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The contributors draw upon and extend the multidisciplinary perspectives in current science studies to understand the processes through which scientific researchers constructed the right--and, in some cases, the wrong--tools for the job. The articles portray the crafting or accessing of specific materials, techniques, instruments, models, funds, and work arrangements involved in doing scientific work. They demonstrate the historical and local contingencies of scientific problem construction and solving by highlighting the articulation between the tools and jobs. Indeed, the very \"rightness\" of the tools is contingently constructed, maintained, lost, and refashioned. The cases examined include evolutionary biology laboratory systems (James R. Griesemer), the plasmid prep procedure in molecular biology (Kathleen Jordan and Michael Lynch), models in the human ecology of African pastoralists (Peter Taylor), the micromanometer in metabolic studies (Frederic L. Holmes), genetics research and the role played by Planaria (Gregg Mitman and Anne Fausto-Sterling) and by corn (Barbara A. Kimmelman), quantitative data in field biology (Yrj Haila), taxidermy in natural history (Susan Leigh Star), technical standardization in bacteriology (Patricia Peck Gossell), and the discipline of immunology as the tool for stabilizing conceptual definitions in the field (Peter Keating, Alberto Cambrosio, and Michael Mackenzie). Originally published in 1992. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. 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But what if certain games were something more than this, providing not only outlets for entertainment but a means for creative expression, instruments for conceptual thinking, or tools for social change? In Critical Play, artist and game designer Mary Flanagan examines alternative games -- games that challenge the accepted norms embedded within the gaming industry -- and argues that games designed by artists and activists are reshaping everyday game culture. Flanagan provides a lively historical context for critical play through twentieth-century art movements, connecting subversive game design to subversive art: her examples of \"playing house\" include Dadaist puppet shows and The Sims. She looks at artists' alternative computer-based games and explores games for change, considering the way activist concerns -- including worldwide poverty and AIDS -- can be incorporated into game design.Arguing that this kind of conscious practice -- which now constitutes the avant-garde of the computer game medium -- can inspire new working methods for designers, Flanagan offers a model for designing that will encourage the subversion of popular gaming tropes through new styles of game making, and proposes a theory of alternate game design that focuses on the reworking of contemporary popular game practices.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "February 8, 2013", "publisher": "The MIT Press", "place": "Cambridge, Mass. ;London", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "368", "ISBN": "978-0-262-51865-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "flanagan_critical_2013", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Critical Play", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-09T17:07:44Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "HXEQMNEG", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/HXEQMNEG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/HXEQMNEG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2024645, "username": "egs008", "name": "Emily Sherwood", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/egs008", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 53592, "username": "oncomouse", "name": "Andrew Pilsch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oncomouse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nelson", "parsedDate": "2011-10-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HXEQMNEG", "version": 90, "itemType": "book", "title": "Race After the Internet", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Lisa", "lastName": "Nakamura" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Chow-White" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alondra", "lastName": "Nelson" } ], "abstractNote": "In Race After the Internet, Lisa Nakamura and Peter Chow-White bring together a collection of interdisciplinary, forward-looking essays exploring the complex role that digital media technologies play in shaping our ideas about race. Contributors interrogate changing ideas of race within the context of an increasingly digitally mediatized cultural and informational landscape. Using social scientific, rhetorical, textual, and ethnographic approaches, these essays show how new and old styles of race as code, interaction, and image are played out within digital networks of power and privilege. Race After the Internet includes essays on the shifting terrain of racial identity and its connections to social media technologies like Facebook and MySpace, popular online games like World of Warcraft, YouTube and viral video, WiFi infrastructure, the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) program, genetic ancestry testing, and DNA databases in health and law enforcement. Contributors also investigate the ways in which racial profiling and a culture of racialized surveillance arise from the confluence of digital data and rapid developments in biotechnology. This collection aims to broaden the definition of the \"digital divide\" in order to convey a more nuanced understanding of access, usage, meaning, participation, and production of digital media technology in light of racial inequality. Contributors: danah boyd, Peter Chow-White, Wendy Chun, Sasha Costanza-Chock, Troy Duster, Anna Everett, Rayvon Fouché, Alexander Galloway, Oscar Gandy, Eszter Hargittai, Jeong Won Hwang, Curtis Marez, Tara McPherson, Alondra Nelson, Christian Sandvig, Ernest Wilson", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "October 7, 2011", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "352", "ISBN": "978-0-415-80236-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "nakamura_race_2011", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-09T17:00:40Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "PNKUEQWP", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/PNKUEQWP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/PNKUEQWP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 264850, "username": "ctschroeder", "name": "Caroline T. 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The contributors draw upon and extend the multidisciplinary perspectives in current science studies to understand the processes through which scientific researchers constructed the right--and, in some cases, the wrong--tools for the job. The articles portray the crafting or accessing of specific materials, techniques, instruments, models, funds, and work arrangements involved in doing scientific work. They demonstrate the historical and local contingencies of scientific problem construction and solving by highlighting the articulation between the tools and jobs. Indeed, the very \"rightness\" of the tools is contingently constructed, maintained, lost, and refashioned. The cases examined include evolutionary biology laboratory systems (James R. Griesemer), the plasmid prep procedure in molecular biology (Kathleen Jordan and Michael Lynch), models in the human ecology of African pastoralists (Peter Taylor), the micromanometer in metabolic studies (Frederic L. Holmes), genetics research and the role played by Planaria (Gregg Mitman and Anne Fausto-Sterling) and by corn (Barbara A. Kimmelman), quantitative data in field biology (Yrj Haila), taxidermy in natural history (Susan Leigh Star), technical standardization in bacteriology (Patricia Peck Gossell), and the discipline of immunology as the tool for stabilizing conceptual definitions in the field (Peter Keating, Alberto Cambrosio, and Michael Mackenzie). Originally published in 1992. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "July 14, 2014", "publisher": "Princeton University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "388", "ISBN": "978-0-691-60342-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "clarke_right_2014-1", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Right Tools for the Job", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-09T16:56:34Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "ZTA6UC96", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/ZTA6UC96", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/ZTA6UC96", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2024645, "username": "egs008", "name": "Emily Sherwood", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/egs008", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 53592, "username": "oncomouse", "name": "Andrew Pilsch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oncomouse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Flanagan and Carini", "parsedDate": "2012-10-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "ZTA6UC96", "version": 90, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How Games Can Help Us Access and Understand Archival Images", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary", "lastName": "Flanagan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Carini" } ], "abstractNote": "A lack of quality metadata is a key problem encountered with mass-digitization projects as institutions strive to \"go digital.\" This paper reports on a pilot study of Metadata Games, a software system that uses computer games to collect information about archival images in libraries and archives as these institutions digitize millions of items across national collections. Games offer a unique advantage for collecting metadata because they can entice users who might normally be inclined to visit archives to explore humanities content and, in the process, contribute to vital records, and they can work in a wide-scale, distributed fashion to collect much more metadata than a typical archives staff member could contribute alone in the same time frame. Metadata Games can be used to enhance knowledge about images associated with particular disciplines and fields, or in interdisciplinary collections. This open-source system is easily customized to meet each institution's needs. By inviting mass participation, Metadata Games opens the door for archivists, researchers, and the public to unearth new knowledge that could radically enhance scholarship across the disciplines. Metadata Games expands what researchers, students, and the public can encounter in their quest to understand the human experience. Games offer great promise for humanities scholarship by uniting the culture of the archives with a diverse user base, including researchers, hobbyists, and gamers.", "publicationTitle": "The American Archivist", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2012", "volume": "75", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "514-537", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "The American Archivist", "DOI": "10.17723/aarc.75.2.b424537w27970gu4", "citationKey": "flanagan_how_2012", "url": "http://americanarchivist.org/doi/abs/10.17723/aarc.75.2.b424537w27970gu4", "accessDate": "2015-06-09T16:56:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-9081", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "americanarchivist.org (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-09T16:56:04Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "M9VF5TKU", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/M9VF5TKU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/M9VF5TKU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2024645, "username": "egs008", "name": "Emily Sherwood", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/egs008", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 53592, "username": "oncomouse", "name": "Andrew Pilsch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oncomouse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Borgman", "parsedDate": "2015-01-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "M9VF5TKU", "version": 90, "itemType": "book", "title": "Big Data, Little Data, No Data: Scholarship in the Networked World", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine L.", "lastName": "Borgman" } ], "abstractNote": "\"Big Data\" is on the covers of Science, Nature, the Economist, and Wired magazines, on the front pages of the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times. But despite the media hyperbole, as Christine Borgman points out in this examination of data and scholarly research, having the right data is usually better than having more data; little data can be just as valuable as big data. In many cases, there are no data -- because relevant data don't exist, cannot be found, or are not available. Moreover, data sharing is difficult, incentives to do so are minimal, and data practices vary widely across disciplines.Borgman, an often-cited authority on scholarly communication, argues that data have no value or meaning in isolation; they exist within a knowledge infrastructure -- an ecology of people, practices, technologies, institutions, material objects, and relationships. After laying out the premises of her investigation -- six \"provocations\" meant to inspire discussion about the uses of data in scholarship -- Borgman offers case studies of data practices in the sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities, and then considers the implications of her findings for scholarly practice and research policy. To manage and exploit data over the long term, Borgman argues, requires massive investment in knowledge infrastructures; at stake is the future of scholarship.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "January 2, 2015", "publisher": "The MIT Press", "place": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "416", "ISBN": "978-0-262-02856-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "borgman_big_2015", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Big Data, Little Data, No Data", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-09T16:42:07Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "54FSR83R", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/54FSR83R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/54FSR83R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2024645, "username": "egs008", "name": "Emily Sherwood", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/egs008", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 53592, "username": "oncomouse", "name": "Andrew Pilsch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oncomouse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Scholz and Lovink", "parsedDate": "2007-10-11", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "54FSR83R", "version": 89, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Art of Free Cooperation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Trebor", "lastName": "Scholz" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Geert", "lastName": "Lovink" } ], "abstractNote": "Capitalism's got a mad crush on collaboration--witness all the new business models based on \"collaboration studies\" and expensive corporate groupware, or the billions spent on YouTube -- but beneath all the flirtation, capitalism needs to stay in control. As long as the process of collaboration is controlled by external interests, the relationship will always be one of forced cooperation. And though it's way more challenging (for the participants and in terms of resistance), free cooperation will always be a lot sexier than forced cooperation. Inspired by the collaborative models of the open-source software movement, Rosa Luxemburg Award-winning German writer Christoph Spehr, Howard Rheingold, Brian Holmes and the editors critique both the received capitalist and socialist methods of social integration, and elaborate a practical vision for a third alternative, one that promises to surmount the problems of inequality on the one hand and the lack of individual freedoms on the other. Part utopian intervention, part radical polemic and activist manual, The Art of Free Cooperation also includes a DVD with additional texts, highlights from an international \"Free Cooperation\" conference, and a feature-length film collage, narrated by Tony Conrad, illustrating the principles of Free Cooperation through the visual language of science fiction.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "Pap/DVD edition", "date": "October 11, 2007", "publisher": "Autonomedia / Institute for Distributed Creativity", "place": "Brooklyn, NY", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "208", "ISBN": "978-1-57027-177-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "scholz_art_2007", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-10T17:11:30Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "JHCEM4CX", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/JHCEM4CX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/JHCEM4CX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2024645, "username": "egs008", "name": "Emily Sherwood", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/egs008", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 53592, "username": "oncomouse", "name": "Andrew Pilsch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oncomouse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu", "parsedDate": "2004-10-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JHCEM4CX", "version": 89, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the Culture of Information", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan", "lastName": "Liu" } ], "abstractNote": "Knowledge work is now the reigning business paradigm and affects even the world of higher education. But what perspective can the knowledge of the humanities and arts contribute to a world of knowledge work whose primary mission is business? And what is the role of information technology as both the servant of the knowledge economy and the medium of a new technological cool? In The Laws of Cool, Alan Liu reflects on these questions as he considers the emergence of new information technologies and their profound influence on the forms and practices of knowledge.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "1 edition", "date": "Oct. 1 2004", "publisher": "University Of Chicago Press", "place": "Chicago", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "552", "ISBN": "978-0-226-48699-4", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "liu_laws_2004", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Laws of Cool", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-10T17:06:23Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "XBH8NWMI", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/XBH8NWMI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/XBH8NWMI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2024645, "username": "egs008", "name": "Emily Sherwood", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/egs008", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 53592, "username": "oncomouse", "name": "Andrew Pilsch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oncomouse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hayles", "parsedDate": "2005-10-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XBH8NWMI", "version": 89, "itemType": "book", "title": "My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N. Katherine", "lastName": "Hayles" } ], "abstractNote": "We live in a world, according to N. Katherine Hayles, where new languages are constantly emerging, proliferating, and fading into obsolescence. These are languages of our own making: the programming languages written in code for the intelligent machines we call computers. Hayles's latest exploration provides an exciting new way of understanding the relations between code and language and considers how their interactions have affected creative, technological, and artistic practices.My Mother Was a Computer explores how the impact of code on everyday life has become comparable to that of speech and writing: language and code have grown more entangled, the lines that once separated humans from machines, analog from digital, and old technologies from new ones have become blurred. My Mother Was a Computer gives us the tools necessary to make sense of these complex relationships. Hayles argues that we live in an age of intermediation that challenges our ideas about language, subjectivity, literary objects, and textuality. This process of intermediation takes place where digital media interact with cultural practices associated with older media, and here Hayles sharply portrays such interactions: how code differs from speech; how electronic text differs from print; the effects of digital media on the idea of the self; the effects of digitality on printed books; our conceptions of computers as living beings; the possibility that human consciousness itself might be computational; and the subjective cosmology wherein humans see the universe through the lens of their own digital age.We are the children of computers in more than one sense, and no critic has done more than N. Katherine Hayles to explain how these technologies define us and our culture. Heady and provocative, My Mother Was a Computer will be judged as her best work yet.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "First Edition edition", "date": "October 1, 2005", "publisher": "University Of Chicago Press", "place": "Chicago", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "288", "ISBN": "978-0-226-32148-6", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "hayles_my_2005", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "My Mother Was a Computer", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-10T17:12:43Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "R5P77DKV", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 358251, "name": "FemDH", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/358251/items/R5P77DKV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/femdh/items/R5P77DKV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2024645, "username": "egs008", "name": "Emily Sherwood", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/egs008", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 53592, "username": "oncomouse", "name": "Andrew Pilsch", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/oncomouse", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hayles", "parsedDate": "1999-02-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "R5P77DKV", "version": 89, "itemType": "book", "title": "How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N. Katherine", "lastName": "Hayles" } ], "abstractNote": "In this age of DNA computers and artificial intelligence, information is becoming disembodied even as the \"bodies\" that once carried it vanish into virtuality. While some marvel at these changes, envisioning consciousness downloaded into a computer or humans \"beamed\" Star Trek-style, others view them with horror, seeing monsters brooding in the machines. In How We Became Posthuman, N. Katherine Hayles separates hype from fact, investigating the fate of embodiment in an information age.Hayles relates three interwoven stories: how information lost its body, that is, how it came to be conceptualized as an entity separate from the material forms that carry it; the cultural and technological construction of the cyborg; and the dismantling of the liberal humanist \"subject\" in cybernetic discourse, along with the emergence of the \"posthuman.\"Ranging widely across the history of technology, cultural studies, and literary criticism, Hayles shows what had to be erased, forgotten, and elided to conceive of information as a disembodied entity. Thus she moves from the post-World War II Macy Conferences on cybernetics to the 1952 novel Limbo by cybernetics aficionado Bernard Wolfe; from the concept of self-making to Philip K. Dick's literary explorations of hallucination and reality; and from artificial life to postmodern novels exploring the implications of seeing humans as cybernetic systems.Although becoming posthuman can be nightmarish, Hayles shows how it can also be liberating. From the birth of cybernetics to artificial life, How We Became Posthuman provides an indispensable account of how we arrived in our virtual age, and of where we might go from here.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "1 edition", "date": "February 15, 1999", "publisher": "University Of Chicago Press", "place": "Chicago, Ill", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "364", "ISBN": "978-0-226-32146-2", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "hayles_how_1999", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "How We Became Posthuman", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-10T17:12:06Z", "dateModified": "2026-02-17T14:23:25Z" } } ]