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Space also offers a very low temperature, making it a perfect heat sink for power plants, thus offering much higher efficiencies. This paper focuses on the evaluation and analysis of thermal Brayton, Ericsson and Rankine power cycles operating at space conditions on several appropriate working fluids. Under the examined conditions, the thermal efficiency of Brayton cycles reaches 63%, Ericsson 74%, and Rankine 85%. These efficiencies are significantly higher than those for the computed or real terrestrial cycles: by up to 45% for the Brayton, and 17% for the Ericsson; remarkably 44% for the Rankine cycle even when compared with the best terrestrial combined cycles. From the considered working fluids, the diatomic gases (N2 and H2) produce somewhat better efficiencies than the monatomic ones in the Brayton and Rankine cycles. The Rankine cycles require radiator areas that are larger by up to two orders of magnitude than those required for the Brayton and Ericsson cycles. The results of the analysis of the sensitivity of the cycle performance parameters to major parameters such as turbine inlet temperature and pressure ratio are presented, equations or examining the effects of fluid properties on the radiator area and pressure drop were developed, and the effects of the working fluid properties on cycle efficiency and on the power production per unit radiator area were explored to allow decisions on the optimal choice of working fluids.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Conversion and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2007", "volume": "48", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2864-2878", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enconman.2007.06.039", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890407002294", "accessDate": "2011-11-23T22:06:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0196-8904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Brayton cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ericsson cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Power cycles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rankine cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Space", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Space power", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2JQU7SUA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-23T22:06:41Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-23T22:06:41Z" } }, { "key": "M2MU7M5Q", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40836, "name": "Design of Thermal Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40836/items/M2MU7M5Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems/items/M2MU7M5Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Noam", "parsedDate": "2001-10-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "M2MU7M5Q", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Power from space", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lior", "lastName": "Noam" } ], "abstractNote": "This is a concise review of possibilities and prospects for power generation in space for terrestrial use. Advantages of this approach to power production, the economic and technological obstacles to be overcome, various conceptual approaches, including solar photovoltaic, solar dynamic, nuclear, and the use of chemical energy, and recommendations for progress are summarized. In view of the rising demand for energy, and of the diminishing fuel and available terrestrial area, the use of space for power generation seems to be inevitable: (1) It allows highest energy conversion efficiency, provides the best heat sink, makes best use of solar energy, and relieves the Earth from the penalties of power generation. (2) Both the costs of launching payloads into space and those of energy transmission are declining. The major obstacle is the exorbitantly high cost, which under current conditions requires, for example, the reduction of space transportation costs about a hundredfold for competitiveness. Other issues also need to be resolved, some of general nature, such as environmental effects and security and legal aspects, and some system specific, such as safety of nuclear power plants, and the realization of higher energy conversion and transmission efficiencies. Generation of power in space for terrestrial use will require massive resources, strong international cooperation, and several decades. A staged approach, fortified by developing applications collateral with space power, such as space-to-space power beaming for powering satellites, power relaying by orbital microwave or laser beam reflectors, and orbital mirrors for extended periods of terrestrial illumination, is recommended.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Conversion and Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 11, 2001", "volume": "42", "issue": "15-17", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1769-1805", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00040-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890401000401", "accessDate": "2011-11-23T20:24:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0196-8904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Energy 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And finally, modellization of such systems is reviewed.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2010", "volume": "14", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "31-55", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.035", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032109001774", "accessDate": "2011-11-23T05:31:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1364-0321", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Classification", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "High temperature", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Materials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Modellization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar power plants", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thermal energy storage (TES)", "type": 1 } ], 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present article reports on the research work carried out within the framework of the European project DISTOR. The objective is to conceive, analyze and test systems of storage of thermal energy of the type PCM (phase change materials) adapted to DSG (direct steam generation) technology for electricity production. A detailed model of heat transfer and fluid flow has been reported for numerical simulation of latent heat storage unit which takes into account the solid/liquid and water/vapour phase change processes occurring simultaneously in the PCM and heat transfer fluid with appropriate coupling between them. Reasonable and justified assumptions are then proposed in order to define the most significant process controlling parameters and derive a useful simplified model. Design and optimization procedure have been advised based on the present detailed and simplified models. The influences of various parameters on the operation of the system as well as the potential of new PCM composites are studied.", "publicationTitle": "Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2008", "volume": "47", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "499-507", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.cep.2007.01.025", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0255270107000207", "accessDate": "2011-11-23T04:00:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0255-2701", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DSG", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Latent heat", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PCM", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Storage", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2JQU7SUA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-23T04:00:17Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-23T04:00:17Z" } }, { "key": "TM98H8ZZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40836, "name": "Design of Thermal Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40836/items/TM98H8ZZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems/items/TM98H8ZZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40836/items/VT3VHFNP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TM98H8ZZ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VT3VHFNP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-11-23T04:00:17Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0255270107000207", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-23T04:00:17Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-23T04:00:17Z" } }, { "key": "WXC5284N", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40836, "name": "Design of Thermal Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40836/items/WXC5284N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems/items/WXC5284N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "F. Brown", "parsedDate": "2001-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WXC5284N", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A comparative study of fuels for on-board hydrogen production for fuel-cell-powered automobiles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lee", "lastName": "F. Brown" } ], "abstractNote": "Seven common fuels are compared for their utility as hydrogen sources for proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells used in automotive propulsion. Methanol, natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation jet fuel, ethanol, and hydrogen are the fuels considered. Except for steam-reforming methanol and using pure hydrogen, all processes for generating hydrogen from these fuels require water-gas shift reactors of significant size. This occurs because their higher processing temperatures produce unacceptably large amounts of CO. All processes require low- or zero-sulfur fuels, and this may add cost to some of them. Fuels produced by pure steam-reforming contain ~70-80% hydrogen, those by pure partial oxidation ~35-45%. The lower percentages may adversely affect cell performance. Pure steam-reforming suffers from poor transient operation. Theoretical input energies do not differ markedly among the processes for generating hydrogen from organic-chemical fuels. Pure hydrogen has formidable distribution and storage difficulties. The factors considered in this work make some combination of partial oxidation and steam-reforming of methanol technically the leading candidate for on-board generation of hydrogen for automotive propulsion. The possible use of methanol suffers from a lack of infrastructure and solubility in water combined with toxicity. Methanol's disadvantages have stimulated extensive current research employing other primary fuels for this purpose.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2001", "volume": "26", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "381-397", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0360-3199(00)00092-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V3F-42SGXF0-8/2/df5f7e70875e1270100b9dea8ee6dab8", "accessDate": "2011-03-21T11:54:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-3199", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Automotive fuel cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aviation jet fuel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diesel fuel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ethanol", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fuel cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fuel-cell feeds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hydrogen carriers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Methanol", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Natural gas", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "NTDD9TKT" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-21T11:54:26Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-21T11:54:26Z" } }, { "key": "BHMRFJCE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40836, "name": "Design of Thermal Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40836/items/BHMRFJCE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems/items/BHMRFJCE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hornburg and Watson", "parsedDate": "1993-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BHMRFJCE", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Operational optimization of MSF systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.D.", "lastName": "Hornburg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.M.", "lastName": "Watson" } ], "abstractNote": "In today's world of low cost personal computers and advanced software combined with knowledge of mathematical modeling MSF plant operation it is relatively simple and essential to develop a computer operational simulation program for any large desalination system. Such a computer program provides the following benefits:\n1. It's FUN and inexpensive.\n2. It will aid in finalizing the design and optimization.\n3. It will determine operating costs at any set of variable input parameters.\n4. It can be used to determine the overall algorithm for operating costs and establish set-point parameters for operating conditions.", "publicationTitle": "Desalination", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1993", "volume": "92", "issue": "1-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "333-351", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/0011-9164(93)80089-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFX-44CRRTX-M/2/0fc9e819f8b1171d4cc620ba0b9b304c", "accessDate": "2011-03-21T11:27:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0011-9164", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-21T11:27:34Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-21T11:27:34Z" } }, { "key": "266MX6QV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40836, "name": "Design of Thermal Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40836/items/266MX6QV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems/items/266MX6QV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hornburg and Watson", "parsedDate": "1993-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "266MX6QV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Operational optimization of MSF systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.D.", "lastName": "Hornburg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.M.", "lastName": "Watson" } ], "abstractNote": "In today's world of low cost personal computers and advanced software combined with knowledge of mathematical modeling MSF plant operation it is relatively simple and essential to develop a computer operational simulation program for any large desalination system. Such a computer program provides the following benefits:\n1. It's FUN and inexpensive.\n2. It will aid in finalizing the design and optimization.\n3. It will determine operating costs at any set of variable input parameters.\n4. It can be used to determine the overall algorithm for operating costs and establish set-point parameters for operating conditions.", "publicationTitle": "Desalination", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1993", "volume": "92", "issue": "1-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "333-351", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/0011-9164(93)80089-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFX-44CRRTX-M/2/0fc9e819f8b1171d4cc620ba0b9b304c", "accessDate": "2011-03-21T11:27:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0011-9164", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-21T11:27:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-21T11:27:32Z" } }, { "key": "R96NZN8E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 40836, "name": "Design of Thermal Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/40836/items/R96NZN8E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/design_of_thermal_systems/items/R96NZN8E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mussati et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-02-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R96NZN8E", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dual-purpose desalination plants. Part I. Optimal design,", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sergio", "lastName": "Mussati" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pio", "lastName": "Aguirre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicolas", "lastName": "Scenna" } ], "abstractNote": "In this paper, a methodology for optimization of a given system configuration for dual-purpose desalination plants will be presented. The whole system is represented as a non-lineal programming (NLP) model solved using general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) [1]. The rigorous model incorporates a high number of non-linear restrictions; so the achievement of the optimal solution is difficult. It is important to point out that the initialization of variables are very important, especially to guarantee the convergence and the determination of the optimal solution. The proposed methodology in this work consists on the resolution of simplified model in order to provide the initial values and critical bounds to solve the rigorous model. In this way, a procedure for the optimization of a given configuration involving the total annual cost (TAC) minimization is presented. The results obtained from one study case applying the methodology are analyzed.", "publicationTitle": "Desalination", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 10, 2003", "volume": "153", "issue": "1-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "179-184", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01124-4", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFX-47XD1S7-2H/2/584d1e4a53535df1a92d2c86e32fa390", "accessDate": "2011-03-21T11:27:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0011-9164", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Distillate desalination system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dual-purpose plant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "NLP model", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Optimal design", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "VR3TTA4Q" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-21T11:27:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-21T11:27:01Z" } } ]