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            "abstractNote": "Hunger is up, obesity is up, food-borne illness is up, farms are lost to debt and despair; the food system fails growing numbers of people across the world every day. Yet if we adjust our lens, we see ubiquitous commitments to change: food movements and enterprises dedicated to making the world a better place to eat and to live. Food initiatives—from farmers’ markets to fair trade coffee—offer a pattern of powerful alternatives to conventional food economics, which benefit only a handful of people and corporations. Edible Action argues that food is peculiarly situated to address the ills of an unjust economic system and to mobilize people against it.",
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            "abstractNote": "A HEALTHY local food system offers both immediate and long-term benefits to the participants. This contrasts sharply with many environmental \"solutions\" that ask people to make short-term sacrifices in exchange for long-term gain. It also contrasts with the status quo, which insists on the pursuit of immediate ostensible benefits (usually involving some combination of increased material wealth, comfort and convenience) at horrendous long-term expense. To some extent we can try to adjust our strategy in other struggles to offer more immediate benefits, but sometimes we can't or shouldn't. Many injustices are so deeply entrenched that only breaking down monolithic systems of power and inhibiting the ability of the powerful to externalize the consequences of their actions will allow them to be resolved. Nevertheless, it's worth recognizing the power and appeal of activities that align the short- and long-term interests of participants so that doing the right thing makes sense both immediately and in the long run. Recognizing and building campaigns around such actions whenever possible can help us to involve more people and gain momentum.\n\nAnother characteristic of many local food initiatives is the very low barriers to entry for new participants. To buy or eat local food, you don't need to have any special skills or equipment; you don't need to know a lot about history or agriculture; you don't even have to have that much money. Sure, it would be difficult to eat 100 per cent local food, but one of the reasons that these movements are succeeding is you don't have to do that to make a difference or to experience the benefits. In most areas, only a tiny percentage of food is sourced locally. If a city were sourcing two per cent of its food locally, an increase to four per cent would mean a negligible difference in terms of cost or convenience. But such a change would make a huge difference for local agriculture, because it would double the number of farmers who could be supported.\n\nLocal food activism has other reasons for its broad appeal as well. Food is universal common ground: everyone eats. Everyone knows that good food is important. And importantly (and unlike many other struggles), involvement in local food projects is pretty non-threatening - it's relatively low-risk, because for most people it doesn't involve confrontations with power. Of course, confrontations with power do happen all the time: farmers threatened with foreclosure by the bank, community gardeners fighting to prevent their garden plots from being bulldozed and developed, farmers like raw-milk dairy farmer Michael Schmidt who struggle for food autonomy. But people don't have to start there. And when those confrontations do happen, it's usually not perceived as a group of out-of-touch radicals trying to create some pie-in-the-sky utopia. It's about protecting the rights of farmers: hard-working people with a traditional and respected social role.",
            "publicationTitle": "Brian Patch",
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            "abstractNote": "The struggle over genetically-engineered (GE) maize in Mexico reveals a deep conflict over the criteria used in the governance of agri-food systems. Policy debate on the topic of GE maize has become \"scientized,\" granting experts a high level of political authority, and narrowing the regulatory domain to matters that can be adjudicated on the basis of scientific information or \"managed\" by environmental experts. While scientization would seem to narrow opportunities for public participation, this study finds that Mexican activists acting \"in defense of maize\" engage science in multiple ways, using and producing scientific knowledge as well as treating scientific discussions as a stage for launching complex social critiques. Drawing from research in science and technology studies, this article assesses the impacts and pitfalls of three tactics used by maize activists that respond to the scientization of biotechnology politics: (1) using scientific information as a resource; (2) participating in scientific research; and (3) reframing policy problems as broadly social, rather than as solely scientific or technical. The obstacles that maize activists have faced in carrying out each of these efforts indicate that despite diverse and sophisticated engagements between social movements and the scientific field, scientization remains a significant institutional barrier to democratizing agricultural governance.",
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            "abstractNote": "From seed to supermarket, every facet of food production is a potential target for abuse and exploitation. Farm workers toil under inhuman conditions for low wages and no benefits, while food-processing plants operate with little regard for safety or cleanliness. Without access to proper grocery stores, many urban residents find themselves in the midst of “food deserts” that force them to rely on fast-food chains and convenience marts for a diet that is high in calories and low in nutrients. With their massive purchasing power, megastores not only drive local and regional grocers out of business, they also contribute to the failure of independent farmers already struggling to compete with agribusiness conglomerates. Meticulously chronicling the genesis of the deteriorating state of food production, distribution, and consumption, Gottlieb, a professor of urban and environmental policy, and Joshi, codirector of the National Farm to School Network, also highlight inspiring and innovative success stories at both grassroots and high-profile levels, and offer attainable examples of ways consumers, farmers, manufacturers, merchants, and legislators can correct system-wide injustices.",
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            "abstractNote": "The possibilities for, and impediments to, progressive social transformation have underpinned many strands of research in human geography. In this, the last of my series of reports on geographies of identity, I tour through the ways in which identities are figuring in geographical explorations of potentials for 'alternative' political futures beyond those of current hegemonies. In particular, I draw attention to the diverse scholarship on identity and subject formation that focuses on the practices of development professionals, ethical consumption activities, and climate change activism, among others. Highlighting the growing salience of governmentality as a perspective through which to comprehend identity, the report canvasses: the intensification of economic logics as a rubric of subject formation; the role of food and consumption in both opening up and closing down new political subjectivities; and the identities produced and required to address the challenges of climate change.",
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            "abstractNote": "The renewed interest in sustainable agriculture suggests we are in the midst of a food revolution. However, food movements' focus on individual, instead of collective, action has opened food activism to critiques that it is too focused on consumer politics and lacks the force necessary to make substantive changes in the global food system ( e. g., Delind, 2006; Hassanein, 2003). Our examination of the practices of and motivations for food preservation, using survey and interview data, reveals that food preservation presents an opportunity to move alternative food practices away from an individualistic, consumer-oriented politics to a politics based upon relationships to self, others, and the earth, enabling activists to connect more deeply to the goals of food movements. Unlike the dominant discourses of food movements, which encourage an individualistic, consumer-oriented politics, food preservation emphasizes connection and relationships and thus has the potential to subvert the capitalistic logic of the global agro-food industry.",
            "publicationTitle": "Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "9/2010",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Env. Comm.: A J. of Nature & Culture",
            "DOI": "10.1080/17524032.2010.500461",
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            "creatorSummary": "Alkon and Norgaard",
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            "title": "Breaking the Food Chains: An Investigation of Food Justice Activism*",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Alison Hope",
                    "lastName": "Alkon"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kari Marie",
                    "lastName": "Norgaard"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "This article develops the concept of food justice, which places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of institutional racism, racial formation, and racialized geographies. Through comparative ethnographic case studies, we analyze the demands for food justice articulated by the Karuk Tribe of California and the West Oakland Food Collaborative. Activists in these communities use an environmental justice frame to address access to healthy food, advocating for a local food system in West Oakland, and for the demolition of Klamath River dams that prevent subsistence fishing. Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and environmental justice. This concept brings the environmental justice emphasis on racially stratified access to environmental benefits to bear on the sustainable agriculture movement's attention to the processes of food production and consumption. Furthermore, we argue that the concept of food justice can help the environmental justice movement move beyond several limitations of their frequent place-based approach and the sustainable agriculture movement to more meaningfully incorporate issues of equity and social justice. Additionally, food justice may help activists and policymakers working on food security to understand the institutionalized nature of denied access to healthy food.",
            "publicationTitle": "Sociological Inquiry",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "08/2009",
            "volume": "79",
            "issue": "3",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "289-305",
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            "DOI": "10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00291.x",
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