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Macdonald, Drunk & In Flames", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Toronto Dreams Project" } ], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "January 5, 2015", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://torontodreamsproject.blogspot.ca/2015/01/sir-john-macdonald-drunk-in-flames.html", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T17:55:01Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "5BGB9BQF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-14T02:40:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-14T21:16:45Z" } }, { "key": "PZN79T7G", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 409099, "name": "Lauren McLevy - HIS 3375 uOttawa", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/409099/items/PZN79T7G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa/items/PZN79T7G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2635428, "username": "lmcle020", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lmcle020", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wikipedia", "parsedDate": "2015-11-25", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PZN79T7G", "version": 10, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Pierre Trudeau", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Wikipedia" } ], "abstractNote": "Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC CC CH QC FRSC (/truːˈdoʊ/; French pronunciation: ​[tʁydo]; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968, to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980, to June 30, 1984.\nTrudeau began his political career as a lawyer, intellectual, and activist in Quebec politics. In the 1960s he entered federal politics by joining the Liberal Party of Canada. He was appointed as Lester B. Pearson's Parliamentary Secretary and later became his Minister of Justice. Trudeau became a media sensation, inspiring \"Trudeaumania\", and took charge of the Liberals in 1968. From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, his personality dominated the political scene to an extent never before seen in Canadian political life, arousing passionate and polarizing reactions throughout Canada. \"Reason before passion\" was his personal motto. He retired from politics in 1984, and John Turner succeeded him as Prime Minister. His eldest son, Justin Trudeau, is currently serving as the 23rd Prime Minister as a result of the 2015 federal election.\nAdmirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect and salute his political acumen in preserving national unity against the Quebec sovereignty movement, suppressing a violent revolt, fostering a pan-Canadian identity, and in achieving sweeping institutional reform, including the implementation of official bilingualism, patriation of the Constitution, and the establishment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Critics accuse him of arrogance, of economic mismanagement, and of unduly centralizing Canadian decision-making to the detriment of Quebec's culture and the economy of the Prairies. While public opinion of him remains divided, scholars consistently rank him as one of the greatest Canadian prime ministers and even regard Trudeau as the \"father of modern Canada.\"", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-11-25T17:38:47Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Trudeau&oldid=692433956", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T18:23:57Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 692433956", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MISC5JKX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-14T02:40:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-14T21:16:45Z" } }, { "key": "IKFPX3E6", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 409099, "name": "Lauren McLevy - HIS 3375 uOttawa", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/409099/items/IKFPX3E6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa/items/IKFPX3E6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2635428, "username": "lmcle020", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lmcle020", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wikipedia", "parsedDate": "2015-11-21", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IKFPX3E6", "version": 10, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Lester B. Pearson", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Wikipedia" } ], "abstractNote": "Lester Bowles \"Mike\" Pearson OM OBE CC PC PC (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian scholar, statesman, soldier and diplomat, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis. He was the 14th Prime Minister of Canada from 22 April 1963 to 20 April 1968, as the head of two back-to-back Liberal minority governments following elections in 1963 and 1965.\nDuring Pearson's time as Prime Minister, his Liberal minority governments introduced universal health care, student loans, the Canada Pension Plan, the Order of Canada, and the new Flag of Canada. Pearson also convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and he struggled to keep Canada out of the Vietnam War. In 1967, his government passed Bill C-168, which abolished capital punishment in Canada de facto – by restricting it to a few capital offenses for which it was never used, and which themselves were abolished in 1976. With these accomplishments, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations and in international diplomacy, Pearson is generally considered among the most influential Canadians of the 20th century and is ranked among the top 6 greatest Canadian Prime Ministers.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-11-21T19:46:15Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lester_B._Pearson&oldid=691719578", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T18:23:17Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 691719578", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MISC5JKX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-14T02:40:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-14T21:16:45Z" } }, { "key": "MKT4GIRB", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 409099, "name": "Lauren McLevy - HIS 3375 uOttawa", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/409099/items/MKT4GIRB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa/items/MKT4GIRB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2635428, "username": "lmcle020", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lmcle020", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wikipedia", "parsedDate": "2015-11-13", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MKT4GIRB", "version": 10, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "John Diefenbaker", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Wikipedia" } ], "abstractNote": "John George Diefenbaker PC CH QC (/ˈdiːfənˌbeɪkər/; September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 21, 1957, to April 22, 1963. He was the only Progressive Conservative (PC or Tory) party leader between 1930 and 1979 to lead the party to an election victory, doing so three times, although only once with a majority of seats in the Canadian House of Commons.\nDiefenbaker was born in southwestern Ontario in 1895. In 1903, his family migrated west to the portion of the North-West Territories which would shortly thereafter become the province of Saskatchewan. He grew up in the province, and was interested in politics from a young age. After brief service in World War I, Diefenbaker became a lawyer. He contested elections through the 1920s and 1930s with little success until he was finally elected to the House of Commons in 1940.\nDiefenbaker was repeatedly a candidate for the PC leadership. He gained that party position in 1956, on his third attempt. In 1957, he led the Tories to their first electoral victory in 27 years; a year later he called a snap election and spearheaded them to one of their greatest triumphs. Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his Cabinet, as well as the first aboriginal member of the Senate. During his six years as Prime Minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations and Inuit peoples. In foreign policy, his stance against apartheid helped secure the departure of South Africa from the Commonwealth of Nations, but his indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles from the United States led to his government's downfall. Diefenbaker is also remembered for his role in the 1959 cancellation of the Avro Arrow project.\nEven though factionalism within the party was muted by Diefenbaker's electoral success, it surged again as the Progressive Conservatives lost support, falling from office in 1963, and his opponents were able to force a leadership convention in 1967. Diefenbaker stood for re-election as party leader at the last moment, but only attracted minimal support and withdrew. He remained an MP until his death in 1979, two months after Joe Clark became the first Tory Prime Minister since Diefenbaker.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-11-13T22:20:07Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Diefenbaker&oldid=690517706", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T18:22:43Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 690517706", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MISC5JKX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-14T02:40:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-14T21:16:45Z" } }, { "key": "MTJQURWZ", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 409099, "name": "Lauren McLevy - HIS 3375 uOttawa", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/409099/items/MTJQURWZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa/items/MTJQURWZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2635428, "username": "lmcle020", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lmcle020", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wikipedia", "parsedDate": "2015-11-14", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MTJQURWZ", "version": 10, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "R. B. Bennett", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Wikipedia" } ], "abstractNote": "Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett, PC KC (3 July 1870 – 26 June 1947) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, politician, and philanthropist. He served as the 11th Prime Minister of Canada from 7 August 1930, to 23 October 1935, during the worst of the Great Depression years. Following his defeat as prime minister, Bennett moved to England, and was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Bennett.\nMost (but not all) historians consider his premiership to have been a failure at a time of severe economic crisis. Blair Neatby says categorically that \"as a politician he was a failure.\" J. L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, comparing him to all other Canadian prime ministers concluded, \"Bennett utterly failed as a leader. Everyone was alienated by the end—Cabinet, caucus, party, voter and foreigner.\"", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-11-14T03:34:19Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&oldid=690554187", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T18:22:22Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 690554187", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MISC5JKX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-14T02:40:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-14T21:16:45Z" } }, { "key": "SFC3K7VP", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 409099, "name": "Lauren McLevy - HIS 3375 uOttawa", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/409099/items/SFC3K7VP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa/items/SFC3K7VP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2635428, "username": "lmcle020", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lmcle020", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wikipedia", "parsedDate": "2015-10-27", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SFC3K7VP", "version": 10, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Robert Borden", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Wikipedia" } ], "abstractNote": "Sir Robert Laird Borden, GCMG PC KC (June 26, 1854 – June 10, 1937) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10, 1911, to July 10, 1920, and was the third Nova Scotian to hold this office. After retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queen's University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 notes produced since 1976.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-10-27T17:52:30Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Borden&oldid=687777827", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T18:21:52Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 687777827", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MISC5JKX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-14T02:40:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-14T21:16:45Z" } }, { "key": "B9GS24IR", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 409099, "name": "Lauren McLevy - HIS 3375 uOttawa", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/409099/items/B9GS24IR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa/items/B9GS24IR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2635428, "username": "lmcle020", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lmcle020", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wikipedia", "parsedDate": "2015-11-14", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "B9GS24IR", "version": 10, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Charles Tupper", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Wikipedia" } ], "abstractNote": "Sir Charles Tupper, 1st Baronet, GCMG CB PC (July 2, 1821 – October 30, 1915) was a Canadian father of Confederation: as the Premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867, he led Nova Scotia into Confederation. He went on to serve as the sixth Prime Minister of Canada, sworn into office on May 1, 1896, seven days after parliament had been dissolved. He lost the June 23 election and resigned on July 8, 1896. His 69-day term as prime minister is currently the shortest in Canadian history.\nTupper was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia to the Rev. Charles Tupper and Miriam Lockhart. He was educated at Horton Academy, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, graduating MD in 1843. By the age of 22 he had handled 116 obstetric cases. He practiced medicine periodically throughout his political career (and served as the first president of the Canadian Medical Association). He entered Nova Scotian politics in 1855 as a protégé of James William Johnston. During Johnston's tenure as premier of Nova Scotia in 1857–59 and 1863–64, Tupper served as provincial secretary. Tupper replaced Johnston as premier in 1864. As premier, Tupper established public education in Nova Scotia. He also worked to expand Nova Scotia's railway network in order to promote industry.\nBy 1860, Tupper supported a union of all the colonies of British North America. Believing that immediate union of all the colonies was impossible, in 1864, he proposed a Maritime Union. However, representatives of the Province of Canada asked to be allowed to attend the meeting in Charlottetown scheduled to discuss Maritime Union in order to present a proposal for a wider union, and the Charlottetown Conference thus became the first of the three conferences that secured Canadian Confederation. Tupper also represented Nova Scotia at the other two conferences, the Quebec Conference (1864) and the London Conference of 1866. In Nova Scotia, Tupper organized a Confederation Party to combat the activities of the Anti-Confederation Party organized by Joseph Howe and successfully led Nova Scotia into Confederation.\nFollowing the passage of the British North America Act in 1867, Tupper resigned as premier of Nova Scotia and began a career in federal politics. He held multiple cabinet positions under Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, including President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (1870–72), Minister of Inland Revenue (1872–73), Minister of Customs (1873–74), Minister of Public Works (1878–79), and Minister of Railways and Canals (1879–84). Initially groomed as Macdonald's successor, Tupper had a falling out with Macdonald, and by the early 1880s, he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Tupper took up his post in London in 1883, and would remain High Commissioner until 1895, although in 1887–88, he served as Minister of Finance without relinquishing the High Commissionership.\nIn 1895, the government of Sir Mackenzie Bowell foundered over the Manitoba Schools Question; as a result, several leading members of the Conservative Party of Canada demanded the return of Tupper to serve as prime minister. Tupper accepted this invitation and returned to Canada, becoming prime minister in May 1896. An election was called, just before he was sworn in as prime minister, which his party subsequently lost to Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals. Tupper served as Leader of the Opposition from July 1896 until 1900, at which point he returned to London, where he lived until his death in 1915.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-11-14T03:27:46Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tupper&oldid=690553616", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T18:21:35Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 690553616", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MISC5JKX" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-12-14T02:40:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-12-14T21:16:45Z" } }, { "key": "JDHQAWPZ", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 409099, "name": "Lauren McLevy - HIS 3375 uOttawa", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/409099/items/JDHQAWPZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lauren_mclevy_-_his_3375_uottawa/items/JDHQAWPZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2635428, "username": "lmcle020", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lmcle020", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wikipedia", "parsedDate": "2015-11-14", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JDHQAWPZ", "version": 10, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Mackenzie Bowell", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Wikipedia" } ], "abstractNote": "Sir Mackenzie Bowell, KCMG PC (/ˈboʊ.əl/; 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