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\n
\n4.2 Presentation
\n4.2.1 Information about the structure of the finding aid should include:
\n\na) the presentation of the entire multilevel hierarchy of the units of description, i.e., the levels of description to which the information refers, i.e., fonds, series, files, items, and their places in the hierarchy;
b) navigation devices to adjacent levels (up or down) in the hierarchy. It is desirable to reach all levels directly. The multilevel technique may be illustrated by labels or graphical symbols, hyperlinks or any other linking technique that allows the understanding of the structure;
c) the use of labels to name the elements of description;
d) the provision of multilingual descriptions in the languages of the descriptions for institutions which hold multilingual holdings.
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"note": "\"Archivists’ digital activities beg a simple question: How do users interact with on-line finding aids? Because archival descriptive standards do not mandate how finding aids should be presented, user interactions with finding aids deserve close analysis on their own terms. In addition, research regarding user behaviors will help the archival community present descriptive data in an easier-to-use format. The research reported here offers some insight into these issues by describing and measuring the ways in which users interact with electronic finding aids in a controlled setting. Based on this information, the study suggests some specific steps that archivists and digital librarians might take to design interfaces that meet user expectations and facilitate efficient search strategies.\"
\nQUOTES AND NOTES ON STUDY RESULTS and METHODOLOGY :
\n\n\n- Introduction: \n
\n- There exist several user studies that investigate the the use of digital archives and digital archive materials by researchers. Yet \"A few studies discuss how historians use finding aids. None of these studies, however, focuses on the specific behaviors users exhibit in navigating or interacting with descriptive information, either in a paper or an electronic environment. A prominent theme in the literature about users has been the call for more user studies analyzing hard data.\"
\n- The development of EAD is a significant achievement but most of the literature regarding EAD is written with the archivist and not the user in mind.
\n
\n\n- Little is known or understood about how users interact with finding aids. Some attempt to make this understood in a rigorous way could vastly improve future research interfaces. \n
\n- One part of understanding this is understanding that archives are used by a broad swath of users with varying levels of expertise and experience both with archival materials (domain expers) and with computing (system experts). In essence one can speak of users level of \"archival intelligence\" a term developed to describe a users' expertise understanding and using archives. Often we find that archival intelligence and system expertise have an inverse relationship though not in all cases. Some data indicated that finding aids helped students drill in to detailed information and access exactly the right box and folder saving the researcher time and energy. Other data indicates that students were skeptical that the information was up-to-date.
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n\n- Methdology -They tested two tasks; one, looking for collections and two, looking for folders.
\n\n- The study sought to test a hypothesis about users search behaviors and it sough to identify design features that helped and hinders users' interactions.
\n- The sought a participant pool mixed with experts with archival intelligence and non domain experts.
\n- Details of experiment: \"After completing the survey, respondents worked through nine controlled search tasks using a standard Web browser. For each task, they read a brief set of instructions that directed them to search for a specific piece of information, either the identifying number for a set of personal papers or the container number for a folder concerning a named organization. After each participant read the instructions, the system loaded an HTML frame set in the browser. The main (top) frame included a Web site through which the user searched and browsed. Users could use any links or search forms on the page (or even leave the original site completely). The bottom frame included an input box into which the user entered the requested data or clicked “I give up” if unable to complete the task. Figure 1 shows the instruction page for task two.\" \n
\n- \"For tasks two through five, respondents were asked to find the collection ID number for the personal papers of a prominent individual.\"
\n- \"In tasks six through nine, respondents were asked to search an individual
finding aid for a folder of material relating to a topic. The search topic was provided on the instructions page, and during the search session the topic was also included in the bottom frame to serve as a reminder. The complexity of the folder search was controlled in a manner similar to the collection searches.\" \n
\n \n
\n \n
\n\n- Results: \n
\n- There is a tension between serving users with different levels of experience. \"Experienced users want full access to all descriptive information but are skeptical that they will find it on-line. Inexperienced archival researchers have little understanding of what archives are and many assume that everything—including the actual archives—is available through the Web site. One can see these differences reflected in an analysis of the search results.\"
\n\n- Novices in using both Archival and computers spent more time searching than experts. Experience with archives or computers reduced search times roughly equally. This indicates that experience in domain and with the system are both important. Those participants with both domain and system experience completed search tasks more quickly than those with expertise in just the domain or system.
\n- Recorded information about participants past experience with online archives, or archival materials on the web. \"Other questionnaire responses support the conclusion that the sample included many people with archival and/or computer expertise. Sixty-four members of the entire sample (72%) claimed to have used archives at least once in the past year. Similarly, 67 (75%) stated that they have used electronic archival finding aids.Interviews completed with the on-site participants provide some insight into participants’ past experiences with archives and their expectations for on-line archival access.\" \n
\n- Grad students were familiar with the concept of archival research. Qualitative data collected indicated that the user had to rely on the archivist to learn how to use the archive since this was not part of the student's formal education. In sum they relied on strategies like (backward chaining, footnote chasing, reliance
on personal connections). Other studies report similiar user behaviors indicating this behavior is common. \n- Novice Researchers \"illustrated less understanding of the complexities of seeking archival information. They were much more trusting of electronic data.\" Many interesting misunderstandings about finding aids were recorded in the paper.
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n\n- Collection Level search results show users enjoyed the highest success rate using the Online Archive of Californina (OAC). \"Users most often found the requested information in interface three (OAC), although the overall success rates were high for each task.33 Based solely on overall success rates and time efficiency, respectively, the OAC and Princeton designs were most efficiently searched for known collections of personal papers. The Princeton design in particular was searched very efficiently; on-site participants used two fewer steps, and the cited success rate of 86 percent would likely have been higher, but problems with Princeton’s Web server prevented at least four participants from completing the task through no fault on their part. For those who successfully found the requested information, the average search time for the Princeton interface was half that for UNC’s and OAC’s and three-fifths of that for UIUC’s.\" \n
\n- Princeton interface was the most effiecient to use overall. \"Princeton interface will be searched more quickly than any of the other interfaces by the entire population of users conducting searches for known collections. It provided a simple list of collections with A–Z hyperlinks at the top of the page, allowing users to jump quickly to the content of most interest.\" (See Figure two for screen shot) Current website (http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/) Current site: http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/ \"OAC provided a similar list (albeit without the A–Z hyperlinks) in addition to a search box. OAC’s search feature would of course be very useful in an uncontrolled setting, but for this test, it appears to be related to increased search times.\" (See Figure two for screen shot)
\n- More variety in search options was observed to be highly correlated with increased search times. \"Participants searched more slowly and/or with less success through the interfaces that had the most search options or paths. The UNC site provided eleven options, including a link to a library OPAC and a Google site search, but it posted the highest mean search times. While those without either archival or computer expertise searched the OAC interface much more slowly than the experts, experts and nonexperts alike seemed to encounter some problems with the UIUC and UNC interfaces, as discussed in more detail below.\" This indicates that more search options increases search times in all users while only some interfaces with limited search options increased search times with domain novices.
\n- OAC had a high success rate but most effieciently used by those with archival intelligence and computer expertise. \"As noted above, participants searched the OAC interface with a very high success rate. But as shown in table 5, novice participants searched the OAC interface in a disproportionately slow fashion, not only relative to experts completing the same task, but also to their own times in the Princeton, UIUC, and UNC interfaces. This suggests that the OAC interface may be more suited to the navigational practices of experts than those of archival or computer novices.\"
\n
\n\n- The diffierences in domain novices' and domain expert behaviors explains why some interfaces proved highly efficent and other less so. \n
\n- Observed user behavoir indicates a preference for searching over browsing despite what users said.\"When given the chance, most participants turned immediately to search boxes or forms. For example, 25 participants used the query box on the Illinois interface, even though two browse options were also available. Most users stated in their questionnaires that they preferred to scroll and click links when searching a Web site, but their actual behavior was different. After correlating the observed search strategies to the survey results, only 6
of the 26 who claimed to prefer browsing or clicking links actually used that as their primary technique.\" \n- Should search boxes can be given unwarrented prominence in web interface designs. \"Search boxes are often given prominence in Web site designs. But is this prominence warranted? The results of this study cast doubt on the practice. The only interface without a search feature (Princeton) was searched more quickly on average than the other three. It appears likely that some Web site designs may encourage inefficient search habits because they do not provide ready access to browse functions.\"
\n
\n\n- Finding aid web site need to offer good browsing tools. This was a design highlight supported by qualitative data recording users comments. \n
\n- Users looked for and used alphabetized indexes of names to find information they needed. \"Many participants specifically noted in their submitted comments or interviews that such alphabetical lists are easy to use. If a list could not be found on a given page, some participants would begin to look for one, scrolling to the bottom of the page if necessary. These findings seem to reinforce those of a recent study of genealogists that highlighted the prominence they place on name searching.38 Name browsing has been shown to be important to other archival experts, such as history students.39 Since these behaviors are prominent and effective among archival experts, interfaces for archival finding aids should encourage them\"
\n
\n \n
\n \n- Novices were more likely to click on irrelevant search results than domain experts. \"Experts used the OAC interface efficiently because the main part of the page provided two options that matched different search styles, but it did not confuse people with too many choices. On the other hand, many novices got lost in options not relevant to the task at hand (e.g., those found in sidebars). This was true for all interfaces, but especially for the OAC searches.\"
\n- More search options caused novices to not know where to begin. Observation of the participants indicate that novices were not able to select the navigation features relevant to the task at hand thus offering fewer choices constrained their choices and thereby helped them in choosing the right one.
\n
\n\n\n- Those with archival intelligence and those without had similiar strategies in finding information about collections. They used non fielded searches and browsed hyperlinked lists. Novices were more easily led astray from the task and were less likely to filter extraneous informaiton. \n
\n- Evidence suggests interfaces should have both browsing and searching options should be offered but that search boxes should not be complicated or non-standard. \"Search/query boxes should be strategically integrated into collection-level search systems to satisfy the needs of novice users, but they should not be implemented at the expense of browsing options. Nor should search boxes use overly complex and/or nonstandard methods of returning results. Many participants ran into problems when search engines did not use expected conventions. For example, some participants accidentally changed pull-down menu options on the search box, mistakenly searching the wrong fields. Other users struggled with the Illinois interface. Because the search algorithm did not divide phrases into separate terms joined by Boolean “and” operators (as Google does).\"
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n\n- Folder Level search results also demonstrate that there is a fundamental difference between both domain and system novices as well as experts in the domain and system. \n
\n- The success rates remained high but were lower than the collection level search success rates.
\n- The Princeton interface was again the most effcient.
\n- Finding aid in PDF form had a lower success rate and were more variable. Of those who successfully search PDF finding aids most were domain experts. Of those who were unsuccessful their searches using PDF finding aids were siginificantly less efficient and the problems they encountered were \"substantial\".
\n- PDF finding aids that included a hyperlinked table of sections preformed better than those that did not.
\n- The appearance of certain design features affected the use of PDF finding aids both in strategy and efficiency.
\n\n- Two strategies were observed wither users used in page (Ctrl F) features to locate the folder name or they scrolled through the page. Specifically one interface include a search box limited to the single finding aid on view. \"One finding aid offered a query box to search the finding aid (Yale). When this option was available, 22 of 34 participants (63%) attempted to use it, suggesting that many users of finding aids will make use of a search function when it is limited to a single collection or finding aid.43 (As discussed in more detail below, Yale’s single finding aid search option often failed for technical reasons, explaining its high average search time.)\" \n
\n- \n
\n- \n
\n- Many system experts hurried to use in application search features and did not take time to understand the arrangment of the collection. Some participants were in the habit of abandoning web pages that lacked a search box. Domain novices rely heavily on technology specific strategies. \"Rather than searching the finding aid relevant to his search, he left the site and became lost. While this search may seem atypical, it illustrates the ways in which novice searchers and computer experts rely on computerized tools to search for them.\"
\n- \"Green\" graduate students and those with extensive archival experience (but not trained professional archivists) behaved differently from one anotherFol. Of those graduate students used (Cntrl F) while archivists surveyed the document's overall arrangement.
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n \n
\n \n
\n \n- Folder level design prinicples devired from the study include design features that serve those with archival expertise as well as those who lack it.
\n\n- Domain experts will do better using systems with clearly presented contextual cues. Those with domain knowledge still evaluate the arrangement of information and the contextual cues the arrangement provides, even when presented in digital form. \"The use of these tactics by archival experts strongly implies that experienced researchers spend a significant amount of time making use of the detailed contextual information conveyed in a finding aid, confirming Duff and Johnson’s findings for historians using printed guides.46 Context and multilevel description hold continued relevance in the electronic age; whether the medium of delivery is electronic or paper, interfaces should not wittingly or unwittingly undermine context. For example, sophisticated EAD search systems that provide direct access to individual files or items should include links to the parent series or collection-level description. Such links would provide essential information which researchers use to understand the significance of individual items.\"
\n- The presentation of finding aids in PDF form has costs associated with it. This file format was unexpected and impeded efficient useage when they were used with success. People were less successful and effiecient using PDF finding aid and did not like using it. \"Participants indicated that the use of unexpected file formats impeded efficient finding aid usage, even if they were eventually able to find the information they were seeking. This was clearly the case with the PDF finding aid. PDF format replicates a printed finding aid. People searched it more slowly and with less success (on average) than the other formats, and they tended to dislike it. After noting blandly that “PDF’s are a problem,” one summarized his objections to working with the files: 'When I see a PDF to me that’s a snapshot of something printed. . . . When I’m looking for functionality in a document 99% html files are better. PDF’s are bigger and more bulky, if I’m God forbid working from a modem, they take forever to download. If I want to open more than one window they take forever. PDF’s are not good.47'\"
\n- The use of archive specific language was found to diminish user experience. \"Finally, finding aid interfaces should avoid archival terminology. It tended to confuse experienced and inexperienced participants alike. When asked about the results screen provided during a search, one very experienced archival user explained how even terms like “finding aid” can be ambiguous or misleading:\"
\n
\n \n
\n \n
\n\n- Example of an simplified yet advantageous finding aid interface design:
\n\n- \"The top right contained a photo of the collection’s creator, drawing casual browsers into the body of the text.\"
\n- \"The top left included a bulleted list of six links, hinting to experienced Web browsers that the document had no external links and could be searched using the browser’s find-in-page function.\"
\n- \"The links bore simple labels: “Introduction,” “Biography,” “Arrangement,” “Description,” “Folder List,” and “Appendix: Timeline of Career.” “Description” linked to short summaries
of the collection’s series. This design allowed participants who utilized a browse-and-read strategy to quickly decide which parts of the collection might be most useful.\" \n- \"Each series description was then linked directly to the corresponding folder list, further facilitating browsing. The finding aid for interface seven (the TARO/EAD Cookbook finding aid) exhibited many similar characteristics. Both illustrate the value of using simple display features to present multilevel description in an intuitive fashion.\"
\n
\n \n
\n\n- Summary \n
\n- Finding aids currently placed on-line are most efficiently used by either archival and computer experts. Nonexperts find them more difficult to work with.
\n- \"archivists and digital librarians should follow design practices that allow users to engage in structured browsing and nonfielded keyword searches. While this advice may seem trite, other options are likely superfluous for most users.\"
\n- \"At the collection level, keyword search boxes using Google-like search rules and alphabetical lists will provide rapid access for users who have a good idea what they are looking for. Keyword search options and alphabetical lists facilitate efficient searches for those who use backward chaining (footnote chasing) or name search techniques to gather basic information about a collection.\"
\n- \"Lists may also encourage serendipitous discoveries, but creator lists should not be the only option provided for collection-level searching on archival Web sites.\" \"lists should be prominently featured on archival Web sites. They will help meet the information needs of users who rely on name collection techniques previously described by Duff and Johnson and Cole, by providing direct
access to a list of names without the filter of a search box. They also match the expert user browsing tactics described in this study.
\n- Users of electronic finding aids will find the information they need most quickly when presented with relatively few search paths and when those paths are clearly mapped out in the overall site design.
\n- \"Experienced archival users often browse through an entire finding aid, using inference to identify appropriate series or subseries in which relevant information might be located. They use headings within a table of contents to jump quickly to subordinate sections of the finding aid. These users spend much time browsing the finding aid for items, and it is inadvisable to undermine or complicate their ability to browse.\" As well as the ability to browse using built in tools like (Ctrl F).
\n- A preferrable feature option search within a single finding aid or a user defined selection of finding aids. \"Single finding aid search boxes present a reasonable alternative, and one that many users would likely take advantage of. Better still might be the capability for users to search against a self-selected group of finding aids. Either option would allow experienced users to more readily target their searching. Major software products with EAD modules, such as DLXS, now allow searches limited to a single finding aid, and such capabilities should be a high priority for deployment.
\n
\n \n
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