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Such applied technologies are here referred \nto as tools for Armchair Involvement as they are representative of the way in which participation \ncan be enabled and enhanced by innovative use of technology in order that communication \nmay take place more fully on the individual’s own terms, perhaps quite literally from their own \n‘armchair’; indeed from wherever suits them best. \n \nThere are many current and emerging initiatives that are playing and will play a significant role \nin shaping the essential everyday conversations between the NHS, patients, staff, carers and the \npublic. This document seeks to discuss some of the trends and possibilities which may impact \nupon the ongoing implementation of these technologies with the proviso that no matter how \nsmart, technologies alone are not a panacea for service improvement. \n \nIt is only through innovative application, wider co-ordination and all-round commitment to 1 \nthese technologies as tools 2 within a culture of engagement that the potential benefits of \nincreased participation in health and healthcare can be realised. It is hoped that an increasingly \nparticipative approach to everyday interactions will increase the capacity of the NHS, and indeed \nits users, to drive health service responsiveness and to provide support where and when \nneeded 3 . In producing this report we recognise that there is a distinct area around telemedicine \nand remote care which is related to technology based engagement and involvement. Whilst this \nreport touches on that vast topic, it will focus primarily on technology as a tool to assist better \ncommunication with an emphasis on fostering a more participative and responsive culture. \n \nIn the first instance, this report is aimed at NHS staff, and all of those seeking information about \nthe potential of such applied tools. We hope that it will be of benefit to discover more about \nfactors that may affect successful uptake, and to introduce tools in simple terms using examples \nto illustrate. The report is also intended to provide a wider perspective for those already familiar \nwith implementing certain technologies in this field and to consolidate information on work \nthat is scheduled, underway, or recently completed. This initial research and information \ngathering exercise will be followed by an event hosted by the NHS Institute for Innovation and \nImprovement 4 which will bring together key stakeholders from across technology, \ncommunication and health sectors to discuss and expand upon initial findings, to contribute to \nsuch examples as found in section 5 of this document and to take the initial observations \nforward. This research is designed to offer key inputs into the role of technology in shaping of \nthe NHS’ future relationship with staff, patients, carers and the public.", "type": "", "date": "2007/10", "publisher": "NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.institute.nhs.uk/images//documents/BuildingCapability/Armchair/armchair%20involvement%20report.pdf", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-10T13:09:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-10T13:11:53Z" } }, { "key": "5CH5APFQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/5CH5APFQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/5CH5APFQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/NTH78NSS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5CH5APFQ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "NTH78NSS", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "armchair involvement report.pdf", "accessDate": "2011-03-10T13:09:27Z", "url": "http://www.institute.nhs.uk/images//documents/BuildingCapability/Armchair/armchair%20involvement%20report.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "windows-1252", "filename": "armchair involvement report.pdf", "md5": "392e4fa12f1b9847e84ee6a79d6deb73", "mtime": 1299762567685, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-10T13:09:27Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-10T13:10:04Z" } }, { "key": "FEMMGQSM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/FEMMGQSM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/FEMMGQSM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/68QQJJS9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FEMMGQSM", "version": 1, "parentItem": "68QQJJS9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "POreport2011.pdf", "accessDate": "2011-03-07T15:27:40Z", "url": "http://www.patientopinion.org.uk/resources/POreport2011.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "windows-1252", "filename": "POreport2011.pdf", "md5": "2a31116c9195d15aad0a1f876f4a549f", "mtime": 1299511660382, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-07T15:27:40Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-07T15:30:31Z" } }, { "key": "68QQJJS9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/68QQJJS9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/68QQJJS9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Patient Opinion", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "68QQJJS9", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "In their words: What patients think about our NHS", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Patient Opinion" } ], "abstractNote": "Patient Opinion is releasing a report ‘In their own words: What patients think about our NHS’, reviewing the last few years of the patient feedback we have received.\n\nThe most common areas of concern raised in the report are about the interaction between patient and staff. Above everything else, patients want better communication, considerate staff and more information. These are all things that health service staff could wake up tomorrow and improve immediately. And all this is made easy and accessible for NHS staff through working with Patient Opinion.", "type": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-07T15:28:04Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-07T15:29:09Z" } }, { "key": "HH4JSFMU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/HH4JSFMU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/HH4JSFMU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { 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In this talk to medical librarians (conference website: https://3bythesea.pbworks.com/Program), Lee Rainie covered how e-patients and their caregivers have become a force in the medical world. In addition, he looked at the many ways that e-patients are using the internet to research and respond to their health needs and to share their stories using social networking sites, blogs, Twitter, and other social media.\n\nLee also discussed how medical librarians can exploit Pew Internet’s tech-user typology to find new ways for engaging e-patients and their families.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pewinternet.org/Presentations/2009/40-The-rise-of-the-e-patient.aspx", "accessDate": "2011-03-01T15:39:01Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-03-01T15:39:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-03-01T15:39:27Z" } }, { "key": "QQENKIB2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/QQENKIB2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/QQENKIB2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/2IUJTATG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "QQENKIB2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "2IUJTATG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Peer-to-peer Healthcare | Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project", "accessDate": "2011-02-28T13:58:32Z", "url": "http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/P2PHealthcare.aspx", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "P2PHealthcare.html", "md5": null, "mtime": 1298901512387, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-28T13:58:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-28T13:59:01Z" } }, { "key": "2IUJTATG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/2IUJTATG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/2IUJTATG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fox", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2IUJTATG", "version": 1, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Peer-to-peer Healthcare | Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susannah", "lastName": "Fox" } ], "abstractNote": "Many Americans turn to friends and family for support and advice when they have a health problem. This report shows how people’s networks are expanding to include online peers, particularly in the crucible of rare disease.\n\nThe most striking finding of the national survey is the extent of peer-to-peer help among people living with chronic conditions. One in four internet users living with high blood pressure, diabetes, heart conditions, lung conditions, cancer, or some other chronic ailment (23%) say they have gone online to find others with similar health concerns. By contrast, 15% of internet users who report no chronic conditions have sought such help online.\n\nWhen asked about the last time they had a health issue, however, 70% of adults in the U.S. say they received information, care, or support from a health professional. Fifty-four percent of adults say they turned to friends and family. Twenty percent of adults say they turned to others who have the same health condition. The oft-expressed fear that patients are using the internet to self-diagnose and self-medicate without reference to medical professionals does not emerge in national phone surveys or in this special rare-disease community survey.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/P2PHealthcare.aspx", "accessDate": "2011-02-28T13:58:31Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-28T13:58:31Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-28T13:58:53Z" } }, { "key": "MUM2IR2D", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/MUM2IR2D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/MUM2IR2D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/CNDJ8TCW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MUM2IR2D", "version": 1, "parentItem": "CNDJ8TCW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Mobile devices usher in new era in healthcare delivery", "accessDate": "2011-02-23T16:44:17Z", "url": "http://www.microsoft.com/industry/healthcare/providers/businessvalue/housecalls/housecalls_mobility.mspx", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "windows-1252", "filename": "housecalls_mobility.html", "md5": null, "mtime": 1298479457702, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-23T16:44:17Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-28T10:28:19Z" } }, { "key": "XM357IIZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/XM357IIZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/XM357IIZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "research2guidance", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XM357IIZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "500m people will be using healthcare mobile applications in 2015", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "research2guidance" } ], "abstractNote": "Smartphone applications will become the killer applications for mobile health solutions.\n\nAlthough the potential benefits of mHealth solutions have been widely discussed for over a decade, the market never emerged from the trial phase. Smartphone applications will enable the mHealth industry to successfully reach out to 500m of a total 1.4bn smartphone users in 2015 the new “Global Mobile Health Market Report 2010-2015” by research2guidance says.", "type": "", "date": "", "publisher": "research2guidance", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.research2guidance.com/500m-people-will-be-using-healthcare-mobile-applications-in-2015/", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-23T16:45:05Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-23T16:45:44Z" } }, { "key": "CNDJ8TCW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/CNDJ8TCW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/CNDJ8TCW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Crounse", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CNDJ8TCW", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "Mobile devices usher in new era in healthcare delivery", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bill", "lastName": "Crounse" } ], "abstractNote": "Is there such a thing as being too tied to your work? One physician, while vacationing with his family in Arapahoe, N.M., used a Smartphone to access patient updates from the ski slopes some 12,000 feet above sea level. The doctor knew he had left his patients back at the hospital in good hands. He just felt the need, as doctors often do, to check and see how they were doing.", "type": "", "date": "2011", "publisher": "Microsoft", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.microsoft.com/industry/healthcare/providers/businessvalue/housecalls/housecalls_mobility.mspx", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-23T16:42:58Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-23T16:44:31Z" } }, { "key": "WHG3WT3E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/WHG3WT3E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/WHG3WT3E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pho", "parsedDate": "2011-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WHG3WT3E", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Docs Need to Get with the Internet Program", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kevin", "lastName": "Pho" } ], "abstractNote": "If you woke up one day with an earache, you could call your doctor's office for help.\n\nOr you could do what the majority of patients do today and Google what to do first. Type \"earache\" into your Web browser and the results can vary wildly. Search engines can return results saying that an earache can be from the common cold, needing nothing more than over-the-counter remedies. Or it could be a sign of a brain abscess, which requires emergency medical attention.........", "publicationTitle": "AolNew", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011/02/01", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/22/opinion-docs-need-to-get-with-the-internet-program/", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-23T14:18:32Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-23T16:29:33Z" } }, { "key": "5UDHS6GH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/5UDHS6GH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/5UDHS6GH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fox", "parsedDate": "2011-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5UDHS6GH", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "Health Topics: 80% of internet users look for health information online", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susannah", "lastName": "Fox" } ], "abstractNote": "Health information remains one of the most important subjects that internet users research online. The \nPew Internet Project and California HealthCare Foundation have added eight new topics to our national \nsurvey measuring internet users’ interest in health information: \n 29% of internet users look online for information about food safety or recalls. \n 24% of internet users look online for information about drug safety or recalls. \n 19% of internet users look online for information about pregnancy and childbirth. \n 17% of internet users look online for information about memory loss, dementia, or Alzheimer’s. \n 16% of internet users look online for information about medical test results. \n 14% of internet users look online for information about how to manage chronic pain. \n 12% of internet users look online for information about long-term care for an elderly or disabled \nperson. \n 7% of internet users look online for information about end-of-life decisions.", "type": "", "date": "2011/02/01", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/HealthTopics.aspx", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-23T16:25:12Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-23T16:29:18Z" } }, { "key": "3BPQJDTT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/3BPQJDTT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/3BPQJDTT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Usborne", "parsedDate": "2011-02-17", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3BPQJDTT", "version": 1, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Cyberchondria: The perils of internet self-diagnosis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Usborne" } ], "abstractNote": "It's all too easy to consult Dr Google when we're feeling under the weather – and all too easy to convince ourselves we're seriously ill", "publicationTitle": "Independent", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "17 February 2011", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/cyberchondria-the-perils-of-internet-selfdiagnosis-1623649.html", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-02-22T12:05:22Z", "dateModified": "2011-02-22T12:06:15Z" } }, { "key": "GJ52ZZ5Q", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 39071, "name": "Internet Informed Patient Symposium", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/39071/items/GJ52ZZ5Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/internet_informed_patient_symposium/items/GJ52ZZ5Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 85342, "username": "ikuhn001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ikuhn001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "White and Horvitz", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GJ52ZZ5Q", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cyberchondria: Studies of the escalation of medical concerns in Web search", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ryen", "lastName": "White" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric", "lastName": "Horvitz" } ], "abstractNote": "The World Wide Web provides an abundant source of medical information. This information can assist people who are not healthcare professionals to better understand health and disease, and to provide them with feasible explanations for symptoms. However, the Web has the potential to increase the anxieties of people who have little or no medical training, especially when Web search is employed as a diagnostic procedure. We use the term cyberchondria to refer to the unfounded escalation of concerns about common symptomatology, based on the review of search results and literature on the Web. We performed a large-scale, longitudinal, log-based study of how people search for medical information online, supported by a large-scale survey of 515 individuals’ health-related search experiences. We focused on the extent to which common, likely innocuous symptoms can escalate into the review of content on serious, rare conditions that are linked to the common symptoms. Our results show that Web search engines have the potential to escalate medical concerns. We show that escalation is influenced by the amount and distribution of medical content viewed by users, the presence of escalatory terminology in pages visited, and a user’s predisposition to escalate versus to seek more reasonable explanations for ailments. We also demonstrate the persistence of post-session anxiety following escalations and the effect that such anxieties can have on interrupting user’s activities across multiple sessions. 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