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However, the theoretical framework and practical implementations of digital twin (DT) are yet to fully achieve this vision at scale. Although an increasing number of successful implementations exist in research and industrial works, sufficient implementation details are not publicly available, making it difficult to fully assess their components and effectiveness, to draw comparisons, identify successful solutions, share lessons, and thus to jointly advance and benefit from the DT methodology. This work first presents a review of relevant DT research and industrial works, focusing on the key DT features, current approaches in different domains, and successful DT implementations, to infer the key DT components and properties, and to identify current limitations and reasons behind the delay in the widespread implementation and adoption of digital twin. This work identifies that the major reasons for this delay are: the fact the DT is still a fast evolving concept; the lack of a universal DT reference framework, e.g. DT standards are scarce and still evolving; problem- and domain-dependence; security concerns over shared data; lack of DT performance metrics; and reliance of digital twin on other fast-evolving technologies. Advancements in machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT) and big data have led to significant improvements in DT features such as real-time monitoring and accurate forecasting. Despite this progress and individual company-based efforts, certain research and implementation gaps exist in the field, which have so far prevented the widespread adoption of the DT concept and technology; these gaps are also discussed in this work. Based on reviews of past work and the identified gaps, this work then defines a conceptualisation of DT which includes its components and properties; these also validate the uniqueness of DT as a concept, when compared to similar concepts such as simulation, autonomous systems and optimisation. Real-life case studies are used to showcase the application of the conceptualisation. 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He disparages web 2.0 by quoting marx.", "websiteTitle": "The Weekly Standard", "websiteType": "Blog", "date": "2006 February 14", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/714fjczq.asp?pg=2", "accessDate": "2009-05-16T06:08:46Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00035", "tags": [], "collections": [ "RJDTV5F4" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/386/items/AK4T2H6W" }, "dateAdded": "2009-09-14T16:14:52Z", "dateModified": "2018-05-24T22:16:47Z" } }, { "key": "SDZRDSA3", "version": 9213, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 386, "name": "Web 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/web_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/386/items/SDZRDSA3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/web_2.0/items/SDZRDSA3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 214, "username": "octavabasso", "name": "Robert W. 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"library": { "type": "group", "id": 386, "name": "Web 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/web_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/386/items/JUUP24VJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/web_2.0/items/JUUP24VJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 90187, "username": "paulatraver", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/paulatraver", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 6414, "username": "thomson", "name": "Will Thomson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thomson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Terranova", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JUUP24VJ", "version": 9213, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tiziana", "lastName": "Terranova" } ], "abstractNote": "Part of the intro - \"In this essay I understand this relationship as a provision of \"free labor,\" a trait of the cultural economy at large, and an important, and yet undervalued, force in advanced capitalist societies. By looking at the Internet as a specific instance of the fundamental role played by free labor, this essay also tries to highlight the connections between the \"digital economy\" and what the Italian autonomists have called the \"social factory.\" The \"social factory\" describes a process whereby \"work processes have shifted from the factory to society, thereby setting in motion a truly complex machine.\" Simultaneously voluntarily given and unwaged, enjoyed and exploited, free labor on the Net includes the activity of building Web sites, modifying software packages, reading and participating in mailing lists, and building virtual spaces on MUDs and MOOs. Far from being an \"unreal,\" empty space, the Internet is animated by cultural and technical labor through and through, a continuous production of value that is completely immanent to the flows of the network society at large.\n\nThis essay does not seek to offer a judgment on the \"effects\" of the Internet, but rather to map the way in which the Internet connects to the autonomist \"social factory.\" I am concerned with how the \"outernet\" - the network of social, cultural, and economic relationships that criss-crosses and exceeds the Internet - surrounds and connects the latter to larger flows of labor, culture, and power. It is fundamental to move beyond the notion that cyberspace is about escaping reality in order to understand how the reality of the Internet is deeply connected to the development of late postindustrial societies as a whole.\"\n\n\"the conditions that make free labor an important element of the digital economy are based in a difficult, experimental compromise between the historically rooted cultural and affective desire for creative production (of the kind more commonly associated with Gilroy's emphasis on \"individual self-fashioning and communal liberation\") and the current capitalist emphasis on knowledge as the main source of value-added\" (would have been perfect for the YouTube paper!)\n\n\"The volunteers for America Online, the NetSlaves, and the amateur Web designers are not working only because capital wants them to; they are acting out a desire for affective and cultural production that is nonetheless real just because it is socially shaped.\"\n\nArgues that the desire to be creative, to be a producer, not just a consumer, is socially constructed to work quite well in capital. It could be called a created desire.\n\nThis could also be great for a paper on virtual worlds: \"Human intelligence provides the much needed value-added, which is essential to the economic health of the organization. Human intelligence, however, also poses a problem: it cannot be managed in quite the same way as more traditional types of labor. Knowledge workers need open organizational structures to produce, because the production of knowledge is rooted in collaboration, that is, in what Barbrook defined as the \"gift economy\": The concept of supervision and management is changing to team-based structures. Anyone responsible for managing knowledge workers knows they cannot be \"managed\" in the traditional sense. Often they have specialized knowledge and skills that cannot be matched or even understood by management. A new challenge to management is first to attract and retain these assets by marketing the organization to them, and second to provide the creative and open communications environment where such workers can effectively apply and enhance their knowledge.\"\n\nPuts the 'digital economy' into context with the long line of complex incorporations of subcultures. She argues that none of it - from indie music to fashion to online culture - is simply appropriated by capital, but \"The fruit of collective cultural labor has been not simply appropriated, but voluntarily channeled and controversially structured within capitalist business practices. The relation between culture, the cultural industry, and labor in these movements is much more complex than the notion of incorporation suggests. In this sense, the digital economy is not a new phenomenon but simply a new phase of this longer history of experimentation.\"\n\nthe vaguaries of the word \"class\" rears its ugly head: \"As I argue in this essay, this is a necessary question and yet a misleading one. It is necessary because we have to ask who is participating in the digital economy before we can pass a judgment on it. It is misleading because it implies that all we need to know is how to locate the knowledge workers within a \"class,\" and knowing which class it is will give us an answer to the political potential of the Net as a whole. If we can prove that knowledge workers are the avant-garde of labor, then the Net becomes a site of resistance; if we can prove that knowledge workers wield the power in informated societies, then the Net is an extended gated community for the middle classes. Even admitting that knowledge workers are indeed fragmented in terms of hierarchy and status won't help us that much; it will still lead to a simple system of categorization, where the Net becomes a field of struggle between the diverse constituents of the knowledge class.\" LATER: \"A more interesting move, however, is possible by not looking for the knowledge class within quantifiable parameters and concentrating instead on \"labor.\" Although the notion of class retains a material value that is indispensable to make sense of the experience of concrete historical subjects, it also has its limits: for example, it \"freezes\" the subject, just like a substance within the chemical periodical table, where one is born as a certain element (working-class metal) but then might become something else (middle-class silicon) if submitted to the proper alchemical processes (education and income). Such an understanding of class also freezes out the flows of culture and money that mobilize the labor force as a whole. In terms of Internet use, it gives rise to the generalized endorsements and condemnations that I have described above and does not explain or make sense of the heterogeneity and yet commonalities of Internet users. I have therefore found it more useful to think in terms of what the Italian autonomists, and especially Maurizio Lazzarato, have described as immaterial labor. For Lazzarato the concept of immaterial labor refers to two different aspects of labor:\"\n\nResnick and Wolff's idea of class as process, and as the worker as the personification (overdetermined) is extremely helpful.\n\ncites several people who have developed the idea of collective intelligence", "publicationTitle": "Social Text", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "18", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "33-58", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "file://C:/Users/Robert/Documents/Documents/libraries/gehl_library.Data/PDF/9316001-3333731090/9316001.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0478", "rights": "", "extra": "01037", "tags": [ { "tag": "Collective Intelligence" }, { "tag": "Labor and technology" }, { "tag": 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Gehl", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/octavabasso", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 6414, "username": "thomson", "name": "Will Thomson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thomson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Peterson", "parsedDate": "2008-03-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PP3HW4B6", "version": 9213, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Loser Generated Content: From Participation to Exploitation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Soren Mork", "lastName": "Peterson" } ], "abstractNote": "SBA: \"In this article some of the critical aspects of Web 2.0 are mapped in relation to labor and the production of user generated content. For many years the Internet was considered an apt technology for subversion of capitalism by the Italian post-Marxists. What we have witnessed, however, is that the Internet functions as a double-edged sword; the infrastructure does foster democracy, participation, joy, creativity and sometimes creates zones of piracy. But, at the same time, it has become evident how this same infrastructure also enables companies easily to piggyback on user generated content. Different historical and contemporary examples are provided to map how the architecture of participation sometimes turns into an architecture of exploitation.\"", "publicationTitle": "First Monday", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008 March 3", "volume": "13", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "00000", "tags": [], "collections": [ "RJDTV5F4" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/386/items/ZIIXEWPQ" }, "dateAdded": "2009-07-13T03:48:42Z", "dateModified": "2018-05-24T22:16:42Z" } }, { "key": "VB6RQWPA", "version": 9214, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 386, "name": "Web 2.0", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/web_2.0", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/386/items/VB6RQWPA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/web_2.0/items/VB6RQWPA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 90187, "username": "paulatraver", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/paulatraver", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 6414, "username": "thomson", "name": "Will Thomson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thomson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jarrett", "parsedDate": "2008-03-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VB6RQWPA", "version": 9214, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Interactivity is Evil! 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Contrary to Barry's model though, the analysis goes on to explore how interactivity may indeed function as a disciplining technology within the framework of a neo-liberal political economy.\"", "publicationTitle": "First Monday", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008 March 3", "volume": "13", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0073", "rights": "", "extra": "00118", "tags": [ { "tag": "web 2.0" } ], "collections": [ "RJDTV5F4" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/386/items/8FHWXI8J" }, "dateAdded": "2009-07-13T03:48:42Z", "dateModified": "2018-05-24T22:16:41Z" } } ]