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II..pdf", "md5": "771a4bb388d5711b1229aa1fca346e2a", "mtime": 1547668814000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-16T20:00:14Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-16T20:00:14Z" } }, { "key": "A43CAPFZ", "version": 175, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/A43CAPFZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/A43CAPFZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/9LC73LFR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "A43CAPFZ", "version": 175, "parentItem": "9LC73LFR", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2019-01-16T19:59:38Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803918300215", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S1467803918300215.html", "md5": "38f30fdbddb62d79e4f07ffccb4331c2", "mtime": 1547668778000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-16T19:59:38Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-16T19:59:38Z" } }, { "key": "9LC73LFR", "version": 174, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/9LC73LFR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/9LC73LFR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nadein and Betz", "parsedDate": "2018-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "9LC73LFR", "version": 174, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Jumping mechanisms and performance in beetles. II. Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhamphini)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Konstantin", "lastName": "Nadein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oliver", "lastName": "Betz" } ], "abstractNote": "We describe the kinematics and performance of the natural jump in the weevil Orchestes fagi (Fabricius, 1801) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its jumping apparatus with underlying anatomy and functional morphology. In weevils, jumping is performed by the hind legs and involves the extension of the hind tibia. The principal structural elements of the jumping apparatus are (1) the femoro-tibial joint, (2) the metafemoral extensor tendon, (3) the extensor ligament, (4) the flexor ligament, (5) the tibial flexor sclerite and (6) the extensor and flexor muscles. The kinematic parameters of the jump (from minimum to maximum) are 530–1965 m s−2 (acceleration), 0.7–2.0 m s−1 (velocity), 1.5–3.0 ms (time to take-off), 0.3–4.4 μJ (kinetic energy) and 54–200 (g-force). The specific joint power as calculated for the femoro-tibial joint during the jumping movement is 0.97 W g−1. The full extension of the hind tibia during the jump was reached within up to 1.8–2.5 ms. The kinematic parameters, the specific joint power and the time for the full extension of the hind tibia suggest that the jump is performed via a catapult mechanism with an input of elastic strain energy. A resilin-bearing elastic extensor ligament that connects the extensor tendon and the tibial base is considered to be the structure that accumulates the elastic strain energy for the jump. According to our functional model, the extensor ligament is loaded by the contraction of the extensor muscle, while the co-contraction of the antagonistic extensor and flexor muscles prevents the early extension of the tibia. This is attributable to the leverage factors of the femoro-tibial joint providing a mechanical advantage for the flexor muscles over the extensor muscles in the fully flexed position. The release of the accumulated energy is performed by the rapid relaxation of the flexor muscles resulting in the fast extension of the hind tibia propelling the body into air.", "publicationTitle": "Arthropod Structure & Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1, 2018", "volume": "47", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "131-143", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Arthropod Structure & Development", "DOI": "10.1016/j.asd.2018.02.006", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803918300215", "accessDate": "2019-01-16T19:59:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1467-8039", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Jumping mechanisms and performance in beetles. II. Weevils (Coleoptera", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Coleoptera", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Functional morphology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Jump", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kinematics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Locomotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Resilin", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-16T19:59:31Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-16T19:59:31Z" } }, { "key": "7LXBFCTY", "version": 172, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/7LXBFCTY", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/7LXBFCTY", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/U7XYQRHA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7LXBFCTY", "version": 172, "parentItem": "U7XYQRHA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2018-12-29T04:22:44Z", "url": "http://ac.els.cdn.com/002073229090022H/1-s2.0-002073229090022H-main.pdf?_tid=a2f8d611-992d-48b7-af3d-84bcdabac92e&acdnat=1546057423_eb7fc293cbad0bf4b97372f9ecc75694", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Sehnal and Akai - 1990 - Insect silk glands their types, development and f.pdf", "md5": "5f302ab728e0106f6d15f3a7addc5924", "mtime": 1546057364000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-12-29T04:22:44Z", "dateModified": "2018-12-29T04:22:44Z" } }, { "key": "9MGMHQ6U", "version": 170, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/9MGMHQ6U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/9MGMHQ6U", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/U7XYQRHA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9MGMHQ6U", "version": 170, "parentItem": "U7XYQRHA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2018-12-29T04:21:46Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002073229090022H", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "002073229090022H.html", "md5": "311876b2874128c4ce0350413099a871", "mtime": 1546057306000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-12-29T04:21:46Z", "dateModified": "2018-12-29T04:21:46Z" } }, { "key": "U7XYQRHA", "version": 169, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/U7XYQRHA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/U7XYQRHA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sehnal and Akai", "parsedDate": "1990-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "U7XYQRHA", "version": 169, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Insect silk glands: their types, development and function, and effects of environmental factors and morphogenetic hormones on them", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "František", "lastName": "Sehnal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hiromu", "lastName": "Akai" } ], "abstractNote": "Insect silk glands are ectodermal organs that evolved several times in the phylogeny from one of the following cell types: epidermal cells associated with bristle formation; sex accessory glands; larval Malpighian tubules; and larval labial salivary glands. As far as is known, the ultrastructure of the silk-producing cells is similar in all gland types, except for the labial glands of lower Hymenoptera. In most Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, the posterior gland region secretes fibroin and one to several small proteins; this core of silk is enveloped in the middle region of the gland by a mixture of sericins. The cuticle-lined anterior region provides the gland outlet. Lepidopteran silk glands become secretory prior to hatching. During larval life they increase their secretory potential by growing in size and ploidy. Their function fluctuates in each instar according to a “larval” pattern, which is characterized by the initiation of intensive RNA transcription with the resumption of feeding, by a high rate of proteosynthesis during feeding, and by cessation of these activities with the advancement of the next molt. In the last-larval instar, the silk glands develop according to a metamorphic pattern that differs from the larval one by enhanced function and, especially, by the programming of silk glands for histolysis. Starvation of larvae causes silk gland regression, cold shock prevents spinning, and exposure of larvae to alcohol vapours kills certain silk gland cells. Development of silk glands is altered with hormonal treatments of larvae. Juvenile hormone (JH) curbs silk gland function, prevents their degeneration, and, indirectly, it can cause an increase in silk production. Low doses of ecdysteroids accelerate silk gland development to increased function, while high doses cause regression and degeneration. Juvenile hormone anologues and anti-JH compounds are used in sericulture to control the yield and quality of silk. Available data are consistent with the following scheme of the hormonal control of silk glands. The change from the larval to the metamorphic developmental pattern is caused by a drop in JH titre. Realization of the pattern depends on consecutive action of several factors: trace amounts of JH in the last-larval instar affect silk glands via regulation of feeding and molt timing; function of silk glands depends on nutrient supply and it is stimulated by a brain neurohormone; slight elevation of ecdysteroid titre, which is associated with the termination of feeding and initiation of cocoon spinning, may be implicated in the culmination of proteosynthesis, and in the initiation of functional regression in the silk glands; the molt-inducing surge of ecdysteroids induces regression in the silk glands developing according to the larval pattern, but degeneration in those completing the metamorphic developmental pattern.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 1990", "volume": "19", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "79-132", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology", "DOI": "10.1016/0020-7322(90)90022-H", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002073229090022H", "accessDate": "2018-12-29T04:21:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0020-7322", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Insect silk glands", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2WUCBRRP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-12-29T04:21:29Z", "dateModified": "2018-12-29T04:21:29Z" } }, { "key": "4GHMF982", "version": 182, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/4GHMF982", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/4GHMF982", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1875127, "username": "rjs360", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rjs360", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Patra et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-10-26", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "4GHMF982", "version": 182, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Morphology and Histology of Lyonet's Gland of the Tropical Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea mylitta", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sudip", "lastName": "Patra" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ravindra Nath", "lastName": "Singh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohammad", "lastName": "Raziuddin" } ], "abstractNote": "The morphology and histology of Lyonet's gland in the second to fifth instar larvae of Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) are described. Each of the paired silk glands of this silk worm were associated with a Lyonet's gland. The paired Lyonet's glands were located on the ventrolateral sides of the esophagus, close to the subesophageal ganglion. Whole mount and SEM observations revealed that each Lyonet's gland consisted of a rosette of glandular mass, and a short narrow tubular duct opening into the anterior part of the silk gland (ASG), close to the common excretory duct. In each instar, these glands were unequal in size. The glandular mass was innervated by fine nerves from the subesophageal ganglion, suggesting a neural control for the glandular activity. The glandular mass was made up of clustered long cells wrapped by a thin basal lamina, which was continuous over the non-secretory low columnar cells of the Lyonet's gland duct and ASG. The narrow bases of long cells of each glandular mass led into the lumen of the duct of the gland. Histochemical analysis of fully developed Lyonet's gland showed clustered lipid granules in the gland cells.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Insect Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012-10-26", "volume": "12", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Insect Sci", "DOI": "10.1673/031.012.12301", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633247/", "accessDate": "2018-12-29T04:09:37Z", "PMID": "23451934", "PMCID": "PMC3633247", "ISSN": "1536-2442", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2WUCBRRP" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-12-29T04:17:41Z", "dateModified": "2018-12-29T04:17:41Z" } }, { "key": "IA6GJDMC", "version": 168, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/IA6GJDMC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/IA6GJDMC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/4GHMF982", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IA6GJDMC", "version": 168, "parentItem": "4GHMF982", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "PubMed Central Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2018-12-29T04:10:13Z", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633247/pdf/031.012.12301.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Patra et al. - 2012 - Morphology and Histology of Lyonet's Gland of the .pdf", "md5": "05a2c05777e759d5e671172ea0cef382", "mtime": 1546056613000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-12-29T04:17:41Z", "dateModified": "2018-12-29T04:17:41Z" } }, { "key": "TYWR9ANW", "version": 167, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/TYWR9ANW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/TYWR9ANW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/4GHMF982", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TYWR9ANW", "version": 167, "parentItem": "4GHMF982", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2018-12-29T04:09:37Z", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633247/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-12-29T04:17:41Z", "dateModified": "2018-12-29T04:17:41Z" } }, { "key": "93VEGWZQ", "version": 164, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/93VEGWZQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/93VEGWZQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/3UYZDGYG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "93VEGWZQ", "version": 164, "parentItem": "3UYZDGYG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Mathew and Nb - 2018 - Assessment of Lead Toxicity Using Drosophila melan.pdf", "accessDate": "2018-10-21T12:56:19Z", "url": "https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/assessment-of-lead-toxicity-using-drosophila-melanogaster-as-a-model-2161-0495-1000380.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Mathew and Nb - 2018 - Assessment of Lead Toxicity Using Drosophila melan.pdf", "md5": "238ca75044f30f7e9c0c2d1bc2761522", "mtime": 1540126582000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-10-21T12:56:19Z", "dateModified": "2018-10-21T12:56:22Z" } }, { "key": "3UYZDGYG", "version": 163, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 361018, "name": "Thickened femora for holding in insects", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/361018/items/3UYZDGYG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/thickened_femora_for_holding_in_insects/items/3UYZDGYG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2219368, "username": "imiko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/imiko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mathew and Nb", "parsedDate": "2018", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3UYZDGYG", "version": 163, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessment of Lead Toxicity Using Drosophila melanogaster as a Model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Blessy Baby", "lastName": "Mathew" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Krishnamurthy", "lastName": "Nb" } ], "abstractNote": "Objectives: Lead is recognized as a serious pollutant on the basis of its persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation and extensive use in industry. Exposure to lead results in a number of cytogenetical effects on freshwater biota which adversely affects the population, including reducing the rate of cell division and inducing mutations. In order to assess the toxicity of lead, a reliable model of Drosophila melanogaster was taken and experiments were carried out by maintaining a control set and experimental sets with varied concentrations of lead.\nMethods: The toxicity of lead was studied by varying the lead concentrations from 20-60 ppm in the food media that was given to the fruit flies. Studies on the larval, pupal and adult stages of the flies were done, including the reproductive and locomotion efficiency of the flies.\nResults: The results of our study shows that as the concentration of lead in the media increased from 20 to 60 ppm, there was a visible change in the number of offsprings and the locomotive behavior of flies. Significantly there was a stretch in the time duration in the conversion of larva to pupa and then pupa to adult. 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Rev. 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