By June 2011, the texts we found and, in crucial partnership with the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre, digitized, totaled 8 million word tokens; the largest purpose-built and structured corpus of Māori language texts known.
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Colenso.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. (William)", "lastName": "Colenso" } ], "abstractNote": "\"Specimen of an uncompleted dictionary\"--BIM.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "12:00:00 UTC", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://natlib.govt.nz/records/21278416", "accessDate": "2015-09-29T03:58:11Z", "shortTitle": "A Māori-English lexicon", "language": "mao", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T05:10:08Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T05:10:08Z" } }, { "key": "3MEJ6G4J", "version": 48, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 404745, "name": "Digital reo Maori", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/3MEJ6G4J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori/items/3MEJ6G4J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1321720, "username": "bryantme", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bryantme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "W. Colenso (William)", "parsedDate": "1898", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3MEJ6G4J", "version": 48, "itemType": "book", "title": "A Māori-English lexicon : being a comprehensive dictionary of the New Zealand tongue", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "W. Colenso (William)" }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "name": "John Mackay. printer" } ], "abstractNote": "pt. 1. Māori-English -- pt. 2. English-Māori -- Addendum. The Parliamentary paper (G.-11) referred to in the preface,, \"Specimen of an uncompleted dictionary\"--BIM., $$C general_note$$V \"Including mythical, mythological, 'taboo' or sacred, genealogical, proverbial, poetical, tropological, sacredotal, incantatory, natural-history, idiomatical, abbreviated, tribal, and other names and terms of and allusions to persons, things, acts, and places in ancient times; also, showing their affinities with cognate Polynesian dialects and foreign languages; with copious pure Maori examples.\", $$Cgeneral_note$$VIncludes \"'Addendum' [reprint of A.J.H.R.G. 11, 1875, outlining history of project to that date]\"--Bagnallʾ", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1898", "publisher": "GovtPrinter", "place": "Wellington NZ", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "ix+111+21", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A Māori-English lexicon", "language": "mao;eng", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "English language Dictionaries Maori.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Maori language Dictionaries English.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reo Māori.", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T05:10:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T05:10:05Z" } }, { "key": "U6WHFMG5", "version": 47, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 404745, "name": "Digital reo Maori", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/U6WHFMG5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori/items/U6WHFMG5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/C94K9BUQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1321720, "username": "bryantme", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bryantme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U6WHFMG5", "version": 47, "parentItem": "C94K9BUQ", "itemType": "note", "note": "We couldn’t escape some interpretation but our intention was to try and convey the simple sense of the letter. And we didn’t hesitate to note where the meaning is unclear to us, or to leave cryptic or poetic texts untranslated, or to give up on trying to understand a word or passage.
\nAnd then there is the language of the time – the different vocabulary, dialects, colloquialisms, and the mystery of loan words (‘paerati’ – a pilot on a boat?), and transliterations (is this ‘Kanara’ the name Scannell or a Colonel? is this Te Kawana, chief of that name, or the Governor?). Sometimes we simply don’t know what is meant, and for this reason, we, like all translators, need informed friends.
\nThe ideal companions sitting together on this translation journey would be a native speaker from the tribal area of the letter, a translator familiar with 19th century writing in Maori, and an historian. Two of us have worked on the translations so far, combining Ngapare Hopa’s native speaker knowledge and my interest in 19th century writing in Maori. We’ve also had occasional help from others as to the meanings of words or passages. We worry about accuracy, and there is always the desire to go right back to the beginning and review
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T04:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T04:04:19Z" } }, { "key": "C94K9BUQ", "version": 45, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 404745, "name": "Digital reo Maori", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/C94K9BUQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori/items/C94K9BUQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1321720, "username": "bryantme", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bryantme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McRae", "parsedDate": "2009-04-17", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "C94K9BUQ", "version": 45, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Translating the McLean letters in Maori", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "McRae" } ], "abstractNote": "Forwarded by email by Paul Diamond on 28.9.15 with Jane McRae's permission.", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "Te Makarini: Folders & Lives Symposium", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009, Friday 17 April 2009", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T04:01:55Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T04:03:06Z" } }, { "key": "ZUJC96PR", "version": 42, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 404745, "name": "Digital reo Maori", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/ZUJC96PR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori/items/ZUJC96PR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/K2NNXEVM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1321720, "username": "bryantme", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bryantme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZUJC96PR", "version": 42, "parentItem": "K2NNXEVM", "itemType": "note", "note": "recommended by Paul Diamond
\ninitial version for feedback and revision presented at a conference in 2007; sources included AtoJs, newspapers, Te Ao Hou, MSS, and books; Māmari Stephens credited during revision phase
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\n\n
re: using the words around a word to work out which of a set of homographs it is, and other issues such as multi-part words (ie. words which have spaces in the middle). She didn't particularly look at distinguishing function words from content words (which is something we'll need to do), but rather at distinguishing between the different senses of content words. The software she used doesn't do much of that - it's more for finding all the instances of a given string in a text and lining them up to be looked at by a human - but the kind of information she produced, if it were multiplied many times, could contribute to the construction of software for disambiguating the meanings of words in a text in the future, as signalled by her conclusions.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:26:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:26:55Z" } }, { "key": "DR7PCPXD", "version": 39, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 404745, "name": "Digital reo Maori", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/DR7PCPXD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori/items/DR7PCPXD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1321720, "username": "bryantme", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bryantme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brown", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "DR7PCPXD", "version": 39, "itemType": "thesis", "title": "Assessing the Readability of Māori Language Texts for Classroom Use", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine Mary", "lastName": "Brown" } ], "abstractNote": "This project sought to find a rigorous and manageable method for measuring the difficulty of texts in te reo Māori written for children, beyond junior reading material in Māori-medium educational settings. \n\nThe project examined a range of readability measures based on semantic and/or syntactic features of text, following the work of Warwick Elley (1969) and Richard Benton et al. (1995). Features such as the difficulty of content words, average sentence length, standardised type:token ratios and the use of function words were used in different combinations to create seven methods to measure text difficulty.\n\nTeachers’ and students’ ratings of text difficulty, and students’ scores on reading comprehension tasks related to the texts were used as criteria to examine the validity of the readability methods. The findings revealed that indices of either vocabulary load or lexical density when used in combination with the number of function types in the text, produce statistical significance with the criterion measures. Further research is needed to confirm their validity for use in Māori –medium classroom settings.\n\nThe Māori word lists developed for this project as the basis of the readability approaches have the potential for more widespread analyses of language proficiency measures for students in Māori-medium settings.", "thesisType": "", "university": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz:80/handle/10092/4015", "accessDate": "2015-11-05T03:23:50Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ir.canterbury.ac.nz", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright Christine Mary Brown", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:23:50Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:25:42Z" } }, { "key": "DK9HDV5H", "version": 39, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 404745, "name": "Digital reo Maori", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/DK9HDV5H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori/items/DK9HDV5H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1321720, "username": "bryantme", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bryantme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Keane-Tuala", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DK9HDV5H", "version": 39, "itemType": "thesis", "title": "Māori Vocabulary: A Study of Some High Frequency Homonyms", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kelly Elizabeth", "lastName": "Keane-Tuala" } ], "abstractNote": "The problem addressed in this thesis concerns the accuracy of Māori language vocabulary counts, e.g Boyce (2006), where Māori was found to use a very small vocabulary in comparison with e.g. English. As Boyce (2006, ii) acknowledges, this is partly explained by the degree of homonymy in Māori, which undermines the accuracy of the count. Homonymy is the phenomenon of the same string of letters (word-form) having two or more unrelated meanings (e.g. kī ‘say’, ‘be full’). Automated word-form counts of Maori language texts count the form kī as the same word, regardless of its meaning. Unless different meanings of the same word-form are counted as different words, such counts will underestimate the vocabulary of the Māori language. (Homonymy is not the only explanation for the low count; further explanations have been suggested by Bauer (2009) and Nation (2011).)\n\nThe thesis explores whether there are consistent clues in the linguistic environment that signal the correct interpretation of homonyms in texts, and if so, how such clues could be used for tagging corpora so that counting would be more accurate. The Boyce corpus of modern broadcast Māori (Boyce, 2006, ii) provided the data. Case studies were made of three high-frequency homonyms in this corpus, kī ‘say’, ‘full’, mea ‘say’, ‘thing’ and tau ‘settle’, ‘year’. Lyons' (1968) criterion of distinction was applied to establish the lexemes realised by each of these word-forms on the basis of dictionary and etymological information. The tokens of each word-form were then extracted from Boyce’s (2006) corpus using the concordance program ‘WordSmith Tools’. WordSmith Tools is a computer program that helps to look at how words behave in a text. Concord which is part of WordSmith Tools enables the user to see any word or phrase in context. Phrase peripheries (the words before and after each word-form in the same phrase) were analysed and the wider syntactic environment was also examined in order to find clues which signalled the appropriate lexeme for each token. The results showed that the lexemes from all three case studies could be identified in the corpus on the basis of consistent clues that occur in its linguistic environment. If the phrasal periphery of the word-form is examined, and the grammatical information supplied by the wider linguistic environment is taken into account, it is possible to determine the appropriate lexemic tag for a word-form in a corpus in Māori.", "thesisType": "", "university": "", "place": "", "date": "2013", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/3020", "accessDate": "2015-11-05T03:25:30Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Māori Vocabulary", "language": "en_NZ", "libraryCatalog": "researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-11-05T03:25:30Z", "dateModified": "2015-11-05T03:25:35Z" } }, { "key": "694E8AQ6", "version": 38, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 404745, "name": "Digital reo Maori", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/694E8AQ6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/digital_reo_maori/items/694E8AQ6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/404745/items/DR7PCPXD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1321720, "username": "bryantme", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bryantme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "694E8AQ6", "version": 38, "parentItem": "DR7PCPXD", "itemType": "note", "note": "recommended by Jeanette King.
\nused software RANGE - ?function exactly.
\nsays re: word list development, is tricky; lists organically grow with human+machine input; polysemy a challenge.
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\nThis corpus constructed from different source material and for different purposes from Colenso Project.
\n\n
As noted by Winifred Bauer, Mary created the Māori Broadcast Corpus for her thesis A corpus of modern spoken Māori : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Linguistics Mary Boyce (Mary Teresa) 2006
\nwanted to ID most frequently used words, for teaching
\nused Reddfish macroniser - I don’t think this is available online any more, and think it was just a keyboard shortcut macro.
\nused (purchasable) WordSmith for concordances (key word in context displays - help with IDing senses of words), word lists and stats eg type-token ratios
\nchecked how many different texts included each high-frequency word (in case the word was just repeated heaps as a specialist topic or part of a chant)
\nPolysemy/homography (see Jeanette King and Winifred Bauer emails to Melissa Bryant 2015; Boyce 2006) - same text strings often used as content word/s much less frequently than as function word/s; whole-sentence parsing necessary to identify eg, “the same word-form can be used as a noun, verb, noun modifier or verb modifier”)
\n“vowel length is phonemic” (Boyce 2006)
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\nSome comment on the McLean letters after the translation of c. 600 from the 1840s to 1860s
\nThere are numerous ways in which these letters will serve students, scholars and general readers and researchers of Maori studies and New Zealand history. Evidently, they are a window onto the work of McLean and his relationship with Maori in the business of buying land. More unusually they bring to light Maori views about and dealings over sale or retention of their lands. The letters are also testament to personal, social, economic, and political circumstances and events of the time. One can learn about food, clothing, daily life, and hopes and dreams, as well as about tribal meetings, particular movements and prophetic or political leaders, agreement or disagreement over laws and Acts, and also the good and the bad in the interaction between Maori and Government, Maori and Maori, and Maori and Pakeha.
\nLinguistically the letters are full of interest. Many are plain and prosaic, while others are complex and poetic. They chart the language over a period of great change. They are representative of the old – the traditional and oral characteristics of the language are evident, for example, in the instances of the formalities of mihi to begin a letter or the quotation of whakataukī, waiata, or tauparapara and references to renowned ancestors and myths. And there is the language of the new and writing – the use of neologisms and transliterated words, references to the Bible, Christian teachings, and other literature such as newspapers. Here is a remarkable record of Maori as an oral people becoming literate and putting that literacy to effective use. And, in this writing of the language, the dialectal usage and spelling is apparent.
\nThe letters continue into the 1870s and there is probably no comparable collection in English or in Maori, which records Maori opinion over such a long period and in such an intimate way. The letters were written by individuals or families, rūnanga or hapū, and they span most tribal groups. They are sometimes very brief, sometimes sketchy and sometimes lengthy with detail; some are terse while others are effusive and yet others entirely pragmatic. They are primary evidence of how Maori considered, debated and acted over their lands, and of how Maori and Pakeha worked together and fought each other in their attempt to achieve what they each wanted.
\n\n
Jane McRae
\n‘E Ma: Writing to McLean’ Project
\n20 July 2008
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\n[that's what Jamie said too :-) ]
\n\n
Some letters poss signed by scribe (as well as commissioning person).
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\nDrawn from six corpora: texts for schoolchildren by adults, recordings of schoolchildren, news and radio broadcasts for adults.
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