underexplored parenting dimensions and child Big Five personality traits using bivariate latent growth models in a large longitudinal dataset (N = 3,880). Results from growth models revealed a preponderance of null relations between these parenting measures and child personality, especially between changes in parenting and changes in child personality. In general, the observed associations between parenting and child Big Five personality were comparable in magnitude to the association between factors such as SES and birth order, and child personality—that is, small. The small associations between environmental factors and personality suggest that personality development in childhood and adolescence may be driven by multiple factors, each of which makes a small contribution.", "publicationTitle": "Collabra: Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2021-11-18", "volume": "7", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "29766", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1525/collabra.29766", "citationKey": "ayoubLongitudinalAssociationsParenting2021", "url": "https://online.ucpress.edu/collabra/article/7/1/29766/118998/Longitudinal-Associations-Between-Parenting-and", "accessDate": "2024-09-10T17:18:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2474-7394", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "B8TNGK55", "version": 309, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/B8TNGK55", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/B8TNGK55", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ayoub and Bachir", "parsedDate": "2023-11-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "B8TNGK55", "version": 309, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Meta-analysis of the Relations Between Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Practices", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mona", "lastName": "Ayoub" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maya", "lastName": "Bachir" } ], "abstractNote": "The question of why parents parent the way they do is central in parenting studies. Research about the predictors of parenting has been guided by Belsky’s classical model of parenting determinants. In this model, socioeconomic status was not explicitly considered as a determinant of parenting. However, there is ample research that came later that found relations between socioeconomic status and parenting. The aim of this study was to find an aggregate estimate of the relations between socioeconomic status and parenting practices using meta-analytic methods. We found that socioeconomic status was positively linked to positive parenting, and negatively linked to negative parenting. In particular, socioeconomic status was positively linked to parental warmth and parental behavioral control, but negatively linked to parental psychological control. The relations between socioeconomic status and positive or negative parenting were not moderated by child’s age or sex and did not differ based on the type of socioeconomic status indicator. Moreover, all the correlations were small in magnitude, and were comparable to other predictors of parenting such as parent’s depression, parent’s personality traits, and child’s temperament. Our results suggest that parent’s overall socioeconomic status, or its different constituents, supplement Belsky’s model of parenting determinants.", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Reports", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2023-11-10", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "00332941231214215", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychol Rep", "DOI": "10.1177/00332941231214215", "citationKey": "ayoubMetaanalysisRelationsSocioeconomic2023", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00332941231214215", "accessDate": "2024-09-10T17:18:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033-2941, 1558-691X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "RXC26LRY", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/RXC26LRY", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/RXC26LRY", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mankus et al.", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RXC26LRY", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sources of variation in emotional awareness: Age, gender, and socioeconomic status", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Annette M.", "lastName": "Mankus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew Tyler", "lastName": "Boden" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Renee J.", "lastName": "Thompson" } ], "abstractNote": "The present study examined associations between emotional awareness facets (type clarity, source clarity, negative emotion differentiation, voluntary attention, involuntary attention) and sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, and socioeconomic status [SES]) in a large US sample (N = 919). Path analyses—controlling for variance shared between sociodemographic variables and allowing emotional awareness facets to correlate—demonstrated that (a) age was positively associated with type clarity and source clarity, and inversely associated with involuntary attention; (b) gender was associated with all facets but type clarity, with higher source clarity, negative emotion differentiation, voluntary attention, and involuntary attention reported by women then men; and (c) SES was positively associated with type clarity with a very small effect. These findings extend our understanding of emotional awareness and identify future directions for research to elucidate the causes and consequences of individual differences in emotional awareness.", "publicationTitle": "Personality and Individual Differences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01/2016", "volume": "89", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "28-33", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Personality and Individual Differences", "DOI": "10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.043", "citationKey": "mankusSourcesVariationEmotional2016", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191886915006169", "accessDate": "2025-04-22T17:33:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01918869", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Sources of variation in emotional awareness", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "HE8G8YFT", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/HE8G8YFT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/HE8G8YFT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Martin et al.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HE8G8YFT", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Evaluation of the interactionist model of socioeconomic status and problem behavior: A developmental cascade across generations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monica J.", "lastName": "Martin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rand D.", "lastName": "Conger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas J.", "lastName": "Schofield" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shannon J.", "lastName": "Dogan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Keith F.", "lastName": "Widaman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Brent", "lastName": "Donnellan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tricia K.", "lastName": "Neppl" } ], "abstractNote": "The current multigenerational study evaluates the utility of the interactionist model of socioeconomic influence on human development (IMSI) in explaining problem behaviors across generations. The IMSI proposes that the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and human development involves a dynamic interplay that includes both social causation (SES influences human development) and social selection (individual characteristics affect SES). As part of the developmental cascade proposed by the IMSI, the findings from this investigation showed that Generation 1 (G1) adolescent problem behavior predicted later G1 SES, family stress, and parental emotional investments, as well as the next generation of children’s problem behavior. These results are consistent with a social selection view. Consistent with the social causation perspective, we found a significant relation between G1 SES and family stress, and in turn, family stress predicted Generation 2 (G2) problem behavior. Finally, G1 adult SES predicted both material and emotional investments in the G2 child. In turn, emotional investments predicted G2 problem behavior, as did material investments. Some of the predicted pathways varied by G1 parent gender. The results are consistent with the view that processes of both social selection and social causation account for the association between SES and human development.", "publicationTitle": "Development and Psychopathology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "08/2010", "volume": "22", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "695-713", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Dev Psychopathol", "DOI": "10.1017/S0954579410000374", "citationKey": "martinEvaluationInteractionistModel2010", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579410000374/type/journal_article", "accessDate": "2025-04-02T23:35:02Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0954-5794, 1469-2198", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Evaluation of the interactionist model of socioeconomic status and problem behavior", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "P3TZR3VN", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/P3TZR3VN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/P3TZR3VN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Akee et al.", "parsedDate": "2018-03-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "P3TZR3VN", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How Does Household Income Affect Child Personality Traits and Behaviors?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Randall", "lastName": "Akee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William", "lastName": "Copeland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. Jane", "lastName": "Costello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emilia", "lastName": "Simeonova" } ], "abstractNote": "We examine the effects of a quasi-experimental unconditional household income transfer on child emotional and behavioral health and personality traits. Using longitudinal data, we find that there are large beneficial effects on children's emotional and behavioral health and personality traits during adolescence. We find evidence that these effects are most pronounced for children who start out with the lowest initial endowments. The income intervention also results in improvements in parental relationships which we interpret as a potential mechanism behind our findings. (JEL D14, I12, I26, I31, I38, J13, J15)", "publicationTitle": "American Economic Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2018-03-01", "volume": "108", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "775-827", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "American Economic Review", "DOI": "10.1257/aer.20160133", "citationKey": "akeeHowDoesHousehold2018", "url": "https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20160133", "accessDate": "2025-04-02T23:30:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002-8282", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "DJXVTVVL", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/DJXVTVVL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/DJXVTVVL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Deckers et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DJXVTVVL", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How Does Socio-Economic Status Shape a Child's Personality?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Deckers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Armin", "lastName": "Falk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fabian", "lastName": "Kosse" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hannah", "lastName": "Schildberg-Hörisch" } ], "abstractNote": "How Does Socio-Economic Status Shape a Child’s Personality? We show that socio-economic status (SES) is a powerful predictor of many facets of a child’s personality. The facets of personality we investigate encompass time preferences, risk preferences, and altruism, as well as crystallized and fluid IQ. We measure a family’s SES by the mother’s and father’s average years of education and household income. Our results show that children from families with higher SES are more patient, tend to be more altruistic and less likely to be risk seeking, and score higher on IQ tests. We also discuss potential pathways through which SES could affect the formation of a child’s personality by documenting that many dimensions of a child’s environment differ systematically by SES: parenting style, quantity and quality of time parents spend with their children, the mother’s IQ and economic preferences, a child’s initial conditions at birth, and family structure. Finally, we use panel data to show that the relationship between SES and personality is fairly stable over time at age 7 to 10. Personality profiles that vary systematically with SES might offer an explanation for social immobility.", "publicationTitle": "SSRN Electronic Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "SSRN Journal", "DOI": "10.2139/ssrn.2598917", "citationKey": "deckersHowDoesSocioEconomic2015", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2598917", "accessDate": "2024-09-10T17:23:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1556-5068", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "XYMVYCVN", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/XYMVYCVN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/XYMVYCVN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Conger and Donnellan", "parsedDate": "2007-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XYMVYCVN", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An Interactionist Perspective on the Socioeconomic Context of Human Development", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rand D.", "lastName": "Conger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Brent", "lastName": "Donnellan" } ], "abstractNote": "This article addresses the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), family processes, and human development. The topic is framed as part of the general issue of health disparities, which involves the oft-observed positive relationship between SES and the cognitive, social, emotional, and physical well-being of adults and children. A review of recent research and theory identifies three general theoretical approaches that provide possible explanations for the association between SES and individual development: the social causation, social selection, and interactionist perspectives. Empirical evidence demonstrates support for the social causation view that SES affects families and the development of children in terms of both family stress processes (the family stress model) and family investments in children (the family investment model). However, there also is empirical support for the social selection argument that individual characteristics lead to differences in SES. Especially important, recent research is consistent with an interactionist approach, which proposes a dynamic relationship between SES and developmental change over time. Drawing on the combined set of research findings, the article concludes with the description of an interactionist model that serves as a heuristic for future studies of the links among SES, parenting behaviors, and child development.", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007-01-01", "volume": "58", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "175-199", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Annu. Rev. Psychol.", "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551", "citationKey": "congerInteractionistPerspectiveSocioeconomic2007", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551", "accessDate": "2022-09-07T16:08:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0066-4308, 1545-2085", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "2NXA9AKC", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/2NXA9AKC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/2NXA9AKC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Atherton et al.", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2NXA9AKC", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Development of Effortful Control From Late Childhood to Young Adulthood", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olivia E", "lastName": "Atherton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katherine M", "lastName": "Lawson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard W", "lastName": "Robins" } ], "abstractNote": "The present study investigated the developmental precursors of effortful control, a temperament trait that involves the propensity to regulate one’s impulses and behaviors, to motivate the self toward a goal when there are conflicting desires, and to focus and shift attention easily. Data came from the California Families Project, a multimethod longitudinal study of 674 Mexican-origin youth (and their parents), who were assessed at ages 10, 12, 14, 16, and 19. Effortful control (measured via self- and parent-reports) was moderately stable over time (r ϭ .47 from age 10 to 19), and its developmental trajectory followed a u-shaped pattern (decreasing from age 10 to 14, before increasing from age 14 to 19). Findings from latent growth curve models showed that youth who experience more hostility from their parents, associate more with deviant peers, attend more violent schools, live in more violent neighborhoods, and experience more ethnic discrimination tend to exhibit an exacerbated dip in effortful control. In contrast, youth with parents who closely monitor their behavior and whereabouts exhibited a shallower dip in effortful control. Analyses of the facets of effortful control revealed important disparities in their trajectories; specifically inhibitory control showed linear increases, attention control showed linear decreases, and activation control showed the same u-shaped trajectory as overall effortful control. Moreover, most of the precursors of effortful control replicated for inhibitory control and attention control, but not for activation control. We discuss the broader implications of the findings for adolescent personality development and self-regulation.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "athertonDevelopmentEffortfulControl", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Zotero", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "SH7RZNB3", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/SH7RZNB3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/SH7RZNB3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Elsayed et al.", "parsedDate": "2023", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SH7RZNB3", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Contributions of socioeconomic status and cognition to emotion processes and internalizing psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nourhan M.", "lastName": "Elsayed" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joan L.", "lastName": "Luby" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Deanna M.", "lastName": "Barch" } ], "abstractNote": "This systematic review evaluated evidence from 25 manuscripts regarding three possible relationships of so­ cioeconomic disadvantage (SESD) and cognition to emotion knowledge (EK), emotion regulation (ER), and internalizing psychopathology (IP) across development; a) independent contributions of disadvantage and cognition; b) cognition mediates relations of disadvantage; or c) cognition moderates’ relations of disadvantage. Results support associations between SESD and cognition to emotion that differ by cognitive domain and developmental epoch. For EK, in early and middle childhood language and executive functions contribute to EK independent of SESD, and early childhood executive functions may interact with socioeconomic status (SES) to predict prospective EK. Regarding ER, language contributes to ER independent of SES across development and may mediate associations between SES and ER in adolescence. Regarding IP, SES, language, executive function, and general ability have independent contributions to IP across development; in adolescence executive function may mediate or moderate associations between SES and IP. Findings highlight the need for nuanced and developmentally sensitive research on the contributions of SESD and domains of cognition to emotion.", "publicationTitle": "Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "09/2023", "volume": "152", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "105303", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105303", "citationKey": "elsayedContributionsSocioeconomicStatus2023", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149763423002725", "accessDate": "2025-04-22T17:33:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01497634", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Contributions of socioeconomic status and cognition to emotion processes and internalizing psychopathology in childhood and adolescence", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "W42SAI2B", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/W42SAI2B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/W42SAI2B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Conger et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W42SAI2B", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social and economic antecedents and consequences of adolescent aggressive personality: Predictions from the interactionist model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rand D.", "lastName": "Conger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monica J.", "lastName": "Martin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "April S.", "lastName": "Masarik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Keith F.", "lastName": "Widaman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Brent", "lastName": "Donnellan" } ], "abstractNote": "The present study examined the development of a cohort of 279 early adolescents (52% female) from 1990 to 2005. Guided by the interactionist model of socioeconomic status and human development, we proposed that parent aggressive personality, economic circumstances, interparental conflict, and parenting characteristics would affect the development of adolescent aggressive personality traits. In turn, we hypothesized that adolescent aggressiveness would have a negative influence on adolescent functioning as an adult in terms of economic success, personality development, and close relationships 11 years later.", "publicationTitle": "Development and Psychopathology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "11/2015", "volume": "27", "issue": "4pt1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1111-1127", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Dev Psychopathol", "DOI": "10.1017/S0954579415000711", "citationKey": "congerSocialEconomicAntecedents2015", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954579415000711/type/journal_article", "accessDate": "2025-04-02T23:25:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0954-5794, 1469-2198", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Social and economic antecedents and consequences of adolescent aggressive personality", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "3RYRFHI3", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/3RYRFHI3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/3RYRFHI3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sutin et al.", "parsedDate": "2017", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3RYRFHI3", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Parental educational attainment and adult offspring personality: An intergenerational life span approach to the origin of adult personality traits.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Angelina R.", "lastName": "Sutin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martina", "lastName": "Luchetti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yannick", "lastName": "Stephan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard W.", "lastName": "Robins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antonio", "lastName": "Terracciano" } ], "abstractNote": "Why do some individuals have more self-control or are more vulnerable to stress than others? Where do these basic personality traits come from? Although a fundamental question in personality, more is known about how traits are related to important life outcomes than their developmental origins. The present research took an intergenerational life span approach to address whether a significant aspect of the childhood environment—parental educational attainment—was associated with offspring personality traits in adulthood. We tested the association between parents’ educational levels and adult offspring personality traits in 7 samples (overall age range 14 –95) and meta-analytically combined the results (total N Ͼ 60,000). Parents with more years of education had children who were more open, extraverted, and emotionally stable as adults. These associations were small but consistent, of similar modest magnitude to the association between life events and change in personality in adulthood, and were also supported by longitudinal analyses. Contrary to expectations, parental educational attainment was unrelated to offspring Conscientiousness, except for a surprisingly negative association in the younger cohorts. The results were similar in a subsample of participants who were adopted, which suggested that environmental mechanisms were as relevant as shared genetic variants. Participant levels of education were associated with greater conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, and openness and partially mediated the relation between parent education and personality. Child IQ and family income were also partial mediators. The results of this research suggest that parental educational attainment is 1 intergenerational factor associated with offspring personality development in adulthood.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "07/2017", "volume": "113", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "144-166", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", "DOI": "10.1037/pspp0000137", "citationKey": "sutinParentalEducationalAttainment2017", "url": "https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pspp0000137", "accessDate": "2024-09-10T17:19:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1939-1315, 0022-3514", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Parental educational attainment and adult offspring personality", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "DD2YRQNA", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/DD2YRQNA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/DD2YRQNA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhang et al.", "parsedDate": "2018", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DD2YRQNA", "version": 308, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Family Socio-Economic Status and Parent-Child Relationships Are Associated with the Social Creativity of Elementary School Children: The Mediating Role of Personality Traits", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dongjing", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zongkui", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chuanhua", "lastName": "Gu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuju", "lastName": "Lei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cuiying", "lastName": "Fan" } ], "abstractNote": "Based on a sample of 955 elementary school children in central China, the present study examined family socio-economic status and parent-child relationships in relation to children’s social creativity, as well as the mediating role of personality traits in these associations. Family environment (socio-economic status and parent-child relationships) and personality traits were significantly correlated with social creativity; children openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion partly mediated the relationship between family environment and social creativity when controlling for age and sex. These results are important for explaining the roles of the family environment and individual factors in shaping children’s social creativity.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Child and Family Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "9/2018", "volume": "27", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2999-3007", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Child Fam Stud", "DOI": "10.1007/s10826-018-1130-4", "citationKey": "zhangFamilySocioEconomicStatus2018", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10826-018-1130-4", "accessDate": "2024-09-10T17:19:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1062-1024, 1573-2843", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Family Socio-Economic Status and Parent-Child Relationships Are Associated with the Social Creativity of Elementary School Children", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "IU4IMVA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "W7QK37LQ", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/W7QK37LQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/W7QK37LQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sutin et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W7QK37LQ", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Personality and career success: Concurrent and longitudinal relations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Angelina R.", "lastName": "Sutin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul T.", "lastName": "Costa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Miech" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William W.", "lastName": "Eaton" } ], "abstractNote": "The present research addresses the dynamic transaction between extrinsic (occupational prestige, income) and intrinsic (job satisfaction) career success and the Five-Factor Model of personality. Participants (N = 731) completed a comprehensive measure of personality and reported their job title, annual income, and job satisfaction; a subset of these participants (n = 302) provided the same information approximately 10 years later. Measured concurrently, emotionally stable and conscientious participants reported higher incomes and job satisfaction. Longitudinal analyses revealed that, among younger participants, higher income at baseline predicted decreases in Neuroticism and baseline Extraversion predicted increases in income across the 10 years. Results suggest that the mutual influence of career success and personality is limited to income and occurs early in the career.", "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Personality", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/2009", "volume": "23", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "71-84", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Eur J Pers", "DOI": "10.1002/per.704", "citationKey": "sutinPersonalityCareerSuccess2009", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1002/per.704", "accessDate": "2021-01-13T16:40:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0890-2070, 1099-0984", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Personality and career success", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "RK64EFJZ", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/RK64EFJZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/RK64EFJZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Poropat", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RK64EFJZ", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A meta-analysis of adult-rated child personality and academic performance in primary education", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arthur E.", "lastName": "Poropat" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "British Journal of Educational Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "06/2014", "volume": "84", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "239-252", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/bjep.12019", "citationKey": "poropatMetaanalysisAdultratedChild2014", "url": "http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/bjep.12019", "accessDate": "2017-05-21T14:38:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00070998", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "IKPNF2J4", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/IKPNF2J4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/IKPNF2J4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Poropat", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IKPNF2J4", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arthur E.", "lastName": "Poropat" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Bulletin", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "135", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "322-338", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1037/a0014996", "citationKey": "poropatMetaanalysisFivefactorModel2009", "url": "http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0014996", "accessDate": "2017-05-21T14:38:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1939-1455, 0033-2909", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "6Q4F8LSG", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/6Q4F8LSG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/6Q4F8LSG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Judge et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6Q4F8LSG", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Do nice guys—and gals—really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy A.", "lastName": "Judge" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Beth A.", "lastName": "Livingston" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charlice", "lastName": "Hurst" } ], "abstractNote": "Sex and agreeableness were hypothesized to affect income, such that women and agreeable individuals were hypothesized to earn less than men and less agreeable individuals. Because agreeable men disconfirm (and disagreeable men confirm) conventional gender roles, agreeableness was expected to be more negatively related to income for men (i.e., the pay gap between agreeable men and agreeable women would be smaller than the gap between disagreeable men and disagreeable women). The hypotheses were supported across 4 studies. Study 1 confirmed the effects of sex and agreeableness on income and that the agreeableness–income relationship was significantly more negative for men than for women. Study 2 replicated these results, controlling for each of the other Big Five traits. Study 3 also replicated the interaction and explored explanations and paradoxes of the relationship. A 4th study, using an experimental design, yielded evidence for the argument that the joint effects of agreeableness and gender are due to backlash against agreeable men.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "102", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "390-407", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", "DOI": "10.1037/a0026021", "citationKey": "judgeNiceGuysGals2012", "url": "http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0026021", "accessDate": "2023-02-09T17:08:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1939-1315, 0022-3514", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Do nice guys—and gals—really finish last?", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "AACIQN7Y", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/AACIQN7Y", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/AACIQN7Y", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Matz and Gladstone", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AACIQN7Y", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Nice Guys Finish Last", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra C", "lastName": "Matz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joe J", "lastName": "Gladstone" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent research suggests that agreeable individuals experience greater financial hardship than their less agreeable peers. We explore the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship and provide evidence that it is driven by agreeable individuals considering money to be less important, but not (as previously suggested) by agreeable individuals pursuing more cooperative negotiating styles. Taking an interactionist perspective, we further hypothesize that placing little importance on money—a risk factor for money mismanagement—is more detrimental to the financial health of those agreeable individuals who lack the economic means to compensate for their predisposition. Supporting this proposition, we show that agreeableness is more strongly (and sometimes exclusively) related to financial hardship among low-income individuals. We present evidence from diverse data sources, including 2 online panels (n1 ϭ 636, n2 ϭ 3,155), a nationally representative survey (n3 ϭ 4,170), objective bank account data (n4 ϭ 549), a longitudinal cohort study (n5 ϭ 2,429), and geographically aggregated insolvency and personality measures (n6 ϭ 332,951, n7 ϭ 2,468,897).", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020", "volume": "118", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "545-561", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "matzNiceGuysFinish2020", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Zotero", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "W4C8ATF3", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/W4C8ATF3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/W4C8ATF3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lundberg", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W4C8ATF3", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The College Type: Personality and Educational Inequality", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shelly", "lastName": "Lundberg" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "21", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "lundbergCollegeTypePersonality", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Zotero", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "ZYIJFNP9", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/ZYIJFNP9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/ZYIJFNP9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Spielmann et al.", "parsedDate": "2022-07-30", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZYIJFNP9", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An In-depth Review of Conscientiousness and Educational Issues", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julia", "lastName": "Spielmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hee Jun Roy", "lastName": "Yoon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mona", "lastName": "Ayoub" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yueyang", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nathaniel S.", "lastName": "Eckland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ulrich", "lastName": "Trautwein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anqing", "lastName": "Zheng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brent W.", "lastName": "Roberts" } ], "abstractNote": "Why does conscientiousness matter for education? How is conscientiousness conceptualized in the field of research on education? How do socio-emotional (SE) skills relate to conscientiousness? In an effort to help answer these questions, we review the current research on conscientiousness in education. Specifically, we examine (1) how conscientiousness is defined, (2) the assessment of conscientiousness, (3) the relation between conscientiousness and educational outcomes, (4) whether too much conscientiousness may be a bad thing, (5) the relation between conscientiousness and conceptually related educational constructs, (6) the changeability of conscientiousness and the importance of that fact to education, and (7) the challenges of assessing conscientiousness across cultures.", "publicationTitle": "Educational Psychology Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022-07-30", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Educ Psychol Rev", "DOI": "10.1007/s10648-022-09693-2", "citationKey": "spielmannIndepthReviewConscientiousness2022", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10648-022-09693-2", "accessDate": "2022-08-12T20:32:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1040-726X, 1573-336X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "APRAHGSE", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/APRAHGSE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/APRAHGSE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Galla et al.", "parsedDate": "2019", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "APRAHGSE", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Why High School Grades Are Better Predictors of On-Time College Graduation Than Are Admissions Test Scores: The Roles of Self-Regulation and Cognitive Ability", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian M.", "lastName": "Galla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elizabeth P.", "lastName": "Shulman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin D.", "lastName": "Plummer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margo", "lastName": "Gardner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen J.", "lastName": "Hutt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. Parker", "lastName": "Goyer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sidney K.", "lastName": "D’Mello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amy S.", "lastName": "Finn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Angela L.", "lastName": "Duckworth" } ], "abstractNote": "Compared with admissions test scores, why are high school grades better at predicting college graduation? We argue that success in college requires not only cognitive ability but also self-regulatory competencies that are better indexed by high school grades. In a national sample of 47,303 students who applied to college for the 2009/2010 academic year, Study 1 affirmed that high school grades out-predicted test scores for 4-year college graduation. In a convenience sample of 1,622 high school seniors in the Class of 2013, Study 2 revealed that the incremental predictive validity of high school grades for college graduation was explained by composite measures of self-regulation, whereas the incremental predictive validity of test scores was explained by composite measures of cognitive ability.", "publicationTitle": "American Educational Research Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/2019", "volume": "56", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2077-2115", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "American Educational Research Journal", "DOI": "10.3102/0002831219843292", "citationKey": "gallaWhyHighSchool2019", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0002831219843292", "accessDate": "2022-08-12T20:42:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002-8312, 1935-1011", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Why High School Grades Are Better Predictors of On-Time College Graduation Than Are Admissions Test Scores", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "TIJBQ8WN", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/TIJBQ8WN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/TIJBQ8WN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Poropat", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "TIJBQ8WN", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Other-rated personality and academic performance: Evidence and implications", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arthur E.", "lastName": "Poropat" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Learning and Individual Differences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "08/2014", "volume": "34", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "24-32", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.lindif.2014.05.013", "citationKey": "poropatOtherratedPersonalityAcademic2014", "url": "http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104160801400106X", "accessDate": "2017-05-21T14:38:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "10416080", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Other-rated personality and academic performance", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "7IGHLTHF", "version": 307, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/7IGHLTHF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/7IGHLTHF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hoff et al.", "parsedDate": "2021", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7IGHLTHF", "version": 307, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Personality Changes Predict Early Career Outcomes: Discovery and Replication in 12-Year Longitudinal Studies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kevin A.", "lastName": "Hoff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sif", "lastName": "Einarsdóttir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chu", "lastName": "Chu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel A.", "lastName": "Briley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Rounds" } ], "abstractNote": "In this research, we examined whether personality changes from adolescence to young adulthood predicted five early career outcomes: degree attainment, income, occupational prestige, career satisfaction, and job satisfaction. The study used two representative samples of Icelandic youth (Sample 1: n = 485, Sample 2: n = 1,290) and measured personality traits over 12 years (ages ~17 to 29 years). Results revealed that certain patterns of personality growth predicted career outcomes over and above adolescent trait levels and crystallized ability. Across both samples, the strongest effects were found for growth in emotional stability (income and career satisfaction), conscientiousness (career satisfaction), and extraversion (career satisfaction and job satisfaction). Initial trait levels also predicted career success, highlighting the long-term predictive power of personality. Overall, our findings show that personality has important effects on early career outcomes—both through stable trait levels and how people change over time. We discuss implications for public policy, for theoretical principles of personality development, and for young people making career decisions.", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01/2021", "volume": "32", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "64-79", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychol Sci", "DOI": "10.1177/0956797620957998", "citationKey": "hoffPersonalityChangesPredict2021", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797620957998", "accessDate": "2023-02-09T17:08:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0956-7976, 1467-9280", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Personality Changes Predict Early Career Outcomes", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "Q636JT45", "version": 306, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/Q636JT45", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/Q636JT45", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nyhus and Pons", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Q636JT45", "version": 306, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The effects of personality on earnings", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ellen K.", "lastName": "Nyhus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Empar", "lastName": "Pons" } ], "abstractNote": "The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of personality dimensions on wage settings. The study was inspired by the model proposed by Bowles, Gintis, and Osborne [American Economic Review 91 (2001) 155], which shows how psychological characteristics may be rewarded or punished in the labour market due to a so-called incentive-enhancing property. Additionally, two meta-studies show that there are robust relationships between some personality dimensions and productivity [Barrick & Mount, Personnel Psychology 44 (1991) 1; Salgado, Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1997) 30]. We used data from the DNB Household Survey (DHS) to test the extent to which certain personality dimensions are rewarded in the labour market and, therefore, contribute towards explaining the large unexplained variance in earnings. We also consider the possibility of gender-specific returns for personality in the wage setting. The DHS provides individual labour market details as well as measures of the Big Five personality factors (ÔextraversionÕ, ÔagreeablenessÕ, ÔconscientiousnessÕ, Ôemotional stabilityÕ and ÔautonomyÕ) from a large sample of the Dutch population. We find that emotional stability is positively associated with the wage of both women and men, while agreeableness is significantly associated with lower wages for women. Men are rewarded for autonomy as tenure increases, while conscientiousness tends to be rewarded at the beginning of an employment relationship. Finally, we find that the economic returns of the personality factors in wage determination vary between educational groups. The implications of this study are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Economic Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "6/2005", "volume": "26", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "363-384", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Economic Psychology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.joep.2004.07.001", "citationKey": "nyhusEffectsPersonalityEarnings2005", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167487004000546", "accessDate": "2023-06-06T11:50:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "01674870", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } }, { "key": "8MKPNK9H", "version": 306, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 415467, "name": "Berkeley CTAWG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/415467/items/8MKPNK9H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/berkeley_ctawg/items/8MKPNK9H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2683508, "username": "_a_stephen", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/_a_stephen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2730456, "username": "brooksambrose", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/brooksambrose", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Roberts et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-04-18", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8MKPNK9H", "version": 306, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Personality Measurement and Assessment in Large Panel Surveys", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brent", "lastName": "Roberts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joshua J", "lastName": "Jackson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Angela L", "lastName": "Duckworth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katherine", "lastName": "Von Culin" } ], "abstractNote": "Personality tests are being added to large panel studies with increasing regularity, such as the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). To facilitate the inclusion and interpretation of these tests, we provide some general background on personality psychology, personality assessment, and the validity of personality tests. In this review, we provide background on definitions of personality, the strengths and weaknesses of the self-report approaches to personality testing typically used in large panel studies, and the validity of personality tests for three outcomes: genetics, income, and health. We conclude with recommendations on how to improve personality assessment in future panel studies.", "publicationTitle": "Forum for Health Economics & Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011-04-18", "volume": "14", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "0000102202155895441268", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2202/1558-9544.1268", "citationKey": "robertsPersonalityMeasurementAssessment2011", "url": "https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2202/1558-9544.1268/html", "accessDate": "2023-06-06T11:50:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1558-9544, 2194-6191", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "DOI.org (Crossref)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "Q68Y6W7Y" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z", "dateModified": "2025-09-30T16:38:42Z" } } ]