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modern languages).\nAncient orthography did not distinguish between i and j or between u and v. Many modern works distinguish u from v but not i from j. In this article, both distinctions are shown as they are helpful when tracing the origin of English words. See also Latin spelling and pronunciation.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-06-21T00:28:02Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin_words_with_English_derivatives&oldid=667842180", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T10:03:52Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 667842180", "tags": [], "collections": [ "RITP3J8P" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T10:03:52Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T10:03:52Z" } }, { "key": "KFQVF47A", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/KFQVF47A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/KFQVF47A", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/PP7XDJJE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KFQVF47A", "version": 14, "parentItem": "PP7XDJJE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T10:03:50Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names&oldid=667687167", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T10:03:50Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T10:03:50Z" } }, { "key": "PP7XDJJE", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/PP7XDJJE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/PP7XDJJE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2015-06-19", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PP7XDJJE", "version": 14, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages to understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. The binomial nomenclature used for animals and plants is largely derived from Latin and Greek words, as are some of the names used for higher taxa, such as orders and above. At the time when biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) published the books that are now accepted as the starting point of binomial nomenclature, Latin was used in Western Europe as the common language of science, and scientific names were in Latin or Greek: Linnaeus continued this practice.\nAlthough Latin is now largely unused except by classical scholars, or for certain purposes in botany, medicine and the Roman Catholic Church, it can still be found in scientific names. It is helpful to be able to understand the source of scientific names. Although the Latin names do not always correspond to the current English common names, they are often related, and if their meanings are understood, they are easier to recall. The binomial name often reflects limited knowledge or hearsay about a species at the time it was named. For instance Pan troglodytes, the chimpanzee, and Troglodytes troglodytes, the wren, are not necessarily cave-dwellers.\nOften a genus name or specific descriptor is simply the Latin or Greek name for the animal (e.g. Canis is Latin for dog). These words are not included in the table below, because they will only occur for one or two taxa. Instead, the words listed below are the common adjectives and other modifiers that repeatedly occur in the scientific names of many organisms (in more than one genus).\nAdjectives vary according to gender, and only the reference form (nominative singular masculine form) is mainly listed here. 1st/2nd-declension adjectives end in -us (masculine), -a (feminine) and -um (neuter), whereas 3rd-declension adjectives ending in -is (masculine and feminine) change to -e (neuter). For example, verus is listed without the variants for Aloe vera or Galium verum.\nWords that are very similar to their English forms have been omitted.\nSome of the Greek transliterations given are Ancient Greek, and others are Modern Greek.\nIn the tables, L = Latin, G = Greek, and LG = similar in both languages.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-06-19T21:53:18Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names&oldid=667687167", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T10:03:50Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 667687167", "tags": [], "collections": [ "RITP3J8P" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T10:03:50Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T10:03:50Z" } }, { "key": "BUBI8FVV", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/BUBI8FVV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/BUBI8FVV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/EQ6N4C6X", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BUBI8FVV", "version": 14, "parentItem": "EQ6N4C6X", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T10:03:48Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English&oldid=669433978", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T10:03:48Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T10:03:48Z" } }, { "key": "EQ6N4C6X", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/EQ6N4C6X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/EQ6N4C6X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2015-07-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "EQ6N4C6X", "version": 14, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "List of Greek and Latin roots in English", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "The following is an alphabetical list of Greek and Latin roots, stems, and prefixes very commonly used in the English language.\nSome of those used in medicine and medical terminology are not listed here but instead in Wikipedia's List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-07-01T04:38:40Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English&oldid=669433978", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T10:03:48Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 669433978", "tags": [], "collections": [ "RITP3J8P" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T10:03:48Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T10:03:48Z" } }, { "key": "6REJC6DT", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/6REJC6DT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/6REJC6DT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/6722S2A5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6REJC6DT", "version": 13, "parentItem": "6722S2A5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T10:03:31Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_compound&oldid=670533125", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T10:03:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T10:03:31Z" } }, { "key": "6722S2A5", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/6722S2A5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/6722S2A5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2015-07-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6722S2A5", "version": 13, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Classical compound", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Classical compounds and neoclassical compounds are compound words composed from combining forms (which act as affixes or stems) derived from classical Latin or ancient Greek roots. New Latin comprises many such words and is a substantial component of the technical and scientific lexicon of English and other languages, including international scientific vocabulary. For example, bio- combines with -graphy to form biography. A vowel usually facilitates the combination: in biography, the Greek thematic vowel -o-, in miniskirt, the Latin thematic -i-. This vowel is usually regarded as attached to the initial base (bio-, mini-) rather than the final base (-graphy, -skirt), but in Greek-derived forms it is sometimes shown as attached to the final base (-ography, -ology). If, however, the final base begins with a vowel (for example, -archy as in monarchy), the mediating vowel has traditionally been avoided (not *monoarchy), but in recent coinages it is often kept and generally accompanied by a hyphen (auto-analysis, bio-energy, hydro-electricity, not *autanalysis, *bienergy, *hydrelectricity).", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-07-08T15:57:05Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_compound&oldid=670533125", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T10:03:31Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 670533125", "tags": [], "collections": [ "RITP3J8P" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T10:03:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T10:03:31Z" } }, { "key": "CNDDM3I6", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/CNDDM3I6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/CNDDM3I6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CNDDM3I6", "version": 18, "itemType": "presentation", "title": "Towards a Universal Wordnet by Learning from Combined Evidence", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Lexical databases are invaluable sources of knowledge about words and their meanings, with numerous applications in areas like NLP, IR, and AI. We propose a methodology for the automatic construction of a large-scale multilingual lexical database where words of many languages are hierarchically organized in terms of their\nmeanings and their semantic relations to other words. This resource is bootstrapped from WordNet, a well-known English-language resource. Our approach extends WordNet with around 1.5 million meaning links for 800,000 words in over 200 languages, drawing on evidence extracted from a variety of resources including existing (monolingual) wordnets, (mostly bilingual) translation dictionaries, and parallel corpora. Graph-based scoring functions and statistical learning techniques are used to iteratively integrate this information and build an output graph. Experiments show that this wordnet has a high \nlevel of precision and coverage, and that it can be useful in applied tasks such as cross-lingual text classification.", "presentationType": "", "date": "12:34:09 UTC", "meetingName": "", "place": "", "series": "", "sessionTitle": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/gdm3003/cikm2009", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T09:51:19Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "4MJGKXN6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T09:51:09Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T09:51:09Z" } }, { "key": "JCK5S6E9", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/JCK5S6E9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/JCK5S6E9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JCK5S6E9", "version": 18, "itemType": "presentation", "title": "Good, Great, Excellent: Global Inference of Semantic Intensities", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Adjectives like good, great, and excellent are similar in meaning, but differ in intensity. Intensity order information is very useful for language learners as well as in several NLP tasks, but is missing in most lexical resources (dictionaries, WordNet, and thesauri). In this paper, we present a primarily unsupervised approach that uses semantics from Web-scale data (e.g., phrases like good but not excellent) to rank words by assigning them positions on a continuous scale. We rely on Mixed Integer Linear Programming to jointly determine the ranks, such that individual decisions benefit from global information. When ranking English adjectives, our global algorithm achieves substantial improvements over previous work on both pairwise and rank correlation metrics (specifically, 70% pairwise accuracy as compared to only 56% by previous work). Moreover, our approach can incorporate external synonymy information (increasing its pairwise accuracy to 78%) and extends easily to new languages.", "presentationType": "", "date": "05:45:27 UTC", "meetingName": "", "place": "", "series": "", "sessionTitle": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/gdm3003/good-great-excellent-global-inference-of-semantic-intensities", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T09:45:21Z", "shortTitle": "Good, Great, Excellent", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "4MJGKXN6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T09:45:48Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T09:45:48Z" } }, { "key": "JJ6UR2A6", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/JJ6UR2A6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/JJ6UR2A6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2015-04-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JJ6UR2A6", "version": 18, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Cognitive semantics", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Cognitive semantics is part of the cognitive linguistics movement. Semantics is the study of meaning. Cognitive semantics holds that language is part of a more general human cognitive ability, and can therefore only describe the world as it is organised within people's conceptual spaces. It is implicit that there is some difference between this conceptual world and the real world.\nThe main tenets of cognitive semantics are:\nThat grammar is a way of expressing the speaker's concept of the world;\nThat knowledge of language is acquired and contextual;\nThat the ability to use language draws upon general cognitive resources and not a special language module.\nAs part of the field of cognitive linguistics, the cognitive semantics approach rejects the traditional separation of linguistics into phonology, syntax, pragmatics, etc. Instead, it divides semantics into meaning-construction and knowledge representation. Therefore, cognitive semantics studies much of the area traditionally devoted to pragmatics as well as semantics.\nThe techniques native to cognitive semantics are typically used in lexical studies such as those put forth by Leonard Talmy, George Lakoff, Dirk Geeraerts, and Bruce Wayne Hawkins. Some cognitive semantic frameworks, such as that developed by Talmy, take into account syntactic structures as well.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-04-11T06:57:49Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_semantics&oldid=655935455", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T09:14:51Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 655935455", "tags": [], "collections": [ "4MJGKXN6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T09:35:10Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T09:35:10Z" } }, { "key": "ZU962PHE", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 369822, "name": "etymology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/369822/items/ZU962PHE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/etymology/items/ZU962PHE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2542728, "username": "Eleonora_C", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/eleonora_c", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2015-07-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZU962PHE", "version": 18, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Lexical semantics", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Lexical semantics (also known as lexicosemantics), is a subfield of linguistic semantics. The units of analysis in lexical semantics are lexical units which include not only words but also sub-words or sub-units such as affixes and even compound words and phrases. Lexical units make up the catalogue of words in a language, the lexicon. Lexical semantics looks at how the meaning of the lexical units correlates with the structure of the language or syntax. This is referred to as syntax-semantic interface.\nThe study of lexical semantics looks at:\nthe classification and decomposition of lexical items\nthe differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure cross-linguistically\nthe relationship of lexical meaning to sentence meaning and syntax.\nLexical units, also referred to as syntactic atoms, can stand alone such as in the case of root words or parts of compound words or they necessarily attach to other units such as prefixes and suffixes do. The former are called free morphemes and the latter bound morphemes. They fall into a narrow range of meanings (semantic fields) and can combine with each other to generate new meanings.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-07-06T12:59:30Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexical_semantics&oldid=670194712", "accessDate": "2015-07-09T09:12:06Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 670194712", "tags": [], "collections": [ "4MJGKXN6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-09T09:35:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-09T09:35:05Z" } } ]