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            "title": "Distinguished Lecturer- Sir Michael Pepper - \"Semiconductor Nanostructures\"- Part One",
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            "abstractNote": "The combination of advanced semiconductor growth and electron beam lithography has allowed the fabrication of new types of structure for investigating electron transport. Formation of patterned gates allows the electron gas to be \"electrostatically shaped\" into a desired configuration which can possess either one or zero dimensionality, (1D, 0D).\n\nIn particular it has been possible to access the regime where both the phase coherence and elastic scattering lengths exceed the sample dimensions resulting in ballistic transport in 1D and single electron behaviour in 0D. In 1D the conductance takes quantized values given by 2ne2/h due to each of the n 1D subbands having a spin degenerate conductance value of 2e2/h, and n can take values 1,2,3,4...Such behaviour is characteristic of a spatially quantized system having freedom to change momentum in one dimension only with a progressive filling of the subbands associated with each quantized level.\n\nAs the 1D confinement potential is weakened so the electron wavefunctions relax in the second dimension and, in order to minimize the electron-electron repulsion, an array is formed in which a two row configuration is the ground state.  This behaviour, which is the prelude to formation of a Wigner Lattice, will be discussed along with the spin incoherent regime arising in the low carrier concentration limit when the exchange energy between neighbouring electrons becomes small and the spin direction can no longer be defined.\n\nFinally it will be shown that the use of strong 0D confinement allows the operation of a quantum pump through which single electrons can be transported giving a current I=ef , where e is the electron charge and f is the frequency which can be in the Gigahertz range. At present this pump gives an accuracy in the measurement of e of nearly 1 part in 105, the prospects for improving this by the three orders of magnitude necessary for a standard will be discussed.",
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