![\"\"](\"http://www.scielo.cl/fbpe/img/chungara/v38n2/fig10-01.jpg\")
This is a remarkable book about a remarkable site with a remarkable history and it should be read not only by archeologists, but by anyone who enjoys mysteries. What makes this one exciting is that no one knew it existed a few years ago.
\nUntil Ruth Shady decided to investigate what lay beneath the massive piles of earth looming up on the alluvial terrace bordering the Supe Valley, they had attracted little attention from archeologists. What she and her team have uncovered has revolutionary implications for reconstructing the evolution of urban civilization, not only in the Americas but throughout the world. Why did it happen here instead of in one of the broader coastal valleys to the north or south? Why did it disappear before the introduction of pottery, metallurgy, maize cultivation, and other features we associate with sedentary life? The answers to these and other questions are concealed in the abundant and varied remains of perishable composition preserved in the dry soil covering the architectural features.
\nSome three thousand years ago, the inhabitants of Caral concealed the buildings beneath layers of gravel and waterworn pebbles and abandoned the valley. During subsequent centuries, the wind covered them further with sand and the dry climate collaborated by preserving everything that was buried. The few indigenous residents that remained in the valley did not disturb the mounds and recent commercial developers have not considered the agricultural potential profitable. The absence of pottery and metal saved site from damage by huaqueros and even archeologists have lacked sufficient interest to investigate the huge artificial mounds that surround an extensive plaza on a terrace beside the Supe River.
\nFortunately, the puzzling contradiction between the magnitude of the monuments and the rarity of other cultural remains aroused the curiosity of Ruth Shady. The results of her investigations during the past decade have not only revolutionized the history of the development of civilization in Peru, but have also challenged the accuracy of theories of the origin of the state on a global scale.
\nWhat was concealed beneath the wind-blown sand turns out to be the oldest urban city in the Americas. It contains not only temples, amphitheaters, and other monumental administrative and ceremonial structures, but also extensive elite and commoner residential zones. There is evidence of class distinctions and occupational specialization in subsistence, commerce, manufacture, religion, and administration. Instruments of bone, stone, shell, and wood; fragments of basketry and textiles, and subsistence remains are abundant.
\nThe colored illustrations show cotton textiles, nets, bags, baskets, mats and other woven objects in such excellent condition that it is difficult to believe they are thousands of years old. Remains of squash, beans, sweet potatoes, avocados, guavas, and peanuts identify the principal agricultural products. Wooden spoons, combs, and digging sticks; stone tools and projectile points, gourd containers, and bone needles are among the implements of daily life. Flutes made from pelican and condor bones indicate that music accompanied religious and social activities. A glimpse of the appearance of the people is provided by 100 clay male and female figurines with different hair styles and headdresses, but seldom wearing clothing. Although contemporary with Valdivia figurines in Ecuador, they are completely different.
\nGourds substituted for pottery containers and cotton supplemented bast fibers for the production of cloth, bags, cordage, and fishnets. Subsistence was based on a combination of cultivated plants and marine resources. The principal food plants were beans, squash, sweet potato, peanuts, guava, and pepper. Shellfish, anchovies, sardines, and other fish were obtained from the ocean some 26 km to the west.
\nAlthough elite dwellings are more spacious than those of commoners, there is little other evidence of status or wealth to identify the social and religious leaders required to design and construct the plazas, temples, amphitheaters, and irrigation systems, to organize agricultural and manufacturing activities, to obtain and distribute food and goods, to conduct religious ceremonies, and to accomplish the multitude of other tasks required to manage and administer a settlement of the magnitude of Caral. Nor is there any evidence of fortifications, weapons or other defensive features suggesting conflict either within the city or with neighboring groups.
\nIn almost every respect, the society that built, inhabited, and abandoned Caral seems unfamiliar. The centralization of wealth and privilege characteristic of city states in the Andean region and elsewhere in the world does not appear to have accompanied the differences in status that must have existed. Cooperation seems to have prevailed over competition for more than 2000 years. As our own society becomes increasingly competitive and antagonistic, Caral may provide a model applicable to the problems that confront us today. The possibility is too important to be ignored.
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South American Collection. Hathi Trust Digital \nLibrary. <\nhttp://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnkh7p;view=1up\n;seq=9\n>Consultado: 29 de octubre de 2014", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1841", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnkh7p;view=1up ;seq=9", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Vice Admiral Guise, War of Independence, Chilean Navy" } ], "collections": [ "A632CQX7" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-20T21:54:41Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-20T23:08:51Z" } }, { "key": "QK5PXMXV", "version": 9799, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/QK5PXMXV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/QK5PXMXV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ortiz Sotelo", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QK5PXMXV", "version": 9799, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bernardo O’Higgins y el mar", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jorge", "lastName": "Ortiz Sotelo" } ], "abstractNote": "Boletín del Instituto Riva-Agüero\n297\nPublicaciones del Instituto Riva-Agüero\nJorge Ortiz Sotelo*\nAsociación de Historia\nMarítima y Naval\nIberoamericana\nResumen\nUna de las primeras decisiones que tomó Bernardo O’Higgins cuando asumió el mando\nen Chile fue constituir un poder naval capaz de disputar el control del mar a las fuerzas del\nvirreinato peruano. El presente artículo explora las motivaciones que lo habrían llevado a\npercatarse de la importancia de ese esfuerzo al revisar sus previas experiencias marítimas,\nprimero en un convoy que cruzó el Atlántico con la cobertura de las corbetas de la Expedición\nMalaspina, y luego al ser capturada por un escuadrón británico la nave en la que se\ndirigía de Cádiz a Buenos Aires.\nPalabras claves: Bernardo O’Higgins, Alejandro Malaspina, Historia naval, Perú, Chile\nAbstract\nOne of the fi rst decisions taken by Bernardo O’Higgins when he became Supreme Director\nof Chile was to build up a naval force capable to dispute the control of the sea to the Peruvian\nViceroyalty forces. This article explores the motivations that might have led him to realize the importance of this effort, by reviewing his previous maritime experiences, fi rst in a convoy crossing the Atlantic under the protection of the Malaspina expedition corvettes, and later on when the frigate on which he headed from Cadiz to Buenos Aires was captured by a British\nsquadron.\nKeywords: Bernardo O’Higgins, Alejandro Malaspina, Naval history, Peru, Chile", "publicationTitle": "Boletín del Instituto Riva-Agüero No 37 (2014) p.297", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/boletinira/article/view/13022/13628", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bernardo O’Higgins, Alejandro Malaspina, Naval history, Peru, Chile" } ], "collections": [ "A632CQX7" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-20T23:07:25Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-20T23:07:25Z" } }, { "key": "7H8ZDUG3", "version": 9797, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/7H8ZDUG3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/7H8ZDUG3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Laguerre Kleimann*", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7H8ZDUG3", "version": 9797, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "El Testamento del Vicealmirante Martin Jorge Guise", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Laguerre Kleimann*" } ], "abstractNote": "Boletín del Instituto Riva-Agüero\n277\nPublicaciones del Instituto Riva-Agüero\nMichel Laguerre\nKleimann*\nMarina de Guerra\ndel Perú\n\nBoletín del Instituto Riva-Agüero\n277\nPublicaciones del Instituto Riva-Agüero\nMichel Laguerre\nKleimann*\nMarina de Guerra\ndel Perú\nResumen \nEl testamento del vicealmirante Martín George Guise Wright sirve para conocer un extracto de la realidad peruana a través de los ojos de un extranjero a\nfincado en la flamante Repúbli-\nca del Perú. De hecho, las relaciones con la familia, las amistades y el Estado se reúnen en este documento legal que evidencia cambios dentro del proceso inicial posindependencia y la forma como influenció en Guise.\nPalabras clave: Martín George Guise, Del Valle y de la Riestra, Guerra de la Independencia, \ndeudas, Guayaquil.\nAbstract\nThe Martin George Guise Wright last will allow us to see through the mindset of a foreigner settled in the brandnew Republic of Peru his vision of the Peruvian reality. Indeed, in this legal \ndocument; the family, friends and political relationships are gathered as an evidence of the several changes occurred in the early post independence process, and how they influenced on Guise.\n\nSEE EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY\n\nKeywords: Martin George Guise, Del Valle y de la Riestra, Independence war, debts, Guayaquil", "publicationTitle": "Boletín del Instituto Riva-Agüero, Peru. 277", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "Publicaciones del Instituto Riva-Agüero", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/boletinira/article/viewFile/13021/13627", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Martin George Guise, Del Valle y de la Riestra, Independence war, debts, Guayaquil" } ], "collections": [ "A632CQX7" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-20T22:20:51Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-20T22:46:52Z" } }, { "key": "SRBSD7VR", "version": 9793, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/SRBSD7VR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/SRBSD7VR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "DENEGRI LUNA", "parsedDate": "1976", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SRBSD7VR", "version": 9793, "itemType": "book", "title": "Historia marítima del Perú. La República – 1826 a 1851", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Félix", "lastName": "DENEGRI LUNA" } ], "abstractNote": "DENEGRI LUNA, Félix\n1976 \nHistoria marítima del Perú. La República – 1826 a 1851\n. Lima: Comi-\nsión para Escribir la Historia Marítima del Perú. t. VI. vol. 1., pp. 233-\n234.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "t. VI. vol. 1., pp. 233- 234.", "volume": "t. VI. vol. 1., pp. 233- 234.", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1976", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "pp. 233- 234.", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "A632CQX7" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-20T22:04:37Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-20T22:04:37Z" } }, { "key": "MJVQKEPK", "version": 9787, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/MJVQKEPK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/MJVQKEPK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Thurner", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MJVQKEPK", "version": 9787, "itemType": "book", "title": "History's Peru\nThe Poetics of Colonial and Postcolonial Historiography", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Thurner" } ], "abstractNote": "History's Peru\nThe Poetics of Colonial and Postcolonial Historiography\n\nMark Thurner\nPublication Year: 2011\n\nMore than the story of a South American country, History's Peru examines how the entity called \"Peru\" gradually came into being, and how the narratives that defined it evolved over time.\n\nMark Thurner here offers a brilliant account of Peruvian historiography, one that makes a pioneering contribution not only to Latin American studies but also to the history of historical thought at large. He traces the contributions of key historians of Peru, from the colonial period through the present, and teases out the theoretical underpinnings of their approaches. He demonstrates how Peruvian historical thought critiques both European history and Anglophone postcolonial theory. And his deeply informed readings of Peru's most influential historians--from Inca Garcilaso de la Vega to Jorge Basadre--are among the most subtle and powerful available in English.\n\nIn this tour de force, Thurner examines the development of Peruvian historical thought from its misty colonial origins in the sixteenth century up to the present day. He demonstrates that the concept of \"Peru\" is both a strange and enlightening invention of the modern colonial imagination--an invention that lives on today as a postcolonial wager on a democratic political future that can only be imagined in its own historicist terms, not those of European or Western history.\n\nA fascinating counter example to those who mistakenly believe history to be an exact and objective science, History's Peru is an intellectual adventure of wide scope and great originality. show less", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/book/17492", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Historiography" }, { "tag": "Peru" } ], "collections": [ "F5SS93V8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-15T11:13:53Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-15T11:36:44Z" } }, { "key": "C4NDGKSC", "version": 9783, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/C4NDGKSC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/C4NDGKSC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C4NDGKSC", "version": 9783, "itemType": "videoRecording", "title": "Mystery of the City of Ghosts : Documentary on Peru's Lost City (Complet...", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Video documentary of the Cahuachi and Nazca cultures. The voice-over is particularly clear. The original source of video not currently researched. This addition is from the New school channel on YouTube.", "videoRecordingFormat": "", "seriesTitle": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "studio": "", "place": "", "date": "", "runningTime": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://youtu.be/wvBIirzCOiA", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Nazca" }, { "tag": "Videos" } ], "collections": [ "75C4VW4C" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-15T10:52:28Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-15T10:52:28Z" } }, { "key": "RXFCJSN7", "version": 9781, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/RXFCJSN7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/RXFCJSN7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RXFCJSN7", "version": 9781, "itemType": "film", "title": "Mystery of the City of Ghosts : Documentary on Peru's Lost City (Complet...", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "This is a good level documentary on C\nJahuachi and the Nazca culture. Excellent quality soundtrack/voice-over. This video is on the New school channel. The original location not currently known. \n\n\nSee also https://youtu.be/7IBiIyuZZN8. https://youtu.be/wvBIirzCOiA", "distributor": "", "place": "", "date": "", "genre": "", "videoRecordingFormat": "", "runningTime": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://youtu.be/wvBIirzCOiA", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Video" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-15T10:24:53Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-15T10:24:53Z" } }, { "key": "VVNH3EIH", "version": 9766, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/VVNH3EIH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/VVNH3EIH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Buzard MD", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VVNH3EIH", "version": 9766, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Ancient History of Peru (Travel to Eat)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kurt", "lastName": "Buzard MD" } ], "abstractNote": "The history of Peru spans several millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development in the mountain region and the coastal desert. About 15,200 years ago, groups of people are believed to have crossed the Bering Strait from Asia and survived as nomads, hunting, gathering fruits and vegetables and fishing in the sea, rivers, and lakes. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the six oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. It was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, which established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. The nation declared independence from Spain in 1821, but consolidated only after the Battle of Ayacucho, three years later. This is essentially a foundation article for the discussion of artifacts that will follow.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://traveltoeat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Photo-20160315234347254.jpg", "accessDate": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-09-12T16:49:34Z", "dateModified": "2017-09-12T16:49:34Z" } }, { "key": "IGSI3UWV", "version": 9765, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/IGSI3UWV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/IGSI3UWV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "SLAS webpage authors", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IGSI3UWV", "version": 9765, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "SLAS Society for Latin American Studies History", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "SLAS webpage authors" } ], "abstractNote": "The Beginnings of SLAS\n\n“The Society for Latin American Studies (SLAS) has its origins in 1962 when a group of university lecturers interested in the study of Latin American affairs decided to form The Latin American Group. Among the Group’s early objectives was the desire to maintain a network of contacts between university lecturers as well as to provide a permanent source of information on Latin American affairs in the UK. As part of this, The Latin American Group produced four issues of an Information Bulletin between 1962 and 1964.\n\nIn 1964, The Latin American Group became the Society for Latin American Studies and hence the Bulletin was thereafter entitled The Society for Latin American Studies Information Bulletin which ran until 1967 (Nos. 1-7) when the Society, in a move designed to insert its publication in a more serious academic format, dropped the word Information from the title of its publication, renaming it the Bulletin of the Society for Latin American Studies. This ran on until number 33, produced in 1981, when it was then succeeded by the Bulletin of Latin American Research (BLAR) that continues to be published to this day.“\n\nQuoted from Nikki Craske and David Lehmann, “Fifty Years of Research in Latin American Studies in the UK”, in Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, no. 72 (April 2002), 73-74.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.slas.org.uk/about/history.htm", "accessDate": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-09-12T16:34:01Z", "dateModified": "2017-09-12T16:34:01Z" } }, { "key": "3MBGPN6S", "version": 9764, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/3MBGPN6S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/3MBGPN6S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Barnes", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3MBGPN6S", "version": 9764, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Afterword -- Jose Maria Arguedas: Reconsiderations for Latin American Cultural Studies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monica", "lastName": "Barnes" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/14532588/Afterword_--_Jose_Maria_Arguedas_Reconsiderations_for_Latin_American_Cultural_Studies", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-09-12T16:22:00Z", "dateModified": "2017-09-12T16:22:00Z" } }, { "key": "QV6CMGJ2", "version": 9763, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/QV6CMGJ2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/QV6CMGJ2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ramos", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QV6CMGJ2", "version": 9763, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Language and Society in Early Colonial Peru", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gabriela", "lastName": "Ramos" } ], "abstractNote": "In academia.edu", "bookTitle": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/25108659/Language_and_Society_in_Early_Colonial_Peru", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-09-12T16:04:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-09-12T16:06:32Z" } }, { "key": "NDDAJ4GB", "version": 9761, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/NDDAJ4GB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/NDDAJ4GB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Diamond", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NDDAJ4GB", "version": 9761, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Anthropology until Only Yesterday: REVIEW of Jared Diamond's The World until Yesterday by Richard Wilk", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jared", "lastName": "Diamond" } ], "abstractNote": "The World until Yesterday \n was on the\n New York Times\n nonfic-tion bestseller list for several weeks—a record unmatched,as far as I can tell, by any book written recently by ananthropologist. The fictional forensic anthropologist Tem-perance Brennan is a much more frequent visitor than anyreal scholar. Ironically, in this book and its predecessors, Jared Diamond, a self-described evolutionary biologist spe-cializing in birds, is a more effective popularizer of anthro-pology than any contemporary anthropologist. In this he isnotunique—anthropologicaltopicshavebeeneffectivelyhi- jacked for popular audiences by political scientists to whom“culture matters,” sociobiologists, evolutionary psycholo-gists, economists, andevendietgurus. Thispoaching onourterritory reveals a great deal about both the strengths andlimitations of anthropology; it says that whereas we have aunique perspective and theoretical tools that make an an-thropological analysis distinctive and valuable, we do notseem willing or able to translate that analysis into a formwith public appeal", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/29570532/Anthropology_until_Only_Yesterday_REVIEW_of_Jared_Diamonds_The_World_until_Yesterday", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-09-12T14:25:33Z", "dateModified": "2017-09-12T14:25:33Z" } }, { "key": "DVNMDNPK", "version": 9759, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/DVNMDNPK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/DVNMDNPK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aída García Naranjo Morales Gender and Development Program Cent ro de Asesoría Laboral del Perú", "parsedDate": "2007-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DVNMDNPK", "version": 9759, "itemType": "document", "title": "The Peruvuan Migration Phenomenon", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Aída García Naranjo Morales Gender and Development Program Cent ro de Asesoría Laboral del Perú" } ], "abstractNote": "Peru has according to the INEI (National Institute of Statistics and Information Technology) to the year 2007, an esteemed populatio\nn of 27.946.774 inhabitants, with \nan average population density of 21 Hab/km2. The di\nstribution of the Peruvian \npopulation is 72.2% urban and the rest 27.8% rural.\n The massive migration to the cities \ntranslates into a population density in Metropolita\nn Lima that reaches 2,614 Hab/km2. \nLife expectancy in Peru is currently at 69.8 years \nof age. The population, with 33.7% \nunder fourteen years and 61.4% between 15 and 64 ye\nars, has an annual growth rate \nof 1.53%. \n2\n “Peru’s current face is very different from the on\ne it had in the middle of the XX \ncentury. It is a country marked first by internal m\nigration, later international. In the past \n50 years Peru is no longer a rural country and grad\nually has turned into an urban \ncountry. Millions of Peruvians have abandoned the f\nields and have settled in cities”. \nThe National Homes Survey\n3\n carried out from December 2005 to February 2006 \noffering data at departmental level of emigrants, i\nmmigrants and the migration balance \nin those dates, presented in the chart. The departm\nents with positive high migration \nrates are still on the coast. (Tacna with 24.6/100 \ninhabitants; Lima with 24.2/100 \ninhabitants and Moquegua with 10.6/100 inhabitants)\n, or in the amazon (Madre de Dios \nwith a positive migration rate of almost 21/100 inh\nabitants and Ucayali with 20.9/100 \ninhabitants). On the contrary, the departments (and\n regions) with higher expulsion is \nstill the southern sierra: Huancavelica with a migr\nation rate of -32/100 inhabitants, \nAyacucho with -31/100 inhabitants and Apurimac with\n -26.3/100 inhabitants.", "type": "", "date": "September 2007", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.caritas.pt/ficheiros/nacional/file/Naranjo.pdf", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "migration," } ], "collections": [ "MKTUZECV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-08-29T12:49:12Z", "dateModified": "2017-08-29T13:50:15Z" } }, { "key": "6ZV6652A", "version": 9755, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/6ZV6652A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/6ZV6652A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 38824, "username": "chiguata", "name": "Paul Goulder", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/chiguata", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Latin American Herald Tribune - 2005-2015", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "6ZV6652A", "version": 9755, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Study Reveals DNA Links Between Ancient Peruvians, Japanese", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Latin American Herald Tribune - 2005-2015" } ], "abstractNote": "LIMA -- A study has revealed genetic links between people who inhabited northern Peru more than 1,000 years ago and Japanese, El Comercio newspaper reported Thursday.", "publicationTitle": "Latin American Herald Tribune", "publisher": "", "place": "Venezuela", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=14095&ArticleId=325015", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "MKTUZECV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-08-29T13:08:02Z", "dateModified": "2017-08-29T13:10:22Z" } }, { "key": "Z43RD748", "version": 9752, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3766, "name": "Perustudies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/Z43RD748", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/perustudies/items/Z43RD748", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3766/items/6ZV6652A", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z43RD748", "version": 9752, "parentItem": "6ZV6652A", "itemType": "note", "note": "LIMA -- A study has revealed genetic links between people who inhabited northern Peru more than 1,000 years ago and Japanese, El Comercio newspaper reported Thursday.
Japanese physical anthropologist Ken-ichi Shinoda performed DNA tests on the remains of human bodies found in the East Tomb and West Tomb in the Bosque de Pomas Historical Sanctuary, which are part of the Sican Culture Archaeological Project, funded by Japan's government.
The director of the Sican National Museum, Carlos Elera, told the daily that Shinoda found that people who lived more than 1,000 years ago in what today is the Lambayeque region, about 800 kilometers (500 miles) north of Lima, had genetic links to the comtemporaneous populations of Ecuador, Colombia, Siberia, Taiwan and to the Ainu people of northern Japan.
The studies will be continued on descendents of the Mochica culture, from the same region, who are currently working on the Sican Project and with people who live in the vicinity of the Bosque de Pomac Historical Sanctuary.
Peruvian archaeologist Luis Chero told El Comercio that \"currently, the DNA results have great value because they can be understood to show that there were people who arrived in these zones from Asia and who then converted these zones into the great culture of the New World.\"
The results of the studies will be presented at an exhibit on the Sican culture that will be set up for a year at the Tokyo Museum of Science and Nature.
Also to be displayed at that exhibit will be gold, silver and copper jewelry found in the tombs of the ancient Sican rulers and priests.