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Authority work, the need to discover and reconcile variant forms of strings in bibliographic entries, will become more critical in the future. Spelling variants, misspellings, and transliteration differences will all increase the difficulty of retrieving information. We investigate a number of approximate string matching techniques that have traditionally been used to help with this problem. We then introduce the notion of approximate word matching and show how it can be used to improve detection and categorization of variant forms. 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This can have a dramatic effect on the search effectiveness of an online system. Authority work, the need to discover and reconcile variant forms of strings in bibliographic entries, will become more difficult. Spelling variants, misspellings, translation and transliteration differences all increase the difficulty of retrieving information, This paper is a case study of our efforts to automate the creation of an authority file for authors' institutional affiliations in the Astrophysics Data System. The techniques surveyed here for the detection and categorization of variant forms have broader applicability and may be used to help automate authority work for other bibliographic fields.", "proceedingsTitle": "RESEARCH AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR DIGITAL LIBRARIES", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN", "place": "HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, W-1000 BERLIN 33, GERMANY", "date": "1997", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "1324", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "55-71", "series": "LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "3-540-63554-8", "citationKey": "frenchAutomatingConstructionAuthority1997", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "1st European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL 97), PISA, ITALY, SEP 01-03, 1997", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-08-07T12:33:22Z", "dateModified": "2012-08-07T12:33:22Z" } }, { "key": "J9A4PXI4", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 37786, "name": "copub", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/37786/items/J9A4PXI4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub/items/J9A4PXI4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/37786/items/B4J7KVWM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 416542, "username": "Bellala", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bellala", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J9A4PXI4", "version": 2, "parentItem": "B4J7KVWM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Galvez_Moya-Anegón_2006_The unification of institutional addresses applying parametrized finite-state.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Galvez_Moya-Anegón_2006_The unification of institutional addresses applying parametrized finite-state.pdf", "md5": "224cd01081d8efc965100b7902fb758c", "mtime": 1344342574000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-08-07T12:29:33Z", "dateModified": "2012-08-07T12:29:35Z" } }, { "key": "B4J7KVWM", "version": 7436, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 37786, "name": "copub", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/37786/items/B4J7KVWM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub/items/B4J7KVWM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 416542, "username": "Bellala", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bellala", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4645365, "username": "utku_b_demir", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/utku_b_demir", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Galvez and Moya-Anegón", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "B4J7KVWM", "version": 7436, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "The unification of institutional addresses applying parametrized finite-state graphs (P-FSG)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carmen", "lastName": "Galvez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Félix", "lastName": "Moya-Anegón" } ], "abstractNote": "We propose a semi-automatic method based on finite-state techniques for the unification of corporate source data, with potential applications for bibliometric purposes. Bibliographic and citation databases have a well-known problem of inconsistency in the data at micro-level and meso-level, affecting the quality of bibliometric searches and the evaluation of research performance. The unification method applies parametrized finite-state graphs (P-FSG) and involves three stages: (1) breaking of corporate source data in independent units of analysis; (2) creation of binary matrices; and (3) drawing finite-state graphs. This procedure was tested on university departmental addresses, downloaded from the ISI Web of Science. Evaluation was in terms of an adaptation of the measures of precision and recall. The results demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, though it requires some human processing.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "Journal Article (Print/Paginated)", "date": "2006", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "galvezUnificationInstitutionalAddresses2006", "url": "http://eprints.rclis.org/handle/10760/10019?mode=full#.UCEJ7vKZjTo", "accessDate": "2012-08-07T12:28:35Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "rights": "http://eprints.rclis.org/copyright/", "extra": "Published", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bibliometrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Finite-state transducers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Institutional addresses", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "L. Information technology and library technology::LL. 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We are witnessing an exponential increase in biomedical research citations in PubMed. However, translating biomedical discoveries into practical treatments is estimated to take around 17 years, according to the 2000 Yearbook of Medical Informatics, and much information is lost during this transition. Pharmaceutical companies spend huge sums to identify opinion leaders and centers of excellence. Conventional methods such as literature search, survey, observation, self-identification, expert opinion, and sociometry not only need much human effort, but are also noncomprehensive. Such huge delays and costs can be reduced by “connecting those who produce the knowledge with those who apply it”. A humble step in this direction is large scale discovery of persons and organizations involved in specific areas of research. This can be achieved by automatically extracting and disambiguating author names and affiliation strings retrieved through Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and other keywords associated with articles in PubMed. In this study, we propose NEMO (Normalization Engine for Matching Organizations), a system for extracting organization names from the affiliation strings provided in PubMed abstracts, building a thesaurus (list of synonyms) of organization names, and subsequently normalizing them to a canonical organization name using the thesaurus. , Results: We used a parsing process that involves multi-layered rule matching with multiple dictionaries. The normalization process involves clustering based on weighted local sequence alignment metrics to address synonymy at word level, and local learning based on finding connected components to address synonymy. The graphical user interface and java client library of NEMO are available at http://lnxnemo.sourceforge.net\n ., Conclusion: NEMO is developed to associate each biomedical paper and its authors with a unique organization name and the geopolitical location of that organization. This system provides more accurate information about organizations than the raw affiliation strings provided in PubMed abstracts. It can be used for : a) bimodal social network analysis that evaluates the research relationships between individual researchers and their institutions; b) improving author name disambiguation; c) augmenting National Library of Medicine (NLM)’s Medical Articles Record System (MARS) system for correcting errors due to OCR on affiliation strings that are in small fonts; and d) improving PubMed citation indexing strategies (authority control) based on normalized organization name and country.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomedical Discovery and Collaboration", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010-10-04", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "50-75", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biomed Discov Collab", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "jonnalagadda2010", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990275/", "accessDate": "2012-08-07T11:55:37Z", "PMID": "20922666", "PMCID": "PMC2990275", "ISSN": "1747-5333", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "NEMO", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-08-07T11:56:13Z", "dateModified": "2012-08-07T11:56:13Z" } }, { "key": "PGDKUCSJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 37786, "name": "copub", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/37786/items/PGDKUCSJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub/items/PGDKUCSJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/37786/items/VPPTFT8X", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 416542, "username": "Bellala", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bellala", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PGDKUCSJ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "VPPTFT8X", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2012-08-07T11:55:37Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990275/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-08-07T11:56:13Z", "dateModified": "2012-08-07T11:56:13Z" } }, { "key": "TBB3GIW9", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 37786, "name": "copub", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/37786/items/TBB3GIW9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/copub/items/TBB3GIW9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/37786/items/IHIGSSHX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 416542, "username": "Bellala", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bellala", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TBB3GIW9", "version": 2, "parentItem": "IHIGSSHX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Larsen_2008_The state of the art in publication counting.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Larsen_2008_The state of the art in publication counting.pdf", "md5": "d8def805e2265af4f2ffb65c9ca3596a", "mtime": 1343721607000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-07-31T08:00:06Z", "dateModified": "2012-07-31T08:00:08Z" } } ]