Could you please read the introduction, first, second, and third chapters as well as the 6th chapter and the concluding thoughts.
\ni am particularly interested in the maps that precede the introduction, and the introduction itself seems to have something to say about maps, space, and literature.
\nHer sixth chapter seems to offer some suggestions regarding the way Native American literatures might be incorporated into American literary history in general.
\nOne of the questions I have about this work--and other works regarding Native American literature in this period--has to do with what might be called their literariness. I wonder if the only appropriate and satisfying way to analyze the texts mentioned here and elsewhere require analysts to use methods more appropriate to history courses rather than literature courses.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-15T18:24:14Z", "dateModified": "2019-07-06T22:09:55Z" } }, { "key": "SE3ZUQUX", "version": 526, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/SE3ZUQUX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/SE3ZUQUX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/JA48CEKD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SE3ZUQUX", "version": 526, "parentItem": "JA48CEKD", "itemType": "note", "note": "Jace Weaver's The Red Atlantic explores the relationship between Native people and the Atlantic Ocean from the sweeping 927 year period between 1000-1927 CE. The book open with an interesting preface that charts some of it major influences, among them Paul Gilroy's The Black Atlantic, a book that traces the Atlantic's Ocean's relationship to people of African ancestry. Among its other influences are Fred Hoxie's Retrieving the Red Continent: Settler Colonialism and the History of American Indians in the U.S. and Native Americans and Anglo-American Culture, 1750-1850, edited by Kevin Hutchings and Tim Fulford, two books that might be worth investigating further.
\nAfter acknowledging these influences, Weaver's book goes on to an introduction that attempts to explain the bigger picture of this project. Weaver explains the necessity of moving beyond a discussion of the history of the Atlantic world as one of \"black and white,\" meaning of European and African ethnic groups, to explore and recognize the history of the \"radical mobility of the American indigenes who moved through and across the Atlantic both voluntarily and involuntarily throughout the period in question\" (8). Furthermore, Weaver highlights how authors from Julian Gines de Sepulveda in seventeenth-century Spain to Shakespeare to Poe used literature as a means of discussing the Other defined by a European perspective of the Atlantic world. However, according to Weaver, Native people themselves did not have literature until Occom's sermons. Weaver does not include non-textual, non-English language pieces as literature and writes \"as soon as they learned to write indigines [created literary works\" too,\" citing the works of Occom and nineteenth-century Native authors.
\nAlthough the book includes a chapter on literature, overwhelmingly from the nineteenth century to the present, the books primary focus from the introduction through the first 135 pages is a discussion of historical events and phenomena. Chapter 1, \"'For He Looks upon You as Foolish Children: Captives, Slaves, and the Red Atlantic,\" focuses on the ways Native people were forced to travel through and across the Atlantic as prisoners and/or slaves of Europeans. Chapter 2, \"In the Service of Others: Soldiers and Sailors of the Red Atlantic\" charts ways in which their travel was semi-voluntary when they became soldiers and sailors, frequently through the process of indentured servitude with a couple of notable exceptions.
\nWhile the book's basis and its strong relationship to geography seem rooted in the same intriguing ideas put forth by scholars like Brooks, I find the book problematic in a few ways. Although the book purports to argue against historical stereotypes of Native people, its approach occasionally reinforces some of those same stereotypes. It is firm in its assertion that there is no Native literature before Europeans introduced their style of writing. It presents Native people almost exclusively in a passive construction, and frequently from the point of view of the Europeans. It describes what Europeans felt, did, and said as they encountered Native people for the first time, almost never imagining ways in which Native people spoke for themselves and reacted to contact in their own ways before nineteenth-century writing. Instead of tracing what Native people and European people alike did on the Atlantic in this period, the book charts all the things that were done to Native people by Europeans. Europeans are the main agents in The Red Atlantic. Even the book's title the \"Red\" Atlantic, and its frequent reference to Native people as \"Indians\" or \"red\" people feels out-of-place and out-of-date for such recent scholarship in conversation with scholars like Brooks and Rasmussen. Lastly, the book relies heavily on questions of geography and the use of material artifacts to tell its stories and make its arguments, yet there are almost no pictures in the book. There is only one map in the book, and it shows currents and their direction in the Atlantic. It would be so much better if we could see the exact location of Fort Marion, or the route Fitzroy took to take four Native children from what is today North American soil across the Atlantic into England, the back again, stopping in the West Indies, and returning the continental U.S. While the book takes a unique and fresh approach to studying Native people before during and after 1800 (or 1783 for that matter...), its relevance to literary history seems less compelling than work by scholars like Brooks.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-26T22:47:11Z", "dateModified": "2019-07-06T22:09:32Z" } }, { "key": "WPKNU9XR", "version": 525, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/WPKNU9XR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/WPKNU9XR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/JA48CEKD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WPKNU9XR", "version": 525, "parentItem": "JA48CEKD", "itemType": "note", "note": "Could you please read the following: pp 1-135 and 240.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-11T17:46:03Z", "dateModified": "2019-07-06T22:06:10Z" } }, { "key": "ZQ2J9C5H", "version": 524, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/ZQ2J9C5H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/ZQ2J9C5H", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/SNU43T72", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZQ2J9C5H", "version": 524, "parentItem": "SNU43T72", "itemType": "note", "note": "This book from Drew Lopenzina took the intriguing approach of arguing for early American literature from and by Native Americans as the dawn of a social, political, and intellectual movement based on resistance that has continued to have implications for Native American writers through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and into the present day. Lopenzina discusses later Native American writers like the nineteenth-century William Apess as joining a \"still elusive, amorphous tradition that included such figures as Samson Occom, Hendrick Aupaumut, Caleb Cheeshateaumauk, Thomas Waban, and others\" (5), pointing out that \"rarely, if ever, has anyone attempted to place these writers in a continuum of influence and tradition that values their contribution to the persistance of Native lifeways in colonial times\" (6).
\nThe introduction focuses heavily on approaching the issue of Native American literature from the period as a thought movement in terms of literary theory. The beginning, in particular, focuses on ideas from Gerald Vizenor about the writing of history, explaining that histories often become simulations of dominance that move away form the reality of what happened in favor of representations that reinforce the desired outcome of the people in power. Lopenzina further argues that \"in back of Vizenor's assertion is the apprehension that representation can never make claims to authenticate reality\" (4). In other words, history is a construct heavily biased by those who write it. Lopenzina goes on to introduce Vizenor's idea of \"survivance,\" and its implications for Native American literature from the period, arguing that Native Americans used literature as a means of survival and perseverance in the face of oppressive histories. Included in these oppressive histories is an act Lopenzina terms \"colonial unwitnessing\" in which British-American colonists consistently and systematically attempted to \"unwitness\" the Native American presence in their lives. For example, Lopenzina points out examples of colonists clearly describing Native American spiritual practices in their writings and yet claiming they had no gods or religion at the same time. Lopenzina also cites the trope of treating Native Americans as a \"vanishing race\" in American literature as an attempt at colonial unwitnessing-- an attempt to suppress the existence of a culture and, by extension, to erase the people who practice it (10).
\nLopenzina then goes on to bring in more theoretical ideas. First, Lopenzina cites Judith Herman and trauma theory, looking at trauma as the interruption of narrative. For Lopenzina, then, there exists the need for acts of \"continuance\" to counter that trauma that return to the historical narrative and fill in the gaps caused by the interruption of trauma and erasure of colonial unwitnessing (11). This portion of the introduction also makes the argument that the historical documents of Native American authors from this period can and should be read as literature. According to Lopenzina, their literary nature lies in their \"communitist meaning,\" explained as \"demonstrat[ing] a proactive commitment to Native community\" (Weaver qtd in Lopenzina 13). Finally, Lopenzina introduces Derrida's ideas on the house of the archive, which Lopenzina explains as the need for an external structure to house memories-- a structure that hides and/or selectively ignores the fact that it subscribes to an agenda of dominance.
\nChapter 4 of the book is all about Samson Occom and his writings in relation to these ideas as well as a few additional early land transactions from the Massachusett people. It starts by giving historical accounts about Massachusett documents-- where they came from and why they came to be written. The chapter then moves on to Occom, providing a brief biography of his life-- where he went, what he did, who he did and did not agree with and why, sometimes using pieces of his writing to support Lopenzina's historical narrative.
\nThis book introduces so many complex, fascinating, rich ideas in its introduction that have so many possibilities in terms of how they might be applied to Native American literature from the period before 1783. However, I don't think this book follows through with the ideas, in least in Chapter 4, as much as the introduction seems to promise. The introduction relies heavily on the \"so what\" question-- i.e. discussing why the literature is important and its implications without really presenting concrete examples. While chapter 4 would seem to be the perfect opportunity to use Occom's writings as a way to back up the claims made in the introduction, it reads more like a biography of Occom and/or a writing about the history of Native Americans in this period than a book that provides extensive literary analysis on a text as a means of proving a point about one or more literary pieces. There are moments when the book comes close to connecting the ideas from the introduction to the text (see the first full paragraph on page 240) but it only hints at what might happen if we privilege the text over historical events, i.e. specifically looking at Occom's writings as literature and seeing what they can tell us.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-20T16:37:43Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-20T17:53:22Z" } }, { "key": "JPAHI4D9", "version": 471, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/JPAHI4D9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/JPAHI4D9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/HJMA2FUZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JPAHI4D9", "version": 471, "parentItem": "HJMA2FUZ", "itemType": "note", "note": "This book was one of my favorites of all the reading on N.A. stuff during the period before 1783 that I have read so far, even if its relevance to the literary history book might seem a bit obscure. The introduction starts with interesting claims that the rest of the book follows up on. The intro opens with a discussion of how early settlers of New England colonies were and are considered \"people of the book\"-- that American culture accepts and even celebrates the literacy of Bible-reading, sermon-writing Puritans. Cohen argues that this happens as part of a binary in which Puritans take on the role of literate beings while Native people represent the other side of the binary, that of orality and illiteracy (1). For Cohen, however, such a binary is irrelevant and inaccurate. Instead Cohen's book seeks to examine ways in which English settlers in New England participated in a culture that was deeply oral/aural and ways in which Native Americans participated in a culture that relied on physical forms to carry messages including wampum, totemic symbols, and more. Furthermore, Cohen argues for the existence of a concept he terms multimedia literacy, explaining that settlers and Native Americans alike had to navigate communication via a wide variety of forms during this period. The book explores the role of these multimedia communications systems in early New England, examining them as \"occasions for and sites of contest for control over social and economic power because they offered individuals alternative and little-understood ways to gain agency across cultural and linguistic divides\" (2). Cohen then asks readers to expand notions of what counts as a communication network, explaining that \"when traps, paths, wampum, monuments, medical rituals, and other messaging systems are taken into account, both cultures appear to have been made from an ongoing exchange of anxieties, imaginations, resources, and performances\" (4).
\nCohen also engages with several theoretical approaches throughout the book and explains their inclusion in the introduction. The basis of the book is a combination of Native American studies and studies in the history of the book, two fields, Cohen staunchly argues, that need not be antithetical to one another (5). The book also relies heavily on ideas from performance studies as it examines specific usages of communications networks as performative acts Cohen terms publication events (21). Each chapter then goes on to dissect one or two specific publication events, probing the events' role in a variety of communications systems and exploring their performative nature, their relationship to the history and materiality of the book, and their context within their larger historical moment.
\nChapter 1 does this by examining Thomas Morton's maypole event, where Native Americans and settlers alike participated in a maypole celebration that involved poetry, as well as Morton's New English Canaan, explaining how each was a publication event that expressed three different complex social meanings for three different distinct groups-- the English Puritans, the Native Americans, and the Dutch printers. Chapter 2 provides an in-depth exploration of a radically different publication event, that of Edward Winslow curing the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit of severe constipation, possibly as a symptom of botulism. Cohen argues for this encounter as the activation of English and Wampanoag communications systems via the medium of Massasoit's body (66). Chapter 3 takes readers to the Providence Plantations, examining Roger Williams's A Key Into the Language of America as a publication event and \"a theorization of the relationship between communication and governance [...] demand[ing] close attention to Narragansett understanding of these systems\" (94). Finally Chapter 4 discusses how the modern-day publication event of a museum about the Pequot War remains in conversation with seventeenth-century communications networks as well as those of Native and non-Native people alike today. The chapter discusses the idea of a postmodern understanding of Native American identity and ends with a discussion of issues facing people of Pequot descent today.
\nThe book does an excellent job of discussing ways in which it is possible to consider real-world events as a kind of text based on the way they function in communications systems. Cohen even uses literary theory to perform a kind of close reading of the events and produces deeply compelling and surprising arguments about the events/texts at the same time. In particular, these theoretical approaches seem to align this book much more closely with literary studies than other texts like Weaver's and Brooks's that seemed much more focused on studying history. However, while Cohen makes a strong case for these events as a kind of text, it is still difficult to view them as \"literature,\" as some kind of art form. Their performative nature might be one way of imagining them as literature, but I don't feel the book pursues that line of thinking very far.
\n", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-07T16:00:15Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-07T21:57:02Z" } }, { "key": "NUM662QD", "version": 466, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/NUM662QD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/NUM662QD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/U45C5TJS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NUM662QD", "version": 466, "parentItem": "U45C5TJS", "itemType": "note", "note": "
I found this book by Brooks to be at times intriguing and at times problematic-- and always challenging! The book opens with a series of several maps, each of which provides some form of visualization of the Native space that the texts examined in the book occupy. The book then moves into the introduction in which Brooks discusses the very concept of Native literature during the early American period, arguing for a reconsideration of certain ideas about literature as a means of examining works by Native authors more meaningfully. Brooks explains that in the Wabanaki language, for example, the concept of drawing, i.e. making pictures, and the concept of writing, i.e. putting words onto a visual medium, do not exist as two distinct ideas the way they do for European languages (xxi). For Brooks, this means that scholars need to rethink the idea that Native people from this period had no writing in favor of reexamining what writing can be. Furthermore, Brooks argues that scholars should also move away from the idea that anything written must somehow be \"contaminated,\" i.e. not of pure Native culture on grounds that it contains writing which is traditionally thought of as a European undertaking (xxi). Brooks discusses the work of other scholars who have influenced her from a variety of fields including literary studies, Native American studies, history, and anthropology, and wraps up the chapter by turning to the question \"what is literature\" a final time. Brooks urges a reconsideration of the idea that fiction writing is somehow the height of literary achievement, begging scholars to ask more questions about the value of non-fiction forms, explaining that when such prejudices are put aside \"a vibrant intellectual and political conversation comes to the fore\" (xxxiii). Brooks briefly states that very concept of a literary versus a historical text is problematic on page xxiii, but does not push questions of these differences further.
\n\n
Moving into the body of the book, Brooks explains that Native literatures during the period in question focus heavily on issues surrounding land-- particularly its usage, occupation, and ownership. Thus for Brooks, an important way to conceptualize and analyze the literature occurs in tracing both the geographical and sociopolitical networks that occupy Native space during this period. The first three chapters are organized around employing this methodology on one or two main documents written by Native Americans for each chapter, with supporting evidence drawn from numerous other documents by authors from many different backgrounds. Chapter 1 focuses on a petition from Pinewans, a Native American author who played a key role in his local resistance movements. Brooks charts how and why Pinewans came to write the petition, who the petition was written to, the land the petition came from, and how the petition was in conversation with other documents. Chapter 2 does similar work for a memorial to written to the Connecticut Assembly in 1789. Brooks explains the historical events surrounding the document and how it came to be written, tracking the changing structure of Native American villages during this period as well as the social and political networks between villages. Chapter 3 examines the conflict between two major Native American figures following the close of the American Revolution, Joseph Brant and Hendrick Aupaumut, looking at documents from and about both of them and discussing the events of the conflict between them.
\nChapter 6 is perhaps the most useful chapter in terms of its relevance to literary history. It provides a breakdown of what Brooks believes to be the genres of Native literature during this period and why they are important. Brooks cites letters and messages, important as a means of examining ways Native people interacted with people from both within and outside their home communities; petitions, important because of their rhetorical devices and the political thought behind them; journey journals, important for their clues about authors' relationship to \"geographic and social ties\" (227); treaty literature, important for its status as a relatively unstudied literary form as well as its potential to \"represent the interaction between indigenous council protocol and European political discourse, between Native oratory and the written literature of the 'encounter'\" (229); and finally communal histories, primarily a nineteenth-century undertaking important for their portrayal of local history tied to notions of place/space and how people interacted with it. Brooks ends the book with concluding thoughts that urge the reader one final time to consider the importance of remembering the language, culture, and literature of Native people and to consider that oral and written traditions need not be diametrically opposed.
\nThe book's greatest strengths are definitely to be found in its maps. Both the maps at the beginning of the book as well as those that are interspersed throughout provide almost all the information that the \"Looking Glass\" article seemed to lack. The maps might be somewhat more helpful if they included lines to trace routes and more representations of topography more often, but I could usually use the maps Brooks did provide to imagine these for myself. The book presents so many intriguing ideas-- an acceptance of orality as literary, literature's relationship to place and space, the significance of literature on social and political networks-- yet I feel that at times the book takes a decided turn away from questions of literature and instead charts out a series of historical facts that can be both difficult to navigate and to imagine larger implications about. Not all the literary forms Brooks selects to examine are particularly well-suited to literary analysis-- especially not in the way Brooks uses them in this book. Instead, the texts function more as artifacts for Brooks to use as a \"jumping off point\" to list and describe the historical events surrounding their creation. The book frequently reads much more like a text for studies in history rather than literary studies. I do however, believe there is potential to talk about some of the texts Brooks mentions as literature, just with a slightly different scholarly approach. If Brooks had approached the texts asking/answering more questions like \"how do these words work to paint a very specific kind of picture of the place/space they describe? How do the motifs/tropes that pop up again and again in the texts point to larger sociopolitical and/or thought movements? and What are the larger implications of the social and geographical networks of Native space specifically for literature-- how and why are the texts in conversation with ideas surrounding these networks?\", I feel the text would have more relevance to literary studies. Also the introduction and conclusion discuss the importance of including orality in literature, but the rest of the book does not pursue this idea further-- what are the oral stories and how are they literary? How can we analyze them? How are they in conversation with the text-based literature found in the body of this book-- if at all?
\n\n
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-02T17:04:01Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-07T21:51:42Z" } }, { "key": "3HMDBM3D", "version": 412, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/3HMDBM3D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/3HMDBM3D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/HJMA2FUZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3HMDBM3D", "version": 412, "parentItem": "HJMA2FUZ", "itemType": "note", "note": "
Native audiences -- Good noise from New England -- Forestsof gestures -- Multimedia combat and the Pequot War
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-15T18:25:59Z", "dateModified": "2015-07-07T15:56:23Z" } }, { "key": "FWEEG9V5", "version": 346, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/FWEEG9V5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/FWEEG9V5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/U45C5TJS", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FWEEG9V5", "version": 346, "parentItem": "U45C5TJS", "itemType": "note", "note": "Alnôbawôgan, Wlôgan, Awikhigan: entering native space -- Restoring a dish turned upside down: Samson Occom, the Mohegan land case, and the writing of communal remembrance-- Two paths to peace: competing visions of the common pot -- Regenerating the village dish: William Apess and the Mashpee woodland revolt -- Envisioning New England asnative space: William Apess's Eulogy on King Philip -- Awikhigawôgan: mapping the genres of indigenous writing in the network of relations -- Concluding thoughts from Wabanaki space: literacy and the oral tradition
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-15T18:24:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-27T00:15:54Z" } }, { "key": "C9R7I4ZU", "version": 345, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/C9R7I4ZU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/C9R7I4ZU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/KFIXH4FA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C9R7I4ZU", "version": 345, "parentItem": "KFIXH4FA", "itemType": "note", "note": "This book, based on papers presented at a 1996 conference at the JCB, contains several relevant, if older, essays on what it terms the \"language encounter,\" between Native people and Europeans. The book's introduction explains the significance of the term, arguing that viewing the interaction of Native people and Europeans with respect to language as an \"encounter\" rather than a hegemonic phenomenon is a more accurate understanding for today's scholarship. It explains the encounter as two minds attempting to meet in such a way that they can exchange information with one another. Asserting that language and communication are not the same thing, that for both one can exist while the other fails, the book asks readers to apply these ideas to the early modern Americas (2-3).
\nThe introduction firmly asserts that the language encounter in this period is so much more than \"face-to-face oral exchange\" (4), explaining that \"in the early modern era, not only did Indians and Europeans often resort to different systems for the visual communication of information, they also frequently shared those systems\" (5).
\nWhile not demanding a redefinition of the definition of literature, the book demands a push of the boundaries of ideas about language and communication and how writing figures in both of these. Perhaps its scholarship in some ways anticipates that of scholars like Rasmussen. I plan to read the chapter \"Native Languages as Spoken and Written: Views from Southern New England\" by Kathleen Bragdon to learn more about questions of literacy and views on the subject from the mid- to late-1990s.
\n", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-27T00:02:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-27T00:15:10Z" } }, { "key": "F9XUZAFI", "version": 326, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/F9XUZAFI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/F9XUZAFI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/KFIXH4FA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F9XUZAFI", "version": 326, "parentItem": "KFIXH4FA", "itemType": "note", "note": "
Papers presented at a conference entitled \"Communicating with the Indians: aspects of the language encounter with the indigenous peoples of the Americas, 1492-1800,\" held Oct. 18-20, 1996, John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R.I
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-27T00:01:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-27T00:02:01Z" } }, { "key": "6EVNZ3PT", "version": 325, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/6EVNZ3PT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/6EVNZ3PT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/KFIXH4FA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6EVNZ3PT", "version": 325, "parentItem": "KFIXH4FA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Holdings: The Language encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800 : | Brown University Library", "accessDate": "2015-06-27T00:01:26Z", "url": "http://library.brown.edu/find/Record/b3101914", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "b3101914.html", "md5": "16f0a48145fac0e8adfccc9859a1d743", "mtime": 1435363286998, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-27T00:01:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-27T00:01:26Z" } }, { "key": "KFIXH4FA", "version": 324, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/KFIXH4FA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/KFIXH4FA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gray and Fiering", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "KFIXH4FA", "version": 324, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Language encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800: a collection of essays", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Edward G.", "lastName": "Gray" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Norman", "lastName": "Fiering" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "European expansion and global interaction", "seriesNumber": "v. 1", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2000", "publisher": "Berghahn Books", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "342", "ISBN": "1571811605 1571812105", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Language encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Library of Congress ISBN", "callNumber": "P130.52.A45 L36 2000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "America", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Communication", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Indians", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Languages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Languages in contact", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-27T00:01:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-27T00:01:23Z" } }, { "key": "TIREFDA4", "version": 323, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/TIREFDA4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/TIREFDA4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/8EGT64SH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TIREFDA4", "version": 323, "parentItem": "8EGT64SH", "itemType": "note", "note": "This encyclopedia, Native American Literatures: An Encyclopedia of Works, Characters, and Themes approaches Native American literature as a movement that essentially begins with Occom. The introduction's statement, \"That Occom moved from the centuries-old tradition of orality to literacy and from 'paganism' to Christianity in a generation was doubtless perceived as a moral victory by those who believed that Native Americans were without art simply because they were without literacy\" (xv), indicates the book's stance on literature as one side of a binary between literacy and orality, with literacy's definition firmly embedded in the idea of text on the page.
\nThe book focuses overwhelming on the books, authors, characters, themes, and motifs of works from the Native American Renaissance, a period defined by the creative works by Native authors that come after Momaday's seminal 1968 House Made of Dawn, to the present (1999 at the time of the book's publication). The book acknowledges the importance of oral tradition to the works it cites, but it does not explore any of the stories from oral traditions in detail. This is not the text to consult when looking for more information about non-textual literature, or any type of Native literature before Occom. However, it does offer much about Native literature from the 1960s onward, and the fact that Occom still remain prevalent is just one more indicator of his importance. Since almost every scholar we've examined this summer seems to mention Occom's work at least once, and usually much more than once, perhaps no literary history is complete without some mention of Occom?
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-26T23:41:08Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-26T23:56:22Z" } }, { "key": "7FPP2BMD", "version": 308, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/7FPP2BMD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/7FPP2BMD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/8EGT64SH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7FPP2BMD", "version": 308, "parentItem": "8EGT64SH", "itemType": "note", "note": "I am simply wondering: Does this book have any material relevant to pre-1783 writing (with \"writing\" broadly defined)?
\nYou don't have to read the whole encyclopedia! I am simply asking that you look at the book to see if there is anything relevant to the literary history I am writing.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-11T17:48:55Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-26T23:41:07Z" } }, { "key": "C6PUVVUX", "version": 261, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/C6PUVVUX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/C6PUVVUX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/5XD63A64", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C6PUVVUX", "version": 261, "parentItem": "5XD63A64", "itemType": "note", "note": "Imagining a distant new world -- Confronting a material new world -- Living with Europeans -- Native voices in a colonial world -- Native peoples in an imperial world -- Separate creations
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-11T17:50:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-24T21:27:28Z" } }, { "key": "UR9BZEDC", "version": 260, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/UR9BZEDC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/UR9BZEDC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/TMIFZ9NI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2497477, "username": "ocarpent", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ocarpent", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UR9BZEDC", "version": 260, "parentItem": "TMIFZ9NI", "itemType": "note", "note": "In the first chapter of Native American Literatures: An Introduction, Suzanne Evertsen Lundquist asks the question \"What Are Native American Literatures?\". Lundquist begins to answer this question by discussing the concept of \"plurality\" in Native literature, arguing that Native literature is marked by plurality because of its roots in an extremely vast array of Native cultures as well as a diverse mix of genres.
\nThe chapter then goes on to briefly discuss Native American life past and present. There is a brief discussion of Native history and the suffering that resulted from conquest and colonization, followed by statistical information. Lundquist cites that there are five hundred distinct Native nations and approximately two hundred different Native languages at the time of the book's 2004 publication.
\nNext, Lundquist includes a discussion of Native literature in academia, raising questions about how and where Native literature should fit into today's curricula. Lundquist points out that Native literature has traditionally been confined to study in departments of linguistics, history, anthropology, and, after the Civil Rights Movement, Native American studies. However, the texts also have an important and relevant significance for American literature. Why, then, do these texts appear so much less frequently on the syllabi of literature classes, especially when translations are available? One way to answer this question, according to Lundquist, is to consider the fact that Native literature's relationship to genre is frequently quite different to that of literature of European tradition. According to Lundquist, \"myths, rituals, prayers, songs, oratory, folklore, legends, Trickster tales, or other Native creations aren't easily accommodated into traditional Western or Euroamerican categories of fiction, drama, and poetry\" (2). Lundquist also points out that Native literatures create discomfort for the traditionally Anglo-American model of American history, troubling ideas about the democratic foundations of the nation and the romantic concept of Manifest Destiny.
\nWhile absent from the syllabi of courses in the history of American literature, Lundquist points out that Native authors are sometimes found on the syllabi of courses in contemporary American literature. Lundquist believes this to be the case because older Native works are considered to be mythologies, and mythological criticism is \"out of favor\" (2). However, Lundquist argues that such an attitude fails to recognize contemporary writers' ties to these mythological traditions and that the study of myth texts is, in fact, important. Lundquist cites Brian Bierhorst's assertion that \"there are distinct mythological maps that have guided cultures from ancient times to the present\" (3).
\nAccording to Lundquist, it is time to reconsider myth texts not as \"fictions created by unsophisticated cultures to explain the inexplicable,\" but as texts which \"house immemorial systems of beliefs concerning human relationships to the environment\" including relationships that are scientific, ethical, psychological, political, and medicinal\" (3).
\nFurthermore, Lundquist also argues that a misunderstanding of orality and its relationship to Native literature has contributed to problems of Native literature in academia. Lundquist argues that it is necessary to move away from the privileging of written texts in favor of recognizing that both oral and written expression are \"speech acts,\" with oral expressions being more dynamic, communal, and performance based while written expressions are more fixed and individualist.
\nLundquist cites several genres existing within Native mythologies, defined as \"timeless stories considered true, living, and exemplary\" (4). Among these are the origin stories found in emergence narratives that tell of the beginning of the world and humanity, migration narratives that \"often suggest that peoples must struggle to find or be led to their lands of inheritance\" (5), Trickster narratives that \"inadvertently create order out of chaos,\" as the Trickster's adventures reveal \"the contingent nature of human experience [...] and invitations to appropriate behavior are made\" (5). Among these tales, various archetypal characters emerge including heroes who cleanse the earth of chaos in the face of catastrophe and prophets who call on the people to follow divine will and authority (5). These literatures have performative significance in that the stories provide the basis for ceremonial re-enactments of their events that allow participants to relive and connect with mythologies.
\nThe mythologies cited above even continue to influence Native writing today, according to Lundquist, particularly in terms of genre. Lundquist cites the influence of traditional oratory in modern writing that uses the same \"verbal skill\" translated into autobiographical and essay writing (6-7). Lundquist also discusses how the tradition of Native American \"self-life writing\" allies more closely with generic conventions of myth traditions than with the Western traditions of autobiography and/or memoir. When many Native authors write about their lives, Lundquist argues, they do not use autobiography, which in its Western form is strongly marked by the individual's self-perception. Nor do they use memoir, which frequently involves much material concerning personalities other than the author's. Instead, many Native writers engage with an older tradition, which Lundquist argues is closer to orality in print, in which an individual shares experiences with the community because \"individual experience has tribal consequence\" (7). Also among today's Native genres influenced by past traditions is the Native Christian Narrative Discourse\" that involves an understanding of the Christian tradition colored by Native experience, culture, and tradition-- including literary tradition.
\nHaving cited several different genres of Native American literature of the past and present, Lundquist wraps up this chapter and its question of what exactly Native literature is by writing \"Native genres oftentimes collapse familiar boundaries between history, anthropology, religion, and literature. Such erasures, in the name of beauty, constitute an alternative aesthetic\" (10).
\nThe chapter discusses literature in terms of non-Western-European genres without attempting to redefine notions of what literature and/or literacy even are. Such an approach, if less bold than Rasmussen's model, seems more comfortable and/or comparatively easily to accomplish. While the chapter largely moves away from a Eurocentric attitude in its discussion, there are still some moments that are decidedly Eurocentric. Its extremely brief mention of Native history begins at the point of European conquest and highlights Native defeat and suffering. How might the chapter change with a more rigorous discussion of history that brought in discussion of Native experience before and after conquest? Also, the concluding sentence's assertion that Native literatures flout European generic conventions in the name of beauty seems to imply that Native literatures somehow experiment(ed) with European genres rather than existing before, during, and after contact with Europeans as thriving independent traditions.
\n\n
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-15T16:51:56Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-24T21:26:55Z" } }, { "key": "R2RGDGWC", "version": 259, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/R2RGDGWC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/R2RGDGWC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/P448TBJ4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R2RGDGWC", "version": 259, "parentItem": "P448TBJ4", "itemType": "note", "note": "
Introduction -- Performing God and Mammon -- Performing history -- Performing the noble savage -- Performing the Creole
\nI know this person's work, and, based on my reading of her previous work, I don't have a lot of hope that this will be useful. Could you read the introduction and provide a report?
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-22T00:41:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-22T00:55:12Z" } }, { "key": "E7A5AZU3", "version": 258, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/E7A5AZU3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/E7A5AZU3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/SNU43T72", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E7A5AZU3", "version": 258, "parentItem": "SNU43T72", "itemType": "note", "note": "i wonder if the introduction to this work has some interesting points to make about N.A. lit before 1800. What are the main points it makes in its introduction? What works does it discuss in its chapters? Do any of these works seem like they might have a place in the literary history? i wonder, too, if the notion of a 'network' might be a good way to conceive of the relation between various different literary traditions in the colonies before 1800?
\ni would also like you to read Chapter 4.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-22T00:48:38Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-22T00:50:21Z" } }, { "key": "3JJ8G4AV", "version": 258, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/3JJ8G4AV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/3JJ8G4AV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/HJMA2FUZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3JJ8G4AV", "version": 258, "parentItem": "HJMA2FUZ", "itemType": "note", "note": "i wonder if the introduction to this work has some interesting points to make about N.A. lit before 1800. What are the main points it makes in its introduction? What works does it discuss in its chapters? Do any of these works seem like they might have a place in the literary history? i wonder, too, if the notion of a 'network' might be a good way to conceive of the relation between various different literary traditions in the colonies before 1800?
\nTo be honest, I would like you to read the book as a whole. This book seems to me to be one of the most intriguing of all the works on Native American stuff in this period. If you could read the book as a whole and report on the ways in which he connects N.A. material and New England writing.
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-06-15T18:26:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-06-22T00:49:47Z" } }, { "key": "2U5R78ZV", "version": 256, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 355850, "name": "Mellon Summer", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/355850/items/2U5R78ZV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mellon_summer/items/2U5R78ZV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 512222, "username": "jegan61", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jegan61", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fitz", "parsedDate": "1991", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2U5R78ZV", "version": 256, "itemType": "book", "title": "Rediscovering the New World: inter-American literature in a comparative context", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Earl E.", "lastName": "Fitz" } ], "abstractNote": "The concept of \"American\" literature is not the exclusive province of any one nation. Thanks to the historical circumstances that governed the European conquest and settlement of the Americas, we can and should approach thewritings of English and French Canada, the United States, Spanish America, and Brazil as a cohesive group of American literature, worthy of study without constant reference to European texts. Now, Rediscovering the New World makes a timely addition to this expanding field on Inter-American scholarship that should help lead tothe formation of a new canon. 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