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Good overview of milling and relates it specifically to social media uses

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Approximators - fuzziness within propositional content (his feet were sort of blue)

\n

Adaptors - using a term but changing it to show a    nonprototypical version of the term

\n

Rounders -rounding off figures/terms, rounding of measurements or numbers

\n

Shields - fuzziness in relationship between content and speaker (I think his feet were blue)

\n

Plausibility - speaker is uncertain because information comes from plausible reasoning

\n

Attribution - speaker is uncertain because information comes from the belief of another

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Hedge

\n

/                \\

\n

Approximator        Shield

\n

/        \\                    /     \\    

\n

Adaptor Rounder     Plausibility Attribution

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This paper discusses how uncertainty is expressed in relation to numerical values. It lists and seeks to categorize different types of hedge words. Defines two types of hedge words: shields (that modify propositions, ex. I think, probably) and approximators (that modify numerals, ex. about, nearly, no more than).

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Approximators vs. Shields

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Lance", "lastName": "Bennett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Courtney N.", "lastName": "Johnson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shawn", "lastName": "Walker" } ], "abstractNote": "This analysis establishes a conceptual framework, empirical criteria, and measures for deciding when technology-equipped crowd networks such as Occupy Wall Street behave as organizations. The framework is based on three principles that underlie most organizations: (1) resource mobilization; (2) responsiveness to short-term external conditions; and (3) coordinated long-term change, adaptation, or decline. We argue that Twitter played a coordinating role in Occupy as a connector and dynamic switching mechanism linking various networks. We develop methods for tracking how users embedded and shared links to resource locations. 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For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the \"human-readable summary\" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that \"you\" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; & the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Occupy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Twitter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "big data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "collective action", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "networked organization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "networks", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "EHJ29U28" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-08T18:10:27Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-08T18:10:27Z" } }, { "key": "MWNP6RNH", "version": 86, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 359170, "name": "Rumoring DRG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rumoring_drg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/359170/items/MWNP6RNH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rumoring_drg/items/MWNP6RNH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/359170/items/6FAJMHSC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 17037, "username": "walkeroh", "name": "Shawn", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/walkeroh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MWNP6RNH", "version": 86, "parentItem": "6FAJMHSC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Bennett et al_2014_Organization in the crowd.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-07-08T18:10:03Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1369118X.2013.870379", "note": "

Contents

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Lance", "lastName": "Bennett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexandra", "lastName": "Segerberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shawn", "lastName": "Walker" } ], "abstractNote": "How is crowd organization produced? How are crowd-enabled networks activated, structured, and maintained in the absence of recognized leaders, common goals, or conventional organization, issue framing, and action coordination? We develop an analytical framework for examining the organizational processes of crowd-enabled connective action such as was found in the Arab Spring, the 15-M in Spain, and Occupy Wall Street. The analysis points to three elemental modes of peer production that operate together to create organization in crowds: the production, curation, and dynamic integration of various types of information content and other resources that become distributed and utilized across the crowd. Whereas other peer-production communities such as open-source software developers or Wikipedia typically evolve more highly structured participation environments, crowds create organization through packaging these elemental peer-production mechanisms to achieve various kinds of work. The workings of these ‘production packages’ are illustrated with a theory-driven analysis of Twitter data from the 2011–2012 US Occupy movement, using an archive of some 60 million tweets. This analysis shows how the Occupy crowd produced various organizational routines, and how the different production mechanisms were nested in each other to create relatively complex organizational results.", "publicationTitle": "Information, Communication & Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 7, 2014", "volume": "17", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "232-260", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/1369118X.2013.870379", "citationKey": "bennettOrganizationCrowdPeer2014", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.870379", "accessDate": "2015-07-08T18:10:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1369-118X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Organization in the crowd", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "EHJ29U28" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-08T18:10:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-08T18:10:03Z" } } ]