[ { "key": "GSVKK5AX", "version": 36, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/GSVKK5AX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/GSVKK5AX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Boffano et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-09-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GSVKK5AX", "version": 36, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Aetiology of maxillofacial fractures: a review of published studies during the last 30 years", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Boffano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. C.", "lastName": "Kommers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. H.", "lastName": "Karagozoglu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Forouzanfar" } ], "abstractNote": "The epidemiology of facial trauma may vary widely across countries (and even within the same country), and is dependent on several cultural and socioeconomic factors. We know of few reviews of published reports that have considered the sex distribution and aetiology of maxillofacial trauma throughout the world. The aim of this review was to discuss these aspects as they have been presented in papers published during the last 30 years. We made a systematic review of papers about the epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma that were published between January 1980 and December 2013 and identified 69 studies from Africa (n=9), North America and Brazil (n=6), Asia (n=36), Europe (n=16), and Oceania (n=2). In all the studies men outnumbered women, the ratio usually being more than 2:1. In American, African, and Asian studies road traffic crashes were the predominant cause. In European studies the aetiology varied, with assaults and road traffic crashes being the most important factors. In Oceania assaults were the most important. A comparison of the incidence of maxillofacial trauma of different countries together with a knowledge of different laws (seat belts for drivers, helmets for motocyclists, speed limits, and protection worn during sports and at work) is crucial to allow for improvement in several countries. To our knowledge this paper is the first attempt to study and compare the aetiologies of maxillofacial trauma.", "publicationTitle": "The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 10, 2014", "volume": "52", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "901-906", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.08.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/92e69011e83bb41ee84a49fa5f46535e7b266442", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1532-1940", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Aetiology of maxillofacial fractures: a review of published studies during the last 30 years", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "C6TF8B5E", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/C6TF8B5E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/C6TF8B5E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wilson et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-09-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C6TF8B5E", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies on maternal emergency transport in low- and middle-income countries", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Wilson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Hillman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Rosato" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Skelton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Costello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Hussein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "MacArthur" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Coomarasamy" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Most maternal deaths are preventable with emergency obstetric care; therefore, ensuring access is essential. There is little focused information on emergency transport of pregnant women. OBJECTIVES: The literature on emergency transport of pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was systematically reviewed and synthesized to explore current practices, barriers, and facilitators for transport utilization. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE, EMBASE, BNI, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, African Index Medicus, ASSIA, QUALIDATA, RHL, and Science Citation Index (inception to April 2012) were searched without language restriction. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies using qualitative methodology and reporting on emergency transportation in LMICs were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Thematic framework and synthesis through examination and translation of common elements were used to analyze and synthesize the data. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles were included. Eight major themes were identified: time for transport; transport options; geography; local support; autonomy; culture; finance; and ergonomics. Key issues were transport availability; transport speed; terrain; meteorology; support; dependence for decision making; cultural issues; cost; and lack of safe, comfortable positioning during transport. CONCLUSION: Themes should be appreciated within local contexts to illuminate barriers and facilitators. Potential solutions include motorcycle ambulance programs, collaboration with taxi services, community education, subsidies, and vehicle maintenance.", "publicationTitle": "International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 24, 2013", "volume": "122", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "192-201", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.03.030", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/bd2d490ef7b73564b52eb9df04225fe6a6bc9555", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1879-3479", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies on maternal emergency transport in low- and middle-income countries", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "8NDD2UQS", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/8NDD2UQS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/8NDD2UQS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stacey et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-02-25", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8NDD2UQS", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Rehabilitation for improving automobile driving after stroke", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George", "lastName": "Stacey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Crotty", "lastName": "Maria" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gelinas", "lastName": "Isabelle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Devos", "lastName": "Hannes" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Interventions to improve driving ability after stroke, including driving simulation and retraining visual skills, have limited evaluation of their effectiveness to guide policy and practice. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether any intervention, with the specific aim of maximising driving skills, improves the driving performance of people after stroke. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials register (August 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1950 to October 2013), EMBASE (1980 to October 2013), and six additional databases. To identify further published, unpublished and ongoing trials, we handsearched relevant journals and conference proceedings, searched trials and research registers, checked reference lists and contacted key researchers in the area. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomised trials and cluster studies of rehabilitation interventions, with the specific aim of maximising driving skills or with an outcome of assessing driving skills in adults after stroke. The primary outcome of interest was the performance in an on-road assessment after training. Secondary outcomes included assessments of vision, cognition and driving behaviour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected trials based on pre-defined inclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed risk of bias. A third review author moderated disagreements as required. The review authors contacted all investigators to obtain missing information. MAIN RESULTS: We included four trials involving 245 participants in the review. Study sample sizes were generally small, and interventions, controls and outcome measures varied, and thus it was inappropriate to pool studies. Included studies were at a low risk of bias for the majority of domains, with a high/unclear risk of bias identified in the areas of: performance (participants not blinded to allocation), and attrition (incomplete outcome data due to withdrawal) bias. Intervention approaches included the contextual approach of driving simulation and underlying skill development approach, including the retraining of speed of visual processing and visual motor skills. The studies were conducted with people who were relatively young and the timing after stroke was varied. Primary outcome: there was no clear evidence of improved on-road scores immediately after training in any of the four studies, or at six months (mean difference 15 points on the Test Ride for Investigating Practical Fitness to Drive - Belgian version, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 4.56 to 34.56, P value = 0.15, one study, 83 participants). Secondary outcomes: road sign recognition was better in people who underwent training compared with control (mean difference 1.69 points on the Road Sign Recognition Task of the Stroke Driver Screening Assessment, 95% CI 0.51 to 2.87, P value = 0.007, one study, 73 participants). Significant findings were in favour of a simulator-based driving rehabilitation programme (based on one study with 73 participants) but these results should be interpreted with caution as they were based on a single study. Adverse effects were not reported. There was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the effects on vision, other measures of cognition, motor and functional activities, and driving behaviour with the intervention. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was insufficient evidence to reach conclusions about the use of rehabilitation to improve on-road driving skills after stroke. We found limited evidence that the use of a driving simulator may be beneficial in improving visuocognitive abilities, such as road sign recognition that are related to driving. Moreover, we were unable to find any RCTs that evaluated on-road driving lessons as an intervention. At present, it is unclear which impairments that influence driving ability after stroke are amenable to rehabilitation, and whether the contextual or remedial approaches, or a combination of both, are more efficacious.", "publicationTitle": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 25, 2014", "volume": "2", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "CD008357", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/14651858.CD008357.pub2", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/335099c99809584d8bc12ca83cbfac83f7c24b3c", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-493X", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Rehabilitation for improving automobile driving after stroke", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "5MDUPD7B", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/5MDUPD7B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/5MDUPD7B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rothman et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-02-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5MDUPD7B", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Walking and child pedestrian injury: a systematic review of built environment correlates of safe walking", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Rothman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Buliung" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Macarthur" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "To" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Howard" } ], "abstractNote": "Background: The child active transportation literature has focused on walking, with little attention to risk associated with increased traffic exposure. This paper reviews the literature related to built environment correlates of walking and pedestrian injury in children together, to broaden the current conceptualization of walkability to include injury prevention. Methods: Two independent searches were conducted focused on walking in children and child pedestrian injury within nine electronic databases until March, 2012. Studies were included which: 1) were quantitative 2) set in motorized countries 3) were either urban or suburban 4) investigated specific built environment risk factors 5) had outcomes of either walking in children and/or child pedestrian roadway collisions (ages 0-12). Built environment features were categorized according to those related to density, land use diversity or roadway design. Results were cross-tabulated to identify how built environment features associate with walking and injury. Results: Fifty walking and 35 child pedestrian injury studies were identified. Only traffic calming and presence of playgrounds/recreation areas were consistently associated with more walking and less pedestrian injury. Several built environment features were associated with more walking, but with increased injury. Many features had inconsistent results or had not been investigated for either outcome. Conclusions: The findings emphasise the importance of incorporating safety into the conversation about creating more walkable cities.", "publicationTitle": "Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 24, 2014", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "41-9", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040701", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/bbfa290a142d7888a748ac6a618b96e80dcde689", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1475-5785", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Walking and child pedestrian injury: a systematic review of built environment correlates of safe walking", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "GHM36AHN", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/GHM36AHN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/GHM36AHN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Høye", "parsedDate": "2014-12-21", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GHM36AHN", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Speed cameras, section control, and kangaroo jumps-a meta-analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Høye" } ], "abstractNote": "A meta-analysis was conducted of the effects of speed cameras and section control (point-to-point speed cameras) on crashes. 63 effect estimates from 15 speed camera studies and five effect estimates from four section control studies were included in the analysis. Speed cameras were found to reduce total crash numbers by about 20%. The effect declines with increasing distance from the camera location. Fatal crashes were found to be reduced by 51%, this result may however be affected by regression to the mean (RTM). Section control was found to have a greater crash reducing effect than speed cameras (-30% for total crash numbers and -56% for KSI crashes). There is no indication that these results (except the one for the effect of speed cameras on fatal crashes) are affected by regression to the mean, publication bias or outlier bias. The results indicate that kangaroo driving (braking and accelerating) occurs, but no adverse effects on speed or crashes were found. Crash migration, i.e., an increase of crash numbers on other roads due to rerouting of traffic, may occur in some cases at speed cameras, but the results do not indicate that such effects are common. Both speed cameras and section control were found to achieve considerable speed reductions and the crash effects that were found in meta-analysis are of a similar size or greater than one might expect based on the effects on speed.", "publicationTitle": "Accident; analysis and prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 21, 2014", "volume": "73", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "200-8", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/77c932b85fb732e2d7e5bf0b1ba500bd04ba1ba8", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1879-2057", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Speed cameras, section control, and kangaroo jumps-a meta-analysis", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "FIF9HEJ6", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/FIF9HEJ6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/FIF9HEJ6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Honig et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-05-20", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FIF9HEJ6", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Lithium induced cognitive side-effects in bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Honig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. M.", "lastName": "Arts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. W.", "lastName": "Ponds" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. J.", "lastName": "Riedel" } ], "abstractNote": "Qualitative analysis of the literature on cognitive side-effects of lithium in patients with a bipolar disorder identified four of 17 studies that fulfilled criteria of adequate methodological quality. Analysis of these four studies showed that lithium had a negative effect on memory and speed of information processing, often without subjective complaints or awareness of mental slowness. The consequences of these findings for daily practice are discussed, in particular with respect to driving performance. When neurocognitive complaints or deficits are present, lithium plasma level, thyroid functions and degree of mood disturbance should be assessed. In cases where all these parameters are within normal limits and neurocognitive complaints still persist, dose reduction of lithium, thyroid hormone addition, prescription of a slow release preparation or replacement of lithium by another moodstabiliser should be considered. Guidelines are suggested with respect to further neuropsychological screening.", "publicationTitle": "International clinical psychopharmacology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 20, 1999", "volume": "14", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "167-71", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/9e4037bb9be98055719045cdd4bd972290be1a1f", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-1315", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Lithium induced cognitive side-effects in bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "76BJGPPT", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/76BJGPPT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/76BJGPPT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Frances et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-10-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "76BJGPPT", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Area‐wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related injuries", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bunn", "lastName": "Frances" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Collier", "lastName": "Timothy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frost", "lastName": "Chris" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ker", "lastName": "Katharine" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steinbach", "lastName": "Rebecca" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roberts", "lastName": "Ian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wentz", "lastName": "Reinhard" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: It is estimated that by 2020 road traffic crashes will have moved from ninth to third in the world disease burden ranking, as measured in disability adjusted life years, and to second in developing countries. Area-wide traffic calming schemes that discourage through traffic on residential roads is one strategy for preventing traffic related injuries. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of area-wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related crashes, injuries, and deaths. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and TRANSPORT. We searched the web sites of road safety organisations, handsearched conference proceedings, checked reference lists of relevant papers and contacted experts in the area. The search was not restricted by language or publication status. The searches were last updated in 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials and controlled before-after studies of area-wide traffic calming schemes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data on type of study, characteristics of intervention and control areas, and length of data collection periods. Before and after data were collected on the total number of road traffic crashes, all road user deaths and injuries, pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions and road user deaths. The results of each study were expressed as rate ratios. MAIN RESULTS: We found no randomised controlled trials, but 22 controlled before-and-after studies met our inclusion criteria. Seven studies were conducted in Germany, seven in the UK, two in Australia, two in the Netherlands, two in Denmark, one in Japan, and one in Spain. There were no studies in low or middle income countries. Nine trials reported the number of road traffic crashes resulting in deaths; pooled rate ratio 0.79 (95% CI 0.23 to 2.68). Eighteen studies reported the number of road traffic crashes resulting in injuries (fatal and non-fatal); pooled rate ratio 0.85 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.96). Twelve studies reported the total number of road traffic crashes; pooled rate ratio 0.89 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.05). Fourteen trials reported the number of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions; pooled rate ratio 1.01 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.16). There was evidence of significant heterogeneity for the total number of crashes and road user injuries outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results from this review suggest that area-wide traffic calming in towns and cities may be a promising intervention for reducing the number of road traffic injuries and deaths. However, further rigorous evaluations of such interventions are needed.", "publicationTitle": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 7, 2009", "volume": "", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "CD003110", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/14651858.CD003110", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/ebb8161c4b433d84bf656b9551162591c560d6a6", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-493X", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Area‐wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related injuries", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "ZGST9H3X", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/ZGST9H3X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/ZGST9H3X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dowswell et al.", "parsedDate": "1996-06-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZGST9H3X", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Preventing childhood unintentional injuries -- what works? A literature review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Dowswell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. M.", "lastName": "Towner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Simpson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. N.", "lastName": "Jarvis" } ], "abstractNote": "AIM: The aim of this paper is to report on a systematic review of the world literature to provide information about the most effective forms of health promotion interventions to reduce childhood (0-14 years) unintentional injuries. The findings are of relevance to policy makers at a local or national level, to practitioners and researchers. METHODS: The relevant literature has been identified through the use of electronic databases, hand searching of journals, scanning reference lists, and consultation with key informants. RESULTS: Examples of interventions that have been effective in reducing injury include: bicycle helmet legislation, area wide traffic calming measures, child safety restraint legislation, child resistant containers to prevent poisoning, and window bars to prevent falls. Interventions effective in changing behaviour include bicycle helmet education and legislation, child restraint legislation, child restraint loan schemes, child restraint educational campaigns, pedestrian education aimed at the child/parent, provision of smoke detectors, and parent education on home hazard reduction. For the community based campaigns, the key to success has been the sustained use of surveillance systems, the commitment of interagency cooperation and the time needed to develop networks and implement a range of interventions. Education, environmental modification and legislation all have a part to play and their effect in combination is important. CONCLUSION: The design of evaluations in injury prevention needs to be improved so that more reliable evidence can be obtained. Better information is needed on process, so that successful strategies can be replicated elsewhere. There is also a need for literature reviews on effectiveness to be updated regularly and for their findings to be widely disseminated to policy makers, researchers, and practitioners.", "publicationTitle": "Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2, 1996", "volume": "2", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "140-9", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/103fa1d69ced5cbe7f8c4ea8f9139219b2dce7d3", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1353-8047", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Preventing childhood unintentional injuries -- what works? A literature review", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "H77AU4VH", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/H77AU4VH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/H77AU4VH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Debinski et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-12-30", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "H77AU4VH", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Public opinion on motor vehicle-related injury prevention policies: a systematic review of a decade of research", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Debinski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. C.", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Gielen" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVE: Legislation is an effective strategy for reducing road-related fatalities and injuries. Public opinion can be an impetus for passing new laws and can affect the success of their implementation, but little is known about the current state of public opinion toward existing and proposed road-related policies in the United States. This review describes the scope and results of research on public support for state- and local-level evidence-based motor vehicle- and bicycle-related policies. We identify gaps in our understanding of public support for these policies. METHODS: Published U.S. literature and all reports from the NHTSA from the past decade (2003-2012) were searched for data on opinions about existing or proposed policies related to motor vehicle or bicycle injury prevention. Twenty-six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In all, studies reported public opinion about 7 injury prevention topic areas: all-terrain vehicles (n = 1), automated enforcement with red light and speed cameras (n = 5), distracted driving (n = 4), drinking and driving (n = 5), graduated driver licensing (n = 7), helmets (n = 7), and seat belts (n = 4). Twenty-three studies focused only on one topic, and 3 sought public opinion about multiple topic areas. RESULTS: The studies revealed generally high levels of support for injury prevention policies in all topic areas. Fifteen studies collected information from national samples, and only 7 studies reported data from the state (n = 5) or local (n = 2) level. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relatively small evidence base on public opinion related to motor vehicle- and bicycle-related evidence-based policies; even less is less known for state- or county-specific policies. The findings of this review suggest that the public's opinion toward injury prevention legislation is generally favorable. This information can be used to communicate with the media and policy makers to reinforce the need for effective policy solutions to continuing motor vehicle injury problems. More research is needed to understand the perspectives of those who do not hold favorable opinions, to understand opinions toward local or state-level policies, and to monitor trends in public opinion over time. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Traffic Injury Prevention to view the supplemental file.", "publicationTitle": "Traffic injury prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 30, 2014", "volume": "15", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "243-51", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/15389588.2013.816419", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/31b97c41ba95ae031c743687e3a07d5097f75503", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1538-957X", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Public opinion on motor vehicle-related injury prevention policies: a systematic review of a decade of research", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "3AJF4IUK", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/3AJF4IUK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/3AJF4IUK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cecilia et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-11-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3AJF4IUK", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wilson", "lastName": "Cecilia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Willis", "lastName": "Charlene" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. Hendrikz", "lastName": "Joan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brocque", "lastName": "Robyne Le" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bellamy", "lastName": "Nicholas" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: It is estimated that by 2020, road traffic crashes will have moved from ninth to third in the world ranking of burden of disease, as measured in disability adjusted life years. The prevention of road traffic injuries is of global public health importance. Measures aimed at reducing traffic speed are considered essential to preventing road injuries; the use of speed cameras is one such measure. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the use of speed cameras reduces the incidence of speeding, road traffic crashes, injuries and deaths. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following electronic databases covering all available years up to May 2010: the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (WebSPIRS), EMBASE (WebSPIRS), TRANSPORT, IRRD (International Road Research Documentation), TRANSDOC (European Conference of Ministers of Transport databases), Web of Science (Science and Social Science Citation Index), PsycINFO, CINAHL, EconLit, WHO database, Sociological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts, Index to Theses. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials, interrupted time series and controlled before-after studies that assessed the impact of speed cameras on speeding, road crashes, crashes causing injury and fatalities were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data, assessed methodological quality, reported study authors' outcomes and where possible, calculated standardised results based on the information available in each study. Due to considerable heterogeneity between and within included studies, a meta-analysis was not appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty five studies met the inclusion criteria. Compared with controls, the relative reduction in average speed ranged from 1% to 15% and the reduction in proportion of vehicles speeding ranged from 14% to 65%. In the vicinity of camera sites, the pre/post reductions ranged from 8% to 49% for all crashes and 11% to 44% for fatal and serious injury crashes. Compared with controls, the relative improvement in pre/post injury crash proportions ranged from 8% to 50%. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Despite the methodological limitations and the variability in degree of signal to noise effect, the consistency of reported reductions in speed and crash outcomes across all studies show that speed cameras are a worthwhile intervention for reducing the number of road traffic injuries and deaths. However, whilst the the evidence base clearly demonstrates a positive direction in the effect, an overall magnitude of this effect is currently not deducible due to heterogeneity and lack of methodological rigour. More studies of a scientifically rigorous and homogenous nature are necessary, to provide the answer to the magnitude of effect.", "publicationTitle": "Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 10, 2010", "volume": "11", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "CD004607", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/14651858.CD004607.pub4", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/b83cb9d179c5d11c74e6f3e06bd00e09a5587691", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-493X", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "R69HXDTM", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/R69HXDTM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/R69HXDTM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Caird et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-07-25", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R69HXDTM", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A meta-analysis of the effects of cell phones on driver performance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. K.", "lastName": "Caird" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. R.", "lastName": "Willness" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Steel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Scialfa" } ], "abstractNote": "The empirical basis for legislation to limit cell phones while driving is addressed. A comprehensive meta-analysis of the effects of cell phones on driving performance was performed. A total of 33 studies collected through 2007 that met inclusion criteria yielded 94 effect size estimates, with a total sample size of approximately 2000 participants. The dependent variables of reaction time, lateral vehicle control, headway and speed and the moderating variables of research setting (i.e., laboratory, simulator, on-road), conversation target (passenger, cell phone) and conversation type (cognitive task, naturalistic) were coded. Reaction time (RT) to events and stimuli while talking produced the largest performance decrements. Handheld and hands-free phones produced similar RT decrements. Overall, a mean increase in RT of .25s was found to all types of phone-related tasks. Observed performance decrements probably underestimate the true behavior of drivers with mobile phones in their own vehicles. In addition, drivers using either phone type do not appreciably compensate by giving greater headway or reducing speed. Tests for moderator effects on RT and speed found no statistically significant effect size differences across laboratory, driving simulation and on-road research settings. The implications of the results for legislation and future research are considered.", "publicationTitle": "Accident; analysis and prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 25, 2008", "volume": "40", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1282-93", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/43c284fab8f4f28b1897f9531b5ee8fe642f6935", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0001-4575", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A meta-analysis of the effects of cell phones on driver performance", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "R7FCRMCH", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/R7FCRMCH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/R7FCRMCH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Caird et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-10-29", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R7FCRMCH", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A meta-analysis of the effects of texting on driving", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. K.", "lastName": "Caird" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. A.", "lastName": "Johnston" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. R.", "lastName": "Willness" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Asbridge" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Steel" } ], "abstractNote": "Text messaging while driving is considered dangerous and known to produce injuries and fatalities. However, the effects of text messaging on driving performance have not been synthesized or summarily estimated. All available experimental studies that measured the effects of text messaging on driving were identified through database searches using variants of \"driving\" and \"texting\" without restriction on year of publication through March 2014. Of the 1476 abstracts reviewed, 82 met general inclusion criteria. Of these, 28 studies were found to sufficiently compare reading or typing text messages while driving with a control or baseline condition. Independent variables (text-messaging tasks) were coded as typing, reading, or a combination of both. Dependent variables included eye movements, stimulus detection, reaction time, collisions, lane positioning, speed and headway. Statistics were extracted from studies to compute effect sizes (rc). A total sample of 977 participants from 28 experimental studies yielded 234 effect size estimates of the relationships among independent and dependent variables. Typing and reading text messages while driving adversely affected eye movements, stimulus detection, reaction time, collisions, lane positioning, speed and headway. Typing text messages alone produced similar decrements as typing and reading, whereas reading alone had smaller decrements over fewer dependent variables. Typing and reading text messages affects drivers' capability to adequately direct attention to the roadway, respond to important traffic events, control a vehicle within a lane and maintain speed and headway. This meta-analysis provides convergent evidence that texting compromises the safety of the driver, passengers and other road users. Combined efforts, including legislation, enforcement, blocking technologies, parent modeling, social media, social norms and education, will be required to prevent continued deaths and injuries from texting and driving.", "publicationTitle": "Accident; analysis and prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 29, 2014", "volume": "71", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "311-8", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/bba1d7a3cc6a8f935a544e4a1e886ccec2472cc5", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1879-2057", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A meta-analysis of the effects of texting on driving", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "5SF6W4PR", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/5SF6W4PR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/5SF6W4PR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Banstola and Mytton", "parsedDate": "2016-08-30", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5SF6W4PR", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent road traffic injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A literature review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Banstola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Mytton" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVE: To identify, critically appraise, summarise and synthesise evidence from Cost-Effectiveness Analyses (CEA) of interventions aimed at preventing Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) by age group and road users targeted. METHODS: A search strategy was applied to twelve electronic databases for studies published between May 2002 and August 2015 that met pre-specified inclusion criteria. Additional studies were identified by contacting authors and searching bibliographies. Included studies were critically appraised against published criteria and a narrative synthesis was conducted including a use of the strength of evidence criteria. RESULTS: Five studies were included in the final review that reported nine interventions. Only two out of nine interventions (drink-drive legislation with enforcement via breath testing campaign, and combined interventions for reducing RTIs) showed moderate evidence of being cost-effective while the evidence of cost-effectiveness of other interventions was weak. Only two interventions (bicycle and motorcycle helmet use legislation and enforcement) were explicitly targeted to children, young people and vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists. The cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent RTIs in LMICs ranged from US$4.14 per DALYs averted for building speed bumps at the most dangerous junctions that caused 10 percent of junction deaths in the area studied, to US$3,403 per DALYs averted for legislation and enforcement of helmet use by motorcyclists in the WHO sub-Saharan Africa region. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent RTIs in LMICs is limited, particularly for children, young people and vulnerable road users. Evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a larger number of possible road safety interventions in a variety of LMIC settings are warranted to generate the evidence base for effective traffic injury prevention programmes.", "publicationTitle": "Traffic injury prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 30, 2016", "volume": "18", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "0", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/00a6ca963ccf7f6a34f4e90bfd9cc858b5c8a007", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1538-957X", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent road traffic injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A literature review", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "TCC9X9GD", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/TCC9X9GD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/TCC9X9GD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ali and Willett", "parsedDate": "2015-03-16", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TCC9X9GD", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "What is the effect of the weather on trauma workload? A systematic review of the literature", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. M.", "lastName": "Ali" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Willett" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Hospital admission rates for a number of conditions have been linked to variations in the weather. It is well established that trauma workload displays significant seasonal variation. A reliable predictive model might enable targeting of high-risk groups for intervention and planning of hospital staff levels. To our knowledge there have been no systematic reviews of the literature on the relationship between weather and trauma workload, and predictive models have thus far been informed by the results of single studies. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of bibliographic databases and reference lists up to June 2014 to identify primary research papers assessing the effect of specified weather conditions including temperature, rainfall, snow, fog, hail, humidity and wind speed on trauma workload, defined as admission to hospital, fracture or a Road Traffic Accident (RTA) resulting in a seriously injured casualty or fatality. RESULTS: 11,083 papers were found through electronic and reference search. 83 full papers were assessed for eligibility. 28 met inclusion criteria and were included in the final review; 6 of these related to the effect of the weather on trauma admissions, one to ambulance call out for trauma, 13 to fracture rate and 8 to RTAs. Increased temperature is positively correlated with trauma admissions. The rate of distal radius fractures is more sensitive to adverse weather than the rate of hip fractures. Paediatric trauma, both in respect of trauma admissions and fracture rate, is more sensitive to the weather than adult trauma. Adverse weather influences both RTA frequency and severity, but the nature of the relationship is dependent upon the timecourse of the weather event and the population studied. Important methodological differences between studies limit the value of the existing literature in building consensus for a generalisable predictive model. CONCLUSIONS: Weather conditions may have a substantial effect on trauma workload independent of the effects of seasonal variation; the population studied and timecourse of weather events appear critical in determining this relationship. Methodological differences between studies limit the validity of conclusions drawn from analysis of the literature, and we identify a number of areas that future research might address.", "publicationTitle": "Injury", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 16, 2015", "volume": "46", "issue": "(Ali A.M., adamali@post.harvard.edu; Willett K.) Kadoorie Centre for Critical Care Research; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "945-953", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.injury.2015.03.016", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/6fd55c589025ccf1d0befb7430adfa75d93e73dd", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1879-0267", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "What is the effect of the weather on trauma workload? A systematic review of the literature", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "J336QSQW", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/J336QSQW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/J336QSQW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aguilera et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J336QSQW", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Road safety measures and their effects on traffic injuries: a systematic review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra Lúcia Vieira Ulinski", "lastName": "Aguilera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simone Tetú", "lastName": "Moysés" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel Jorge", "lastName": "Moysés" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVE: To identify and summarize the findings of studies describing interventions aimed at reducing road traffic injuries. METHODS: An integrative systematic review without meta-analysis was performed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used to synthesize the findings of the articles reviewed. The keywords \"traffic accidents\", \"review\" and \"public policy\" were used in isolation or combined with boolean operator \"And\" to search PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS for the period between 2006 and 2011 RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were included in the systematic review. Of these, two described engineering strategies, two described other road safety policies, three described education strategies, and 15 described law enforcement policies. Law enforcement had the most effective immediate results. Engineering strategies proved important to promote a safe environment. Finally, education strategies had an informative role and served to support other strategies, but did not seem sufficient to promote cultural changes regarding road safety. CONCLUSIONS: Law enforcement seems to be the most effective strategy to change the behavior of drivers, especially regarding speed limits and drinking and driving.", "publicationTitle": "Rev Panam Salud Publica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2014", "volume": "36", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "257-265", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/e224ca80ec1479624edeae30e35994d62e03001a", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Road safety measures and their effects on traffic injuries: a systematic review", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "2VR87SPM", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/2VR87SPM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/2VR87SPM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vieira Ulinski Aguilera et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2VR87SPM", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Intervenções de segurança viária e seus efeitos nas lesões causadas pelo trânsito: uma revisão sistemática", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandra Lúcia", "lastName": "Vieira Ulinski Aguilera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simone Tetú", "lastName": "Moysés" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel Jorge", "lastName": "Moysés" } ], "abstractNote": "Objective. To identify and summarize the findings of studies describing interventions aimed at reducing road traffic injuries. Methods. An integrative systematic review without meta-analysis was performed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used to synthesize the findings of the articles reviewed. The keywords “traffic accidents”, “review” and “public policy” were used in isolation or combined with boolean operator “And” to search PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS for the period between 2006 and 2011. Results. Twenty-two studies were included in the systematic review. Of these, two described engineering strategies, two described other road safety policies, three described education strategies, and 15 described law enforcement policies. Law enforcement had the most effective immediate results. Engineering strategies proved important to promote a safe environment. Finally, education strategies had an informative role and served to support other strategies, but did not seem sufficient to promote cultural changes regarding road safety. Conclusions. Law enforcement seems to be the most effective strategy to change the behavior of drivers, especially regarding speed limits and drinking and driving.", "publicationTitle": "Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2014", "volume": "36", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "257-265", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/a48f226f958a92b0171c82d7547c52a669bfa32e", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "10204989", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Intervenções de segurança viária e seus efeitos nas lesões causadas pelo trânsito: uma revisão sistemática", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "T65HMZWW", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/T65HMZWW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/T65HMZWW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sadeghi-Bazargani and Saadati", "parsedDate": "2016-07-19", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T65HMZWW", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Speed Management Strategies; A Systematic Review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Sadeghi-Bazargani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Saadati" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify the various methods of speed management and their effects. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in Science Direct, Ovid Medline, Scopus, PubMed and ProQuest databases from April to June 2015. Hand searching and reference of selected articles were used to improve article identification. Articles published after 1990 which had reported on efficacy/effectiveness of speed management strategies were included. Data were extracted using pre-defined extraction table. RESULTS: Of the 803 retrieved articles, 22 articles were included in this review. Most of the included articles (63%) had before-after design and were done in European countries. Speed cameras, engineering schemes, intelligent speed adaption (ISA), speed limits and zones, vehicle activated sign and integrated strategies were the most common strategies reported in the literature. Various strategies had different effects on mean speed of the vehicles ranging from 1.6 to 10 km/h. Moreover, 8-65% and 11-71% reduction was reported in person injured accidents and fatal accidents, respectively as a result of employing various strategies. CONCLUSION: Literature revealed positive effects of various speed management strategies. Using various strategies was mostly dependent on road characteristics, driver's attitude about the strategy as well as economic and technological capabilities of the country. Political support is considered as a main determinant in selecting speed management strategies.", "publicationTitle": "Bulletin of emergency and trauma", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 19, 2016", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "126-33", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/3daba4b92ddf5ce72dbb3058cdfc6fa5d4c77999", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2322-2522", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Speed Management Strategies; A Systematic Review", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "5X45938F", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/5X45938F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/5X45938F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rapoport and Baniña", "parsedDate": "2007-05-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5X45938F", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Impact of psychotropic medications on simulated driving: a critical review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. J.", "lastName": "Rapoport" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. C.", "lastName": "Baniña" } ], "abstractNote": "Driving a motor vehicle is central to the functional autonomy of patients with psychiatric illnesses. There have been many studies of the deleterious effects of psychotropic medications such as benzodiazepines, typical antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) on human motor skills; however, in the literature little attention has been paid to how such impairment affects driving ability. Computerised driving simulators offer a laboratory-based method of assessing the effects of specific psychotropic medications on driving abilities, in a standardised, controlled and safe manner. The purpose of the present article is to review research undertaken to-date on the effects of psychotropic medications on computer-simulated driving. A search of various databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo, was conducted. Forty-one articles assessing the impact of psychotropics on computer-simulated driving were identified. The pooled total number of subjects assessed in these simulator studies was 1336 (mean sample size 30.36 [SD 35.8]). The most common outcome measures in the various studies were speed, steering, deviation from lateral position (tracking, lane drifting), reaction time or braking accuracy, driving errors (e.g. errors in turning, coordination, gap acceptance, signalling, following distance) and vehicle collisions. The results of the studies were quite variable; however, the most common drug-related impairments included those of tracking and reaction time. Benzodiazepines and TCAs were most commonly associated with impairment, although the level of impairment was dependent on the population studied, the dose and the time of testing relative to drug administration. Computer-simulated driving provides a useful tool to research psychotropic-related impairment of driving abilities. Limitations of currently available data include the lack of generalisability, standardisation and small sample sizes.", "publicationTitle": "CNS drugs", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 24, 2007", "volume": "21", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "503-19", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/a11a6780b935c1d7f9ffef565e0c6e15dd410144", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1172-7047", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Impact of psychotropic medications on simulated driving: a critical review", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "ZC9FTUFB", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/ZC9FTUFB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/ZC9FTUFB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pilkington and Kinra", "parsedDate": "2005-02-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZC9FTUFB", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties: systematic review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Pilkington" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Kinra" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVES: To assess whether speed cameras reduce road traffic collisions and related casualties. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, Social Science Citation Index, TRANSPORT database, ZETOC, the internet (including websites of road safety and motoring organisations), and contact with key individuals and organisations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Road traffic collisions, injuries, and deaths. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Controlled trials and observational studies assessing the impact of fixed or mobile speed cameras on any of the selected outcomes. RESULTS: 14 observational studies met the inclusion criteria; no randomised controlled trials were found. Most studies were before-after studies without controls (n = 8). All but one of the studies showed effectiveness of cameras up to three years or less after their introduction; one study showed sustained longer term effects (4.6 years after introduction). Reductions in outcomes across studies ranged from 5% to 69% for collisions, 12% to 65% for injuries, and 17% to 71% for deaths in the immediate vicinity of camera sites. The reductions over wider geographical areas were of a similar order of magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties. The level of evidence is relatively poor, however, as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential confounders. Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future.", "publicationTitle": "BMJ (Clinical research ed.)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 12, 2005", "volume": "330", "issue": "7487", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "331-4", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.38324.646574.AE", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/93a38781b017521bae2b495a80651a7e88a9f1c2", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1756-1833", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties: systematic review", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "HSQHQBAH", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/HSQHQBAH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/HSQHQBAH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mulvaney et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-12-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HSQHQBAH", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cycling infrastructure for reducing cycling injuries in cyclists", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. A.", "lastName": "Mulvaney" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. C.", "lastName": "Watson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Parkin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Coupland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Kendrick" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "McClintock" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Cycling is an attractive form of transport. It is beneficial to the individual as a form of physical activity that may fit more readily into an individual's daily routine, such as for cycling to work and to the shops, than other physical activities such as visiting a gym. Cycling is also beneficial to the wider community and the environment as a result of fewer motorised journeys. Cyclists are seen as vulnerable road users who are frequently in close proximity to larger and faster motorised vehicles. Cycling infrastructure aims to make cycling both more convenient and safer for cyclists. This review is needed to guide transport planning. OBJECTIVES: To:1. evaluate the effects of different types of cycling infrastructure on reducing cycling injuries in cyclists, by type of infrastructure;2. evaluate the effects of cycling infrastructure on reducing the severity of cycling injuries in cyclists;3. evaluate the effects of cycling infrastructure on reducing cycling injuries in cyclists with respect to age, sex and social group. SEARCH METHODS: We ran the most recent search on 2nd March 2015. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (OvidSP), Embase Classic + Embase(OvidSP), PubMed and 10 other databases. We searched websites, handsearched conference proceedings, screened reference lists of included studies and previously published reviews and contacted relevant organisations. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials, cluster randomised controlled trials, controlled before-after studies, and interrupted time series studies which evaluated the effect of cycling infrastructure (such as cycle lanes, tracks or paths, speed management, roundabout design) on cyclist injury or collision rates. Studies had to include a comparator, that is, either no infrastructure or a different type of infrastructure. We excluded studies that assessed collisions that occurred as a result of competitive cycling. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors examined the titles and abstracts of papers obtained from searches to determine eligibility. Two review authors extracted data from the included trials and assessed the risk of bias. We carried out a meta-analysis using the random-effects model where at least three studies reported the same intervention and outcome. Where there were sufficient studies, as a secondary analysis we accounted for changes in cyclist exposure in the calculation of the rate ratios. We rated the quality of the evidence as 'high', 'moderate', 'low' or 'very low' according to the GRADE approach for the installation of cycle routes and networks. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 21 studies for inclusion in the review: 20 controlled before-after (CBA) studies and one interrupted time series (ITS) study. These evaluated a range of infrastructure including cycle lanes, advanced stop lines, use of colour, cycle tracks, cycle paths, management of the road network, speed management, cycle routes and networks, roundabout design and packages of measures. No studies reported medically-attended or self-reported injuries. There was no evidence that cycle lanes reduce the rate of cycle collisions (rate ratio 1.21, 95% CI 0.70 to 2.08). Taking into account cycle flow, there was no difference in collisions for cyclists using cycle routes and networks compared with cyclists not using cycle routes and networks (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.05). There was statistically significant heterogeneity between the studies (I² = 75%, Chi² = 8.00 df = 2, P = 0.02) for the analysis adjusted for cycle flow. We judged the quality of the evidence regarding cycle routes and networks as very low and we are very uncertain about the estimate. These analyses are based on findings from CBA studies.From data presented narratively, the use of 20 mph speed restrictions in urban areas may be effective at reducing cyclist collisions. Redesigning specific parts of cycle routes that may be particularly busy or complex in terms of traffic movement may be beneficial to cyclists in terms of reducing the risk of collision. Generally, the conversion of intersections to roundabouts may increase the number of cycle collisions. In particular, the conversion of intersections to roundabouts with cycle lanes marked as part of the circulating carriageway increased cycle collisions. However, the conversion of intersections with and without signals to roundabouts with cycle paths may reduce the odds of collision. Both continuing a cycle lane across the mouth of a side road with a give way line onto the main road, and cycle tracks, may increase the risk of injury collisions in cyclists. However, these conclusions are uncertain, being based on a narrative review of findings from included studies. There is a lack of evidence that cycle paths or advanced stop lines either reduce or increase injury collisions in cyclists. There is also insufficient evidence to draw any robust conclusions concerning the effect of cycling infrastructure on cycling collisions in terms of severity of injury, sex, age, and level of social deprivation of the casualty.In terms of quality of the evidence, there was little matching of intervention and control sites. In many studies, the comparability of the control area to the intervention site was unclear and few studies provided information on other cycling infrastructures that may be in place in the control and intervention areas. The majority of studies analysed data routinely collected by organisations external to the study team, thus reducing the risk of bias in terms of systematic differences in assessing outcomes between the control and intervention groups. Some authors did not take regression-to-mean effects into account when examining changes in collisions. Longer data collection periods pre- and post-installation would allow for regression-to-mean effects and also seasonal and time trends in traffic volume to be observed. Few studies adjusted cycle collision rates for exposure. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Generally, there is a lack of high quality evidence to be able to draw firm conclusions as to the effect of cycling infrastructure on cycling collisions. There is a lack of rigorous evaluation of cycling infrastructure.", "publicationTitle": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 10, 2015", "volume": "12", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "CD010415", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/44d6daecfdafccc9d77ba1f4374e5291c71c5e5a", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-493X", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cycling infrastructure for reducing cycling injuries in cyclists", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "AX8WX3CW", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/AX8WX3CW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/AX8WX3CW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Elvik", "parsedDate": "2001-05-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AX8WX3CW", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes: a meta-analysis of safety effects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Elvik" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents a meta-analysis of 33 studies that have evaluated the effects on road safety of area-wide urban traffic calming schemes. Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes are typically implemented in residential areas in towns in order to reduce the environmental and safety problems caused by road traffic. A hierarchical road system is established and through traffic is removed from residential streets by means of, for example, street closures or one-way systems. Speed reducing devices are often installed in residential streets. Main roads are improved in order to carry a larger traffic volume without additional delays or more accidents. The meta-analysis shows that area-wide urban traffic calming schemes on the average reduce the number of injury accidents by about 15%. The largest reduction in the number of accidents is found for residential streets (about 25%), a somewhat smaller reduction is found for main roads (about 10%). Similar reductions are found in the number of property damage only accidents. The results of evaluation studies are robust with respect to study design. There is no evidence of publication bias in evaluation studies. Study findings are found to have high external validity.", "publicationTitle": "Accident; analysis and prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 8, 2001", "volume": "33", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "327-36", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/ee5cfb93a4d12965e9709562be2bb6059bd87155", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0001-4575", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Area-wide urban traffic calming schemes: a meta-analysis of safety effects", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "9CPPK25M", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/9CPPK25M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/9CPPK25M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ekmejian et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-10-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9CPPK25M", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A systematic review on the effectiveness of back protectors for motorcyclists", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Ekmejian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Sarrami" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. M.", "lastName": "Naylor" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. A.", "lastName": "Harris" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Motorcyclists are a vulnerable road-user population who are overrepresented in traffic injuries. Utilisation of back protectors may be an effective preventive measure for spine injuries in motorcyclists. Since use of back protectors is increasing it is important that clinical evidence supports their use. The study aimed to investigate the current evidence on the ability of back protectors to reduce the rate of back injuries and patient mortality in motorcycle crashes. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using various electronic databases. Systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, case series and case reports were included Opinion pieces and laboratory or biomechanical studies were excluded. Back protectors and spine protectors were included as the intervention; neck braces and speed humps were excluded. The target outcomes were any injuries to the back or death. Only English language studies were included. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 185 studies. After excluding 183 papers by title and abstract and full-text evaluation, only two small cross-sectional studies were included. Foam inserts in motorcycle jackets and non-standard clothing may possibly be associated with higher risk of injuries, while hard shell and standard back protectors may possibly be associated with a reduced rate of back and spinal injury. CONCLUSION: This systematic review highlighted lack of appropriate evidence on efficacy of back protectors. Based on limited information, we are uncertain about the effects of back protectors on spinal injuries. Further research is required to substantiate the effects of back protectors on mortality and other injuries to the back.", "publicationTitle": "Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 4, 2016", "volume": "24", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "115", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/dd58906c4f5202049b9a5cc6965689a66df9855c", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1757-7241", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A systematic review on the effectiveness of back protectors for motorcyclists", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "CBJ7BV6G", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/CBJ7BV6G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/CBJ7BV6G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Davison and Lawson", "parsedDate": "2006-07-27", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CBJ7BV6G", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Do attributes in the physical environment influence children's physical activity? A review of the literature", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. K.", "lastName": "Davison" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. T.", "lastName": "Lawson" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Many youth today are physically inactive. Recent attention linking the physical or built environment to physical activity in adults suggests an investigation into the relationship between the built environment and physical activity in children could guide appropriate intervention strategies. METHOD: Thirty three quantitative studies that assessed associations between the physical environment (perceived or objectively measured) and physical activity among children (ages 3 to 18-years) and fulfilled selection criteria were reviewed. Findings were categorized and discussed according to three dimensions of the physical environment including recreational infrastructure, transport infrastructure, and local conditions. RESULTS: Results across the various studies showed that children's participation in physical activity is positively associated with publicly provided recreational infrastructure (access to recreational facilities and schools) and transport infrastructure (presence of sidewalks and controlled intersections, access to destinations and public transportation). At the same time, transport infrastructure (number of roads to cross and traffic density/speed) and local conditions (crime, area deprivation) are negatively associated with children's participation in physical activity. CONCLUSION: Results highlight links between the physical environment and children's physical activity. Additional research using a transdisciplinary approach and assessing moderating and mediating variables is necessary to appropriately inform policy efforts.", "publicationTitle": "The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 27, 2006", "volume": "3", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "19", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1186/1479-5868-3-19", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/62f9c4bc25c2d278809d806abc3c54a2f4eb49d9", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1479-5868", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Do attributes in the physical environment influence children's physical activity? A review of the literature", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "N2A4Q4H6", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/N2A4Q4H6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/N2A4Q4H6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bunn et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N2A4Q4H6", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Traffic calming for the prevention of road traffic injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Bunn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Collier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Frost" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Ker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Roberts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Wentz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Primary", "lastName": "Centre for Research in" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "University of Hertfordshire College Lane Hatfield Herts A. L. A. B. U. K. F. bunn herts ac uk", "lastName": "Community Care" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVE: To assess whether area-wide traffic calming schemes can reduce road crash related deaths and injuries. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, EMBASE, Sociological Abstracts Science (and social science) citation index, National Technical Information service, Psychlit, Transport Research Information Service, International Road Research Documentation, and Transdoc, and web sites of road safety organisation were searched; experts were contacted, conference proceedings were handsearched, and relevant reference lists were checked. Inclusion criteria: Randomised controlled trials, and controlled before/after studies of area-wide traffic calming schemes designed to discourage and slow down through traffic on residential roads. METHODS: Data were collected on road user deaths, injuries, and traffic crashes. For each study rate ratios were calculated, the ratio of event rates before and after intervention in the traffic calmed area divided by the corresponding ratio of event rates in the control area, which were pooled to give an overall estimate using a random effects model. FINDINGS: Sixteen controlled before/after studies met our inclusion criteria. Eight studies reported the number of road user deaths: pooled rate ratio 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 2.59). Sixteen studies reported the number of injuries (fatal and non-fatal): pooled rate ratio 0.89 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.00). All studies were in high income countries. CONCLUSION: Area-wide traffic calming in towns and cities has the potential to reduce road traffic injuries. However, further rigorous evaluations of this intervention are needed, especially in low and middle income countries.", "publicationTitle": "Injury Prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2003", "volume": "9", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "200-204", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/6f74cc4449bbe7779b18b188d007e77074a11cf9", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "13538047", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Traffic calming for the prevention of road traffic injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } }, { "key": "P56XQSKF", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 367595, "name": "uDDSP_Recherche", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/367595/items/P56XQSKF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/uddsp_recherche/items/P56XQSKF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1278922, "username": "tbrauchl", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tbrauchl", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aziz et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-09-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P56XQSKF", "version": 35, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sheikh", "lastName": "Aziz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hurwitz", "lastName": "Brian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Schayck", "lastName": "Constant Paul van" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "McLean", "lastName": "Susannah" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nurmatov", "lastName": "Ulugbek" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection of the conjunctiva. Both the palpebral and the bulbar ocular conjunctival surfaces are usually affected and typically become red and inflamed. Antibiotic therapy is widely used for the treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. This Cochrane Review was first published in The Cochrane Library in 1999; updated in 2006 and again in 2012. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of antibiotic therapy in the management of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 7), MEDLINE (January 1950 to July 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to July 2012), OpenGrey (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe) (www.opengrey.eu/), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 18 July 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included double-masked randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which any form of antibiotic treatment had been compared with placebo/vehicle in the management of acute bacterial conjunctivitis. This included topical, systemic and combination (for example, antibiotics and steroids) antibiotic treatments. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors (UN and SM) independently checked and reviewed the titles and abstracts of identified studies. We assessed the full text of all potentially relevant studies. We graded the included RCTs for methodological quality using Cochrane methodology. We performed data extraction in a standardised manner. We performed random-effects meta-analyses using RevMan. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 11 eligible RCTs which randomised a total of 3673 participants. One further trial, which was published in abstract form in 1990 but has yet to be reported fully, is currently 'awaiting assessment'. Six of the 11 included studies have been included for the first time in this latest (2012) update. The trials were heterogeneous in terms of their inclusion and exclusion criteria, the nature of the intervention, and the outcome measures assessed. We judged two of the trials to be of high quality and graded the remainder as poor quality. Meta-analyses of data on clinical and microbiological remission rates revealed that topical antibiotics were of benefit in improving 'early' (days two to five) clinical (risk ratio (RR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15 to 1.61) and microbiological (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.76) remission rates. At the 'late' time point (days six to 10), antibiotics were found to still confer modest benefits in clinical remission (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.33) and microbiological cure rates (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.52). By days six to 10, 41% (95% CI 38 to 43) of cases had resolved in those receiving placebo. We found no data on the cost-effectiveness of antibiotics. No serious outcomes were reported in either the active or placebo arms of these trials, suggesting that important sight-threatening complications are an infrequent occurrence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although acute bacterial conjunctivitis is frequently self limiting, the findings from this updated systematic review suggest that the use of antibiotic eye drops is associated with modestly improved rates of clinical and microbiological remission in comparison to the use of placebo. Use of antibiotic eye drops should therefore be considered in order to speed the resolution of symptoms and infection.", "publicationTitle": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 12, 2012", "volume": "9", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "CD001211", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/14651858.CD001211.pub3", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.epistemonikos.org/documents/0f4c45cc4bf6439b1b03e229e335f6828545b389", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-493X", "archive": "EPISTEMONIKOS", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "S75BQ296" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z", "dateModified": "2017-11-24T17:03:32Z" } } ]