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            "title": "Selective training of the vastus medialis muscle using EMG biofeedback.",
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                    "lastName": "LeVeau"
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            "publicationTitle": "Physical Therapy",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "November 1980",
            "volume": "60",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1410-1415",
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                    "tag": "Biofeedback"
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                    "tag": "Electromyography"
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                    "tag": "Muscle Contraction"
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            "key": "FIKAP4D7",
            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Effects of vastus medialis oblique retraining versus general quadriceps strengthening on vasti onset.",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "K",
                    "lastName": "Bennell"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M",
                    "lastName": "Duncan"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "S",
                    "lastName": "Cowan"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J",
                    "lastName": "McConnell"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P",
                    "lastName": "Hodges"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "K",
                    "lastName": "Crossley"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "PURPOSE: To compare the effects of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) motor control retraining (MCR) and quadriceps strengthening (QS) exercises on the onset timing of the medial (VMO) and lateral (vastus lateralis, VL) quadriceps muscle. METHODS: This single-blind randomized controlled trial involved 60 currently pain-free individuals with a history of anterior knee pain and delayed (>10 ms) onset of VMO relative to VL during stair stepping. A blinded assessor took measures at baseline, immediately after 6 wk of treatment, and after an 8-wk follow-up. Both exercise programs involved weekly individual physiotherapy sessions with home exercises. The MCR program comprised specific VMO exercises incorporating EMG biofeedback, mostly in functional weight-bearing positions. The QS program comprised progressive-resistance inner range open kinetic chain exercises. The primary outcome was the latency between the onset of VMO EMG activity relative to that of VL during stair stepping measured using surface electrodes. RESULTS: During stair ascent, there was a significant change immediately after the intervention in VMO-VL timing in the MCR group only (P = 0.04), but there was no significant difference in the change between groups. During stair descent, VMO-VL timing changed in both groups (P < 0.01), with the MCR group showing a greater change than the QS group (P = 0.02). At the completion of training, quadriceps strength was only improved in the QS group (all P < 0.001). At follow-up, VMO timing and quadriceps strength had improved in both groups compared with baseline (P < 0.01), but there was no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although greater changes in motor control during stair descent and strength are induced by interventions that target each of these parameters in the short term, both parameters are similarly improved after the cessation of training, regardless of the target of the intervention.",
            "publicationTitle": "Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "May 2010",
            "volume": "42",
            "issue": "5",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "856-864",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise",
            "DOI": "10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c12771",
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            "ISSN": "0195-9131",
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            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "Adult"
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                {
                    "tag": "Confidence Intervals"
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                {
                    "tag": "Data Analysis Software"
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                    "tag": "Descriptive Statistics"
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                {
                    "tag": "Dynamometry"
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                {
                    "tag": "Electromyography -- Methods"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Female"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Funding Source"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Human"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Male"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Muscle Strengthening"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Paired T-Tests"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome -- Physiopathology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Pearson's Correlation Coefficient"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Physical Therapy -- Methods"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Quadriceps Muscles"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Random Assignment"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Single-Blind Studies"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "T-Tests"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Vastus Medialis Muscles"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Vastus Medialis Muscles -- Physiology"
                }
            ],
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            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2015-10-03T23:10:07Z",
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            "note": "<p>Accession Number: 2010635162. Language: English. Entry Date: 20100604. Revision Date: 20100604. Publication Type: journal article; clinical trial; research; tables/charts. Journal Subset: Allied Health; Biomedical; Double Blind Peer Reviewed; Editorial Board Reviewed; Expert Peer Reviewed; Peer Reviewed; USA. Special Interest: Physical Therapy; Sports Medicine. Grant Information: National Health and Medical Research Council.. No. of Refs: 39 ref. NLM UID: 8005433.</p>",
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Davlin et al.",
            "parsedDate": "1999-10",
            "numChildren": 1
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        "data": {
            "key": "2B3CNXDW",
            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "The effect of hip position and electromyographic biofeedback training on the vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis ratio... including commentary by Worrell TW with author response.",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "CD",
                    "lastName": "Davlin"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "WR",
                    "lastName": "Holcomb"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "MA",
                    "lastName": "Guadagnoli"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Objective: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a patellar tracking dysfunction usually associated with vastus medialis oblique (VMO) weakness, and subsequently, a small VMO:vastus lateralis (VL) ratio. Several early electromyographic (EMG) studies have defined specific limb positions (such as external rotation of the hip) that preferentially activate the VMO. However, whether preferential activation of the VMO successfully translates into increased VMO:VL ratios with training has not been investigated. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of hip rotation on the mean VMO:VL EMG ratio using EMG biofeedback training over a 5-day period. Design and Setting: Subjects performed isometric quadriceps contractions, in terminal extension, in 1 of 3 hip positions: the anatomically neutral hip position (group A), external hip rotation (group B), and internal hip rotation (group C). Pretest to posttest data were analyzed with a 3 (group) x 2 (test) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor. Subjects: Thirty-six healthy female college students with no known right knee musculoskeletal dysfunction. Measurements: Activity of the VMO and VL was recorded by EMG and reported as the VMO:VL ratio. Results: The main effect for group was not significant, but the main effect for test was significant. No significant interaction between group and test was noted. Conclusions: The statistical analysis of our results suggests that hip position during EMG biofeedback training has no effect on the VMO:VL ratio. However, because subjects were able to significantly increase their VMO:VL ratio in 5 days regardless of hip position, EMG biofeedback can be recommended for the facilitation of VMO muscular recruitment.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Athletic Training (National Athletic Trainers' Association)",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "October 1999",
            "volume": "34",
            "issue": "4",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "342-349",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Athletic Training (National Athletic Trainers' Association)",
            "DOI": "",
            "citationKey": "",
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            "PMCID": "",
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            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Adult"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Analysis of Variance"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Biofeedback"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Education, Continuing (Credit)"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Electromyography"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Female"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Human"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Isometric Contraction"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome -- Therapy"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Patient Positioning"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Quadriceps Muscles -- Pathology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Repeated Measures"
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            ],
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