[ { "key": "KKAQ8SBC", "version": 221, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 406835, "name": "ALS320S3T3-Malaria", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/KKAQ8SBC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria/items/KKAQ8SBC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2603044, "username": "jhelliott14", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jhelliott14", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Abba et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KKAQ8SBC", "version": 221, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosing uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in endemic countries", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katharine", "lastName": "Abba" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan J.", "lastName": "Deeks" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Piero", "lastName": "Olliaro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cho-Min", "lastName": "Naing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sally M.", "lastName": "Jackson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yemisi", "lastName": "Takwoingi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sarah", "lastName": "Donegan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Garner" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria use antibodies to detect either HRP-2 antigen or pLDH antigen, and can improve access to diagnostics in developing countries.\nOBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of RDTs for detecting P. falciparum parasitaemia in persons living in endemic areas who present to ambulatory healthcare facilities with symptoms suggestive of malaria by type and brand.\nSEARCH STRATEGY: We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases: Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; MEDLINE; EMBASE; MEDION; Science Citation Index; Web of Knowledge; African Index Medicus; LILACS; IndMED; to January 14, 2010.\nSELECTION CRITERIA: Studies comparing RDTs with a reference standard (microscopy or polymerase chain reaction) in blood samples from a random or consecutive series of patients attending ambulatory health facilities with symptoms suggestive of malaria in P. falciparum endemic areas.\nDATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: For each study, a standard set of data was extracted independently by two authors, using a tailored data extraction form. Comparisons were grouped hierarchically by target antigen, and type and brand of RDT, and combined in meta-analysis where appropriate.\nMAIN RESULTS: We identified 74 unique studies as eligible for this review and categorized them according to the antigens they detected. Types 1 to 3 include HRP-2 (from P. falciparum) either by itself or with other antigens. Types 4 and 5 included pLDH (from P. falciparum) either by itself or with other antigens. In comparisons with microscopy, we identified 71 evaluations of Type 1 tests, eight evaluations of Type 2 tests and five evaluations of Type 3 tests. In meta-analyses, average sensitivities and specificities (95% CI) were 94.8% (93.1% to 96.1%) and 95.2% (93.2% to 96.7%) for Type 1 tests, 96.0% (94.0% to 97.3%) and 95.3% (87.3% to 98.3%) for Type 2 tests, and 99.5% (71.0% to 100.0%) and 90.6% (80.5% to 95.7%) for Type 3 tests, respectively. Overall for HRP-2, the meta-analytical average sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 95.0% (93.5% to 96.2%) and 95.2% (93.4% to 99.4%), respectively. For pLDH antibody-based RDTs verified with microscopy, we identified 17 evaluations of Type 4 RDTs and three evaluations of Type 5 RDTs. In meta-analyses, average sensitivity for Type 4 tests was 91.5% (84.7% to 95.3%) and average specificity was 98.7% (96.9% to 99.5%). For Type 5 tests, average sensitivity was 98.4% (95.1% to 99.5%) and average specificity was 97.5% (93.5% to 99.1%). Overall for pLDH, the meta-analytical average sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 93.2% (88.0% to 96.2%) and 98.5% (96.7% to 99.4%), respectively. For both categories of test, there was substantial heterogeneity in study results. Quality of the microscopy reference standard could only be assessed in 40% of studies due to inadequate reporting, but results did not seem to be influenced by the reporting quality.Overall, HRP-2 antibody-based tests (such as the Type 1 tests) tended to be more sensitive and were significantly less specific than pLDH-based tests (such as the Type 4 tests). If the point estimates for Type 1 and Type 4 tests are applied to a hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients where 30% of those presenting with symptoms have P. falciparum, Type 1 tests will miss 16 cases, and Type 4 tests will miss 26 cases. The number of people wrongly diagnosed with P. falciparum would be 34 with Type 1 tests, and nine with Type 4 tests.\nAUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity and specificity of all RDTs is such that they can replace or extend the access of diagnostic services for uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. HRP-2 antibody types may be more sensitive but are less specific than pLDH antibody-based tests, but the differences are small. The HRP-2 antigen persists even after effective treatment and so is not useful for detecting treatment failures.", "publicationTitle": "The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "CD008122", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Cochrane Database Syst Rev", "DOI": "10.1002/14651858.CD008122.pub2", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-493X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21735422", "tags": [ { "tag": "Antigens, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biological Markers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diagnostic Tests, Routine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Endemic Diseases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "L-Lactate Dehydrogenase", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria, Falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parasitemia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sensitivity and specificity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-27T19:16:21Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-27T19:16:21Z" } }, { "key": "TMQKW424", "version": 221, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 406835, "name": "ALS320S3T3-Malaria", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/TMQKW424", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria/items/TMQKW424", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/KKAQ8SBC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2603044, "username": "jhelliott14", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jhelliott14", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TMQKW424", "version": 221, "parentItem": "KKAQ8SBC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-11-27T19:16:21Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735422", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-27T19:16:21Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-27T19:16:21Z" } }, { "key": "TNSITQ4H", "version": 220, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 406835, "name": "ALS320S3T3-Malaria", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/TNSITQ4H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria/items/TNSITQ4H", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/ZX3PKXBE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2603044, "username": "jhelliott14", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jhelliott14", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TNSITQ4H", "version": 220, "parentItem": "ZX3PKXBE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Rapid Diagnosis of Malaria - 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Giemsa microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) represent the two diagnostics most likely to have the largest impact on malaria control today. These two methods, each with characteristic strengths and limitations, together represent the best hope for accurate diagnosis as a key component of successful malaria control. This review addresses the quality issues with current malaria diagnostics and presents data from recent rapid diagnostic test trials. Reduction of malaria morbidity and drug resistance intensity plus the associated economic loss of these two factors require urgent scaling up of the quality of parasite-based diagnostic methods. An investment in anti-malarial drug development or malaria vaccine development should be accompanied by a parallel commitment to improve diagnostic tools and their availability to people living in malarious areas.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007/12", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1695/", "accessDate": "2015-11-25T23:07:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A Review of Malaria Diagnostic Tools", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-25T23:07:32Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-25T23:07:32Z" } }, { "key": "4PWM86RF", "version": 216, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 406835, "name": "ALS320S3T3-Malaria", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/4PWM86RF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria/items/4PWM86RF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/GM4B46I2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2603044, "username": "jhelliott14", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jhelliott14", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "4PWM86RF", "version": 216, "parentItem": "GM4B46I2", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-11-25T23:01:43Z", "url": "http://www.malariajournal.com/content/13/1/234", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "234.html", "md5": "9d987fa3cf7509c636726a47872d6891", "mtime": 1448492503912, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-25T23:01:43Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-25T23:01:43Z" } }, { "key": "HS2XHPI3", "version": 216, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 406835, "name": "ALS320S3T3-Malaria", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/HS2XHPI3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria/items/HS2XHPI3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/GM4B46I2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2603044, "username": "jhelliott14", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jhelliott14", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HS2XHPI3", "version": 216, "parentItem": "GM4B46I2", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-11-25T23:01:39Z", "url": "http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-13-234.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Joanny et al. - 2014 - Limit of blank and limit of detection of Plasmodiu.pdf", "md5": "fd1bfbe24e4d65f8c97b309a980de776", "mtime": 1448492500932, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-25T23:01:39Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-25T23:01:40Z" } }, { "key": "GM4B46I2", "version": 215, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 406835, "name": "ALS320S3T3-Malaria", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/406835/items/GM4B46I2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/als320s3t3-malaria/items/GM4B46I2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2603044, "username": "jhelliott14", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jhelliott14", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Joanny et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-06-14", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GM4B46I2", "version": 215, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Limit of blank and limit of detection of Plasmodium falciparum thick blood smear microscopy in a routine setting in Central Africa", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fanny", "lastName": "Joanny" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sascha JZ", "lastName": "Löhr" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Engleitner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bertrand", "lastName": "Lell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Mordmüller" } ], "abstractNote": "Proper malaria diagnosis depends on the detection of asexual forms of Plasmodium spp. in the blood. Thick blood smear microscopy is the accepted gold standard of malaria diagnosis and is widely implemented. Surprisingly, diagnostic performance of this method is not well investigated and many clinicians in African routine settings base treatment decisions independent of microscopy results. This leads to overtreatment and poor management of other febrile diseases. Implementation of quality control programmes is recommended, but requires sustained funding, external logistic support and constant training and supervision of the staff. This study describes an easily applicable method to assess the performance of thick blood smear microscopy by determining the limit of blank and limit of detection. These two values are representative of the diagnostic quality and allow the correct discrimination between positive and negative samples.", "publicationTitle": "Malaria Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014-06-14", "volume": "13", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "234", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1186/1475-2875-13-234", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.malariajournal.com/content/13/1/234/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-11-25T23:01:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1475-2875", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.malariajournal.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2014 Joanny et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.", "extra": "PMID: 24929248", "tags": [ { "tag": "Limit of blank", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Limit of detection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microscopy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Quality control", "type": 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