[ { "key": "P9D7SJVA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/P9D7SJVA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/P9D7SJVA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/6J8RMKPE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "P9D7SJVA", "version": 1, "parentItem": "6J8RMKPE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "balancing-act_91.html", "accessDate": "2011-03-16T19:30:43Z", "url": "http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/back/balancing-act_91.html", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "T7MQBUXX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/T7MQBUXX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/T7MQBUXX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/I8WCTK9V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T7MQBUXX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "I8WCTK9V", "itemType": "note", "note": "-", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "3G2VS9HC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/3G2VS9HC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/3G2VS9HC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/PQQ2NN32", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3G2VS9HC", "version": 1, "parentItem": "PQQ2NN32", "itemType": "note", "note": "points to ubiquity of Internet cafes in Senegal", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "9RIBHHZM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/9RIBHHZM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/9RIBHHZM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/Z2P7ENZJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9RIBHHZM", "version": 1, "parentItem": "Z2P7ENZJ", "itemType": "note", "note": "in rural Uganda", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "N99RNW8X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/N99RNW8X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/N99RNW8X", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/3EDCI2PQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N99RNW8X", "version": 1, "parentItem": "3EDCI2PQ", "itemType": "note", "note": "not a very good article. Poor handle on what is actually going on in Internet cafes with a lot of assumptions being made. Reviews a number of international government efforts related to ICTs. Touches on infrastructure issues, etc.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "VSMSKXI4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/VSMSKXI4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/VSMSKXI4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/BQ42RZ3J", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VSMSKXI4", "version": 1, "parentItem": "BQ42RZ3J", "itemType": "note", "note": "optimism of ICTs for development, but little is known about veracity of these claims. Leapfrogging is dangerously naive and unrealistic. Best long-term dev investment of ICTs is to use them to train and educate the new generation (rather than short term goals). Need better integrated national information, communication, and education policies.\n\nAcknowledges major components of discourse and prevailing perceptions. Panacea, catch up, close gap, etc. Risk benefiting only a portion of the population of a dev country (internal dig divide). Potential to draw capital away from satisfying basic needs...this could lead to new forms of dependency.\n\ncultural concerns with content dominated by US. \"this implies that the larger proportion of the 168 countries that had access to Internet in 1995 are likely to be the primary recipients of information, products, values and attitudes made in the US.\" - pg. 8 Fears of cultural hegemony and homogenisation leading to disempowerment. Soap operas and commercials.\n\n\"There is little doubt that the information era is here to stay. Developing coutnries cannot afford to be left on the sidelines and watch the rest of the world enter into a new development paradigm dominated by information and knowledge.\" - pg. 12 (criticizes this sense of urgency to catch up early on in the paper and then here simply restates this perspective. Treats similar ideas as perceptions and assumptions, why restate them as truths latter in the paper?). Urges caution in light of social exclusion, loss of cultural identity, and polarisation of societies.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "SR3R6HHT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/SR3R6HHT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/SR3R6HHT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/4H34JCDG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SR3R6HHT", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4H34JCDG", "itemType": "note", "note": "- applies Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to the question of mobile phone diffusion in Kenya and Nigeria.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "GQ7EJJHX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/GQ7EJJHX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/GQ7EJJHX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/5CTWQ9JX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GQ7EJJHX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "5CTWQ9JX", "itemType": "note", "note": "don't focus too much on global, also local. Concerns about divide between elite and non-elite. One size fits all \"best practices\" model not useful since all developing nations are different and are coming from different starting points. Tech changes society, but users shape technologies too, need the opportunity for customizing.\n\n- the potential of technology and the risk of exclusion [risk often described this way, the risk of not being connected - what about the risks involved in being connected - negative impacts? -- see below where risk of computer crime is acknowledged.]\n- acknowledges that some are concerned IT will take away jobs, disproportionately benefit the rich, divert resources away from uses that would have a greater development impact\n- there is a great difference between countries so 'best practices' will vary\n1) different starting poitns and a unique path of development\n2) access to new sources of information, but limit on locally relevant content and problem solving\n3) new problems - acknowledges computer crime. Developing country participants may be at greater risk.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "TT5VXSZE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/TT5VXSZE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/TT5VXSZE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/FDBM5WJ9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TT5VXSZE", "version": 1, "parentItem": "FDBM5WJ9", "itemType": "note", "note": "\"the attainment of development goals does not depend on the existence of Internet connections alone, but on the acquisition, usage and dissemination of relevant information and knowledge.\"", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "IBFAP42E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/IBFAP42E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/IBFAP42E", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/HP6ZB2DR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IBFAP42E", "version": 1, "parentItem": "HP6ZB2DR", "itemType": "note", "note": "This paper has some good tables. One showing the cost of Internet access (pointing out that telecomm charges are the majority of expense). I wondered about another table of costs showing how much it costs for someone to use the Internet for an hour a day at an Internet cafe. This would presumably be much less. Another table shows a correlation between countries with liberalized telecomm and increase in the number of users of the Internet, Internet hosts, lower cost of Internet access, more international bandwidth. Would like for this paper to point out more of the unique burdens of Internet access in rural areas. Can only find one in this paper: lack of locally available maintenance people. A 7 hour bus ride is required to get repairs done to the machines.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "PWA2E2IW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/PWA2E2IW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/PWA2E2IW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/QXN77F8H", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PWA2E2IW", "version": 1, "parentItem": "QXN77F8H", "itemType": "note", "note": "- people are never deprived of ingeniousness. They employ tactics.\n- is the adoption of mobile phones due to 'need' or to 'uses'? he argues uses.\n- dev practice is about finding a need and filling it\nin the act of loaning:\n- force of solidarity in operation, reinforcement of social bonds, mutual aid\n- more than demonstration of altruism\n- \"as if they are aware that the constitution of their being and the construction of their becoming are better ensured in a relation of solidarity with others.\"\n- makes possible for non-owners to become users", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "G4UFGAI4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/G4UFGAI4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/G4UFGAI4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/BCSEARXT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G4UFGAI4", "version": 1, "parentItem": "BCSEARXT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "785", "accessDate": "2011-03-16T19:30:43Z", "url": "http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/876/785", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "96GSJE87", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/96GSJE87", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/96GSJE87", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/C2C5E3XS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "96GSJE87", "version": 1, "parentItem": "C2C5E3XS", "itemType": "note", "note": "Shared use of computers. Urban users vastly outnumber rural users. Ghana has 5000+ dial-up subscribers. Sites of public Internet use. e-mail only accounts with ISPs. Users are mostly well educated men. Send and receive 1 e-mail per day. E-mail replaces other modes of communication they used to use. Ghana has lots of newspapers. Selling crafts, agriculture, telemedicine, education. Infrastructure issues, need ot upgrade to digital switches and fiber optics. Proportion of digital lines in sub-Saharan Africa was 69% (close to world average of 79%) Senegal has more than 10000 call centres. Points to \"the worldwide recognition of the importance of information and communication technologies in accelerating development\" (a rhetorical tactic -- general agreement makes it so - JB note)", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "TAEFNFFN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/TAEFNFFN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/TAEFNFFN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/HGH4G8XS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TAEFNFFN", "version": 1, "parentItem": "HGH4G8XS", "itemType": "note", "note": "expectations about the Internet:\n- \"reduce the effect of geographical distance, providing information on final markets and lowering the costs of registering a presence in global markets.\"\n- improved access to international markets\n- \"open up new possibilities even for small and isolated rural enterprises and communities\" by facilitating linkages across the world\n- digital marketplace argument (see the article for \"broader business and government views abou the potential for e-commerce\")\n\nturns out:\n- most e-commerce sites for the developing world serve as \"dating agencies\" and don't do any checks on producers or buyers, but just match them up and let them sort it out\n- no one seems willing to pay for screening services\n- issues of quality control\n- how is this any better than a trade directory? (a bit more up to date with current needs, availability, prices)\n- what is important: the use of e-mail for maintaining contact with customers and suppliers (inexpensive), much cheaper than telephone or fax. E-mail and e-mail attachments allow rich multimedia info transfer. Digital images improve trust along the value chain.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "HG4PSBNN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/HG4PSBNN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/HG4PSBNN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/CPNTT7F6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HG4PSBNN", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CPNTT7F6", "itemType": "note", "note": "75% in Botswana, Uganda, and Ghana used a phone at least once in the past 3 months, rural and urban.", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "U4H7H2CJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/U4H7H2CJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/U4H7H2CJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/CU4TS8M6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U4H7H2CJ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CU4TS8M6", "itemType": "note", "note": "- user-behaviors related to m-banking and m-payment systems in the developing world\n- theoretical issues surrounding use/impact of these systems\n- the intersection of financial and social networks\n\n- more people have mobile phone handsets than bank accounts? (Porteous 2006)\n\nembeddedness and inertia of m-transactions:\n- existing transactional relationships shifted over to new m-channels\n- remittances (old transactions over a new mechanism probably) rather than a new transaction\n- pre-existing relationships play a greater role in structuring shape, trajectory and magnitude of remittance transfer than the availability of a transfer channel. Will trust anonymous 'middlemen' to transfer money\n- the social capital might not be the most useful lens for understanding relations between individuals and large firms\n- m-transactions may ease people towards the formal economy (visibility of transactions an taxation is an issue)\n- refers to what I called \"monitoring transaction completion\" in the case of putting money on a bus and sending the license plate number to recipients of the money by text message", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "FHTGEFX8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/FHTGEFX8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/FHTGEFX8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": 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group\nhttp://www.telafrica.org/pdfs/finalreport.pdf\nfound that 75% of people in Botswana, Uganda, Ghana used a phone at least once in the past 3 months (looking at both rural and urban regions)\n\n- \"public fixed-wireless payphones\" are springing up where landlines are not practical to install", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "2TP75CMR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/2TP75CMR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/2TP75CMR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/8CVUHRZF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2TP75CMR", "version": 1, "parentItem": "8CVUHRZF", "itemType": "note", "note": "- mobile adoption has different implications in an environment of limited landline availability\n- ITU data\n- rapid increase of mobile telephone users in Africa\n- interviewed micro-entrepreneurs about their use of mobile phones\n- importance of pre-pay\n- 70% of calls (roughly) to family and friends, not business contacts\n- talking more frequently to family and friends (but not gaining new contacts, new friends)\n- distinctive aspects of 'resource poor' and 'connection poor' areas\n1) family in diaspora\n2) 'beeping' [= 'flashing']\n3) mobile theft - a greater loss, lack of insurance\n\nGamos group\nhttp://www.telafrica.org/pdfs/finalreport.pdf\nfound that 75% of people in Botswana, Uganda, Ghana used a phone at least once in the past 3 months (looking at both rural and urban regions)\n\n- \"public fixed-wireless payphones\" are springing up where landlines are not practical to install", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "TT8T8W6Q", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/TT8T8W6Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/TT8T8W6Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TT8T8W6Q", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "Africa: The Impact of Mobile Phones", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Vodafone", "place": "", "date": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa" }, { "tag": "mobile phones" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "RS7EQUUA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/RS7EQUUA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/RS7EQUUA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RS7EQUUA", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Global Development: analyses and policy recommendations", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force", "place": "", "date": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "6CCQBGCR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/6CCQBGCR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/6CCQBGCR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6CCQBGCR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Can Africa Exploit the Internet?", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Review of African Political Economy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "27", "issue": "83", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "127-128", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa" }, { "tag": "Internet" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "B7Q3EZZM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/B7Q3EZZM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/B7Q3EZZM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Young et al.", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "B7Q3EZZM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Preliminary Evaluation of Online Access Centres: promoting micro e-business activity in small, isolated communities", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Judy", "lastName": "Young" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gail", "lastName": "Ridley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeff", "lastName": "Ridley" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper reports on a study of 18 of the 20 first round of community online access centres\nintroduced in Tasmania, the only island state of Australia. The access centres were designed to\nredress some disadvantages of living and working in rural regions of Tasmania, such as isolation and\neconomic inequity. The investigation aimed to determine and evaluate trends in micro e-business\nactivity associated with use of the centres. Statistical data collected over a two year period in\neighteen community online access centres were utilised. Comparisons were made of five\ncommunities with populations of 2 000–15 000, and thirteen with populations below 2 000.\nDifferences were found in micro e-business activity generated in the two population categories. In\ncentres in the larger communities, micro e-business activity was more uniform over the period.\nHowever, this was in marked contrast to the surge in micro e-business activity noted in the smaller\npopulation centres over the investigation period. It is proposed that differences in micro e-business\nactivity may be explained by more limited opportunities outside the online access centres in the\nsmaller communities. The findings of this foundation study suggest that online access centres do\npromote e-business activity in small, isolated communities, and they may offer potential to address\nlimited business opportunities in geographically remote areas.", "publicationTitle": "Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Coutnries", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2001", "volume": "4", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-17", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Australia" }, { "tag": "ICTs for development" }, { "tag": "Internet cafe" }, { "tag": "Tasmania" }, { "tag": "Telecentres" }, { "tag": "cybercafes" }, { "tag": "e-commerce" }, { "tag": "entrepreneurship" }, { "tag": "rural" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "VQTSHBVG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/VQTSHBVG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/VQTSHBVG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wilson and Wong", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VQTSHBVG", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Negotiating the Net in Africa: The Politics of Internet Diffusion", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ernest", "lastName": "Wilson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kelvin", "lastName": "Wong" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2006", "publisher": "Lynne Rienner Publishers", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa" }, { "tag": "starred" }, { "tag": "telecommunications policy" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "DX2DUGAM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/DX2DUGAM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/DX2DUGAM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wilson and Wong", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DX2DUGAM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "African Information Revolution: a balance sheet", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ernest J. III", "lastName": "Wilson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kelvin", "lastName": "Wong" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper provides a policy and institutional framework to describe and analyze the diffusion of information technology and the global information revolution (IR) in Sub-Saharan Africa and the major factors that influence this diffusion. We begin by examining regional diffusion and find substantial crossnational diffusion differences across the continent, with considerable variation in regional diffusion of telephone, internet, radio, and television. This pattern undermines technologic and economic explanations as sole determinants of variation in diffusion. Then we conduct an analysis of the IR in Sub-Saharan Africa based on a policy framework. This framework identifies four key policy balances (1. public and private initiatives, 2. monopoly and competition ‘‘markets’’, 3. domestic and foreign ownership or control, and 4. centralized and de-centralized administrative controls) as important elements to a better understanding of the diffusion of the IR. We find that a necessary condition for an explanation of the diffusion of the IR is a policy and institutional framework that incorporates these four balances.", "publicationTitle": "Telecommunications Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "27", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "155-177", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa" }, { "tag": "Broadcasting" }, { "tag": "Infrastructure" }, { "tag": "Internet" }, { "tag": "starred" }, { "tag": "telecommunications policy" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } }, { "key": "7SQFBBGT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40880, "name": "ICTD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40880/items/7SQFBBGT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ictd/items/7SQFBBGT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 57347, "username": "jennaburrell", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jennaburrell", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wilson", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7SQFBBGT", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Information Revolution and Developing Countries", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ernest J.", "lastName": "Wilson" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2006", "publisher": "The MIT Press", "place": "Cambridge, MA", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "information society" }, { "tag": "starred" }, { "tag": "telecommunications policy" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-16T20:22:57Z" } } ]