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            "title": "Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Alan T.",
                    "lastName": "Tang"
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                    "firstName": "Jaesung P.",
                    "lastName": "Choi"
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                    "firstName": "Yiqing",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
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                    "lastName": "Hong"
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            "abstractNote": "Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are a cause of stroke and seizure for which no effective medical therapies yet exist. CCMs arise from the loss of an adaptor complex that negatively regulates MEKK3–KLF2/4 signalling in brain endothelial cells, but upstream activators of this disease pathway have yet to be identified. Here we identify endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the gut microbiome as critical stimulants of CCM formation. Activation of TLR4 by Gram-negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide accelerates CCM formation, and genetic or pharmacologic blockade of TLR4 signalling prevents CCM formation in mice. Polymorphisms that increase expression of the TLR4 gene or the gene encoding its co-receptor CD14 are associated with higher CCM lesion burden in humans. Germ-free mice are protected from CCM formation, and a single course of antibiotics permanently alters CCM susceptibility in mice. These studies identify unexpected roles for the microbiome and innate immune signalling in the pathogenesis of a cerebrovascular disease, as well as strategies for its treatment.",
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                    "firstName": "Ulla E.",
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            "title": "Bacterial diversity on rock surface of the ruined part of a French historic monument: The Chaalis abbey",
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                    "firstName": "Agnes",
                    "lastName": "Mihajlovski"
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            "abstractNote": "The aim of the present study was to analyze the epilithic bacterial diversity of the ruins of the Chaalis Abbey, France. To do this, stone samples were collected at the surface of three areas presenting different macroscopic characteristics: a Discolored Area (DCA), a Damaged Area (DMA) and an Undamaged Area (UDMA). The bacterial diversity investigation after DNA extraction and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis targeting the 16S rRNA genes revealed that clone libraries were dominated by Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The main part of recovered phylotypes belonged to genera previously associated with stone colonization and/or biodeterioration. Indeed most abundant Alphaproteobacteria phylotypes belonged to the genus Sphingomonas and to the species Bosea thiooxidans, and most abundant Actinobacteria phylotypes belonged to the genera Rubrobacter and Arthrobacter. Members of Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, TM7, Betaproteobacteria, Deinococcus, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were also recovered but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, these results suggest that the ruins of the Chaalis Abbey are covered by bacterial communities mainly composed of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria able to colonize and, for some of them, to deteriorate stone.",
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                    "firstName": "Julia M.",
                    "lastName": "Maritz"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Steven A.",
                    "lastName": "Sullivan"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert J.",
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                    "firstName": "Emre",
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            "abstractNote": "Background Paper currency by its very nature is frequently transferred from one person to another and represents an important medium for human contact with—and potential exchange of—microbes. In this pilot study, we swabbed circulating $1 bills obtained from a New York City bank in February (Winter) and June (Summer) 2013 and used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to profile the communities found on their surface. Using basic culture conditions, we also tested whether viable microbes could be recovered from bills.   Results Shotgun metagenomics identified eukaryotes as the most abundant sequences on money, followed by bacteria, viruses and archaea. Eukaryotic assemblages were dominated by human, other metazoan and fungal taxa. The currency investigated harbored a diverse microbial population that was dominated by human skin and oral commensals, including Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus. Other taxa detected not associated with humans included Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, microbes typically associated with dairy production and fermentation. Culturing results indicated that viable microbes can be isolated from paper currency.   Conclusions We conducted the first metagenomic characterization of the surface of paper money in the United States, establishing a baseline for microbes found on $1 bills circulating in New York City. Our results suggest that money amalgamates DNA from sources inhabiting the human microbiome, food, and other environmental inputs, some of which can be recovered as viable organisms. These monetary communities may be maintained through contact with human skin, and DNA obtained from money may provide a record of human behavior and health. Understanding these microbial profiles is especially relevant to public health as money could potentially mediate interpersonal transfer of microbes.",
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