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            "abstractNote": "In a pre-alpine meadow in the Toggenburg (Switzerland), casts of the earthworm Aporrectodea nocturna, initially detected 20 years ago around a newly planted hedge, now extend 170 m from the hedge. The abundance of A. nocturna decreased between 140 and 170 m from the hedge from 237 (site: An+) to 0 (site: An-) individuals m-2. The wormâ��s activity and the macroporosity it has created have been studied using CAT scanning followed by automated image analysis of pores from 1.5 to 9 mm diameter. Brightness values in images from CAT scanning showed distinct local frequency maxima for stones, soil matrix and macropores. Measured diameters of pores were strongly linearly correlated with diameters of needles used to produce artificial pores. Pores from 1.5 to 3 mm were most abundant. The maximum number of pores from 1.5 to 9 mm (about 1600 m-2) was larger than the maximum number of all earthworms (about 480 m-2). Modelling the cast production of A. nocturna indicated that 23.8 kg m-2 were deposited on the soilâ��s surface within 3 months. The measured macroporosity (1.5-6 mm) was one-quarter to one-sixth of the pore volume corresponding to the removed casts. Thus, net production of pores by earthworms was a result both of the burrowing activity and of the refilling with eroded cast material. Depth distributions of bulk density, total porosity and pores from 1.5 to 9 mm were different at An+ from those at An-. However, diffusion of butane was equal at An+ and An-. Three-dimensional reconstruction suggested that the disposition (continuity, interconnectivity) of pores was more important for gas diffusion than the structure (size distribution, frequency) and bulk soil parameters.",
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            "abstractNote": "The hydraulic properties of soil, such as soil moisture characteristic and pore size distribution, are very important for the interpretation of the physical characteristics of soil and the management of agricultural practices. The current standard methods employing pressure chamber, however, are often time-consuming and difficult to carry out. In this study, we proposed a simple approach to estimate the soil moisture retention and soil pore size, with sufficient accuracy, using steady-state infiltration data. First, the tension disc infiltration data was interpreted using Wooding's analytical solution to obtain the K(h) function, from which Ks (saturated hydraulic conductivity) was optimized. The Ks value was then used as an initial input data for the Brooks-Corey model fit to obtain the water retention parameters [alpha]BC and b, and the soil water retention characteristics within a selected range of soil pores of 9-450 [mu]m were predicted. The proposed approach was tested for three differently textured soils in laboratory test and one undisturbed field soils. The measurement was replicated for three to five times for each soil. The validity of this method was confirmed by showing good linear regression relationship with data sets obtained by standard pressure chamber method, yielding slopes being close to unity and r2 values being >0.86. This observation strongly suggests that the proposed method can be applied for the in situ measurement of water retention and pore size in field soils. The results of this work will enable us to easily determine the temporal changes of hydrodynamic nature of soil using tension disc infiltrometer technique.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil and Tillage Research",
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            "abstractNote": "Infrared sensor Understanding the nature of soil infiltration properties is important for a number of applications, including planning efficient irrigation and erosion control practices, evaluating effectiveness of linings for sanitary landfills and waste lagoons, and landscape design and management. A common method for measuring infiltration is with the use of cylinder infiltrometers. This method can be very labor intensive and time-consuming, thus limiting its practicality. We describe the construction of an inexpensive system that can be readily adapted to single- and dual-ring infiltrometers to provide automated measurements on the scale of seconds to days. The system is comprised of an infrared distance-measuring sensor and microcontroller that can be programmed to collect water level measurements at various time intervals. Data are logged by the system in the field and can be downloaded for processing and analysis. This system is not only inexpensive, but also small, lightweight and versatile, and can be readily adapted to collect additional parameters.",
            "publicationTitle": "Computers and Electronics in Agriculture",
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            "abstractNote": "A 150-year chronological study of semi-arid abandoned farmland in the central Loess Plateau of China indicated that soil physical properties were closely related to the date of being abandoned and the vegetation recovery stages. Bulk density of the surface layer (0-20 cm) significantly reduced with time while soil porosity, water-holding capacity, aggregate stability, and saturated hydraulic conductivity significantly increased. In the early period of abandonment, up to 14 years, these changes were relatively fast due to a significant increase of soil organic matter content. However, amelioration of soil physical properties of subsurface layers (20-40 cm) was relatively slow. Decline of soil bulk density of surface layers could be used as an indicator of soil structure amelioration since it was related to most other properties. Changes of soil textural properties and specific surface area were not significant, which suggested that these properties were mainly inherited from parent materials and difficult to change. Emergence of dominant woody plants during the natural vegetation recovery process could be a useful and reliable indicator of obvious improvement in soil physical properties.",
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            "creatorSummary": "Regalado et al.",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Simplified Method to Estimate the Green-Ampt Wetting Front Suction and Soil Sorptivity with the Philip-Dunne Falling-Head Permeameter",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "C M",
                    "lastName": "Regalado"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A.",
                    "lastName": "Ritter"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J.",
                    "lastName": "Alvarez-Benedi"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R.",
                    "lastName": "Munoz-Carpena"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Wetting front suction and soil sorptivity (S) are relevant parameters to water movement in the vadose zone. Both may be estimated with the Philip-Dunne falling-head permeameter, given the moisture increment ({Delta}{theta}) and measured times (tmed and tmax) during an infiltration event. Previous studies have shown that the Philip-Dunne falling head permeameter can be used for estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), but its potential to estimate the soil's sorptivity has received little attention. We investigate the ability of the Philip-Dunne method to estimate S and the Green-Ampt's suction at the wetting front, {Psi}, by performing a parameter sensitivity analysis, focusing on the boundary conditions that limit the search space of physically sound solutions, and studying the shape factors used in Philip's analysis to reduce the three-dimensional flux of water in the soil to one dimension. Finally, a useful approximate solution is provided that allows computing both Ks and the Green-Ampt's suction at the wetting front, {Psi}, (and hence the macroscopic capillary length parameter, {alpha}*) from only two infiltration times, tmed and tmax, without having to resort to such a costly measurement as the soil moisture increment, {Delta}{theta}, required by the original method.",
            "publicationTitle": "Vadose Zone J",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2005",
            "volume": "4",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "291–299",
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            "url": "http://vzj.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/vadzone;4/2/291",
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Reynolds",
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        "data": {
            "key": "6RNURV9E",
            "version": 3371,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Tension Infiltrometer Measurements: Implications of Pressure Head Offset due to Contact Sand",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "W D",
                    "lastName": "Reynolds"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "The use of contact sand to achieve good hydraulic connection between the tension infiltrometer (TI) membrane and the soil is known to introduce an offset between the pressure head set on the bubble tower (h0) and the pressure head applied to the soil surface (hs). The nature and importance of the offset are poorly understood, however. Hence, the objectives of this study were to characterize the offset and to demonstrate its impacts on TI determinations of near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, K(h), sorptive number, {alpha}*(h), flow-weighted mean pore diameter, D(h), and number of flow-weighted mean pores per unit area, N(h). The offset, {Delta}h = hs - h0, consists of a constant elevation component and a variable head-loss component. The elevation component increases hs relative to h0, and comprises most of the offset for low TI flux density, q(h0), and large contact sand hydraulic conductivity, Kcs. The head-loss component decreases hs relative to h0, and becomes more important as q(h0) increases or Kcs decreases. The offset has little effect on the accuracy of K(h), {alpha}*(h), D(h), and N(h) when these relationships are insensitive to changes in h0. When the relationships are sensitive to changing h0, the offset can change the shapes of the relationships; cause systematic overestimates of the K(h), {alpha}*(h), and D(h) values; and cause systematic underestimates of the N(h) values. The amount of overestimate and underestimate increases with increasing offset and should be corrected using a form of Darcy's law to prevent the introduction of systematic biases in TI results.",
            "publicationTitle": "Vadose Zone J",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2006",
            "volume": "5",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1287–1292",
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            "url": "http://vzj.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/vadzone;5/4/1287",
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            "version": 3371,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Water infiltration and clod size distribution as influenced by ploughshare type, soil water content and ploughing depth",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A.",
                    "lastName": "Hemmat"
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                    "firstName": "I.",
                    "lastName": "Ahmadi"
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                    "firstName": "A.",
                    "lastName": "Masoumi"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "",
            "publicationTitle": "Biosystems Engineering",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "2007",
            "volume": "97",
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            "pages": "257–266",
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            "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXV-4NNPCHD-3/2/4e4e50f81aa3867956a0cc4441c72169 Soil management techniques, especially tillage, have been linked to the creation of low-permeability pans that reduce soil infiltrability and increase runoff and soil erosion on agricultural soils. In Iran, the mouldboard plough is the standard tillage implement used for primary tillage and that could create a compacted plough pan, especially under wet conditions. It was hypothesised that serrations on the ploughshare would increase water infiltration into the soil. A field experiment was conducted in Isfahan (central Iran) on a silty clay loam soil (Typic Haplargids). The infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration of water into furrow bottoms after ploughing with a mouldboard plough were measured using a double-ring infiltrometer. The plough was equipped with five share types (deep-suck share (control), trapezoidal share with/without sharepoint and serrated share with/without sharepoint) and ploughing performed under two soil water contents (0.55 and 0.85 plastic limit, PL), and two ploughing depths (15 and 20 cm). The clod mean weight diameter (MWD) was determined as an index of soil pulverisation, using dry sieving. The average 90 min cumulative water infiltration for the serrated share with sharepoint was significantly greater than for the other share types due to the furrow-bottom soil cracking resulting from an increase in the thickness of cutting edge of the plough. Ploughing at 0.85 PL significantly improved cumulative water infiltration compared with ploughing at 0.55 PL. The final infiltration rate for the serrated share with/without sharepoint was statistically similar to that of deep-suck share (control). For shallow ploughing at 0.85 PL, the clod MWD for the trapezoidal share without sharepoint was significantly greater than that of the control. For the serrated share with sharepoint, the proportion of coarse clods ([greater-or-equal, slanted]40 mm) was significantly higher under dry condition (0.55 PL), when compared with the moist condition (0.85 PL), whereas for the rest of ploughshare types, those proportions were statistically similar. These results indicate that for improving water infiltration and still having similar soil pulverisation, the deep-suck share could be replaced by the serrated share with sharepoint in heavy soil (i.e., silty clay loam) with low water infiltration while ploughing at a moisture content of 0.85 PL.",
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            "version": 3371,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Trans-Disciplinary Soil Physics Research Critical to Synthesis and Modeling of Agricultural Systems 10.2136/sssaj2005.0207",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Lajpat R",
                    "lastName": "Ahuja"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Liwang",
                    "lastName": "Ma"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Dennis J",
                    "lastName": "Timlin"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Synthesis and quantification of disciplinary knowledge at the whole system level, via the process models of agricultural systems, are critical to achieving improved and dynamic management and production systems that address the environmental concerns and global issues of the 21st century. Soil physicists have made significant contributions in this area in the past, and are uniquely capable of making the much-needed and exciting new contributions. Most of the exciting new research opportunities are trans-disciplinary, that is, lie on the interfacial boundaries of soil physics and other disciplines, especially in quantifying interactions among soil physical processes, plant and atmospheric processes, and agricultural management practices. Some important knowledge-gap and cutting-edge areas of such research are: (1) quantification and modeling the effects of various management practices (e.g., tillage, no-tillage, crop residues, and rooting patterns) on soil properties and soil-plant-atmosphere processes; (2) the dynamics of soil structure, especially soil cracks and biochannels, and their effects on surface runoff of water and mass, and preferential water and chemical transport to subsurface waters; (3) biophysics of changes in properties and processes at the soil-plant and plant-atmosphere interfaces; (4) modeling contributions of agricultural soils to climate change and effects of climate change on soil environment and agriculture; and (5) physical (cause-effect) quantification of spatial variability of soil properties and their outcomes, new methods of parameterizing a variable field for field-scale modeling, and new innovative methods of aggregating output results from plots to fields to larger scales. The current status of the various aspects of these research areas is reviewed briefly. The future challenges are identified that will require both experimental research and development of new concepts, theories, and models.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil Sci Soc Am J",
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            "date": "2006",
            "volume": "70",
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            "pages": "311–326",
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    {
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            "creatorSummary": "Ishiguro",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Ion Transport and Permeability in an Allophanic Andisol at Low pH",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Munehide",
                    "lastName": "Ishiguro"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Allophanic Andisols have a significant pH-dependent charge. The positive charge increases and the negative charge decreases as pH decreases; therefore, anion movement becomes slower and cation movement becomes faster as pH decreases in the soil. At low pH, soil dispersion occurs easily due to electric repulsive force. The permeability of the soil then decreases because of structural changes that occur when dilute HCl or HNO3 is percolated in the soil. However, soil permeability does not decrease when dilute H2SO4 is percolated in the soil. This is because SO42- strongly adsorbs on the soil surface at low pH and the soil remains flocculated.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil Science & Plant Nutrition",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2005",
            "volume": "51",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "637–640",
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            "url": "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00080.x",
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            "callNumber": "0000",
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            "creatorSummary": "Munsell_Soil_Color_Charts",
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            "title": "Revised Washable Edition",
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            "date": "2000",
            "publisher": "Munsell Color",
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            "title": "Automatic recording infiltrometer",
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                    "tag": "Pen-Drum recording"
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Design for an automated, selfregulating, single-ring infiltrometer",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M A",
                    "lastName": "Prieksat"
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                    "firstName": "Mark D",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "T C",
                    "lastName": "Kaspar"
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            "abstractNote": "Rapid and precise measurement of infiltration in situ is important for characterizing soil properties. We describe an automated, selfregulating, single-ring infiltrometer useful for measuring infiltration rates between 1 x 10-8 and 3.7 x 10-3 m s-1. The infiltrometer limits to � 1 mm fluctuations in the height of water ponded in a containment ring. Flow rates are calculated from changes in water height in a Mariotte reservoir with time. Water height changes are measured as the difference in pressure between two pressure transducers, one at the top of the Mariotte reservoir and one at the base. Advantages of the new device include (i) accurate adjustment and control of ponded water height, (ii) direct and efficient water delivery from the Mariotte reservoir to the containment ring, (iii) precise infiltration rate measurement, (iv) automated data collection, and (v) rapid setup and movement in the field. The infiltrometer was used to measure infiltration directly over the base of corn (Lea mays L.) plants and in trafficked and untrafficked interrows on a Webster clay loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll). Infiltration rates were four to eight times greater directly over the base of corn plants than in nearby interrows.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil Sci Soc Am J",
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            "date": "1992",
            "volume": "56",
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            "creatorSummary": "Bagarello and Iovino",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Field Testing Parameter Sensitivity of the Two-Term Infiltration Equation Using Differentiated Linearization",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Vincenzo",
                    "lastName": "Bagarello"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Massimo",
                    "lastName": "Iovino"
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            "abstractNote": "Knowledge of the hydraulic conductivity of the vadose zone is important in many agronomic, engineering, and environmental areas. Transient tension infiltrometer experiments can be used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity, K0, corresponding to a given pressure head by a transient single-test (TST) method that uses the coefficients C1 and C2 of the two-term infiltration equation. A differentiated linearization (DL) method was previously proposed to estimate these coefficients when a layer of contact material is used for the experiment. A field test of the DL and TST methods was conducted on a sandy loam and a clay soil. Eliminating the early-time influence of the contact layer was easy when the sorptivity of the contact material was 10 to 12 times higher than the soil sorptivity. In other cases a transition zone, which complicated application of the DL method, appeared between the decreasing and increasing portions of the data set. Therefore, applicability of the DL method required large differences in capillary forces between the contact material and the soil. Estimates of K0 varied by up to 650% with the duration of the experiment and <50% with the time interval between readings at the water reservoir. Sensitivity of K0 to the experiment duration was particularly remarkable for the sandy loam soil for short durations. Considering a minimum duration of the experiment of approximately 1 h caused estimates of K0 to vary by a maximum of 40% with the duration of the experiment.",
            "publicationTitle": "Vadose Zone J",
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            "date": "2003",
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            "pages": "358–367",
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            "title": "Development of an Automated Tension Infiltrometer for Field Use",
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                    "firstName": "Kamila",
                    "lastName": "Spongrova"
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                    "firstName": "Marc",
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                },
                {
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                    "firstName": "Svatopluk",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Richard J",
                    "lastName": "Godwin"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Tension infiltrometry is a useful in situ technique that is commonly used to determine hydraulic conductivity of the soil near saturation; however, the measurements are time consuming and costly. The aim of this study was to develop a fully automated tension infiltrometer for field use based on already existing designs. Differential pressure transducers were used to automate water level measurements, and the tension settings were automated by a set of solenoid valves. The effects of different design parameters on water level measurement fluctuations created by bubble disturbances (noise) were studied in the laboratory. The differential transducer provided less noisy measurements than the single transducer. The measurement noise was significantly smaller when a large-diameter reservoir was used. The measurement noise was further reduced by using a reservoir system made of two tubes of different diameters slotted into each other. The effect of an increasing flow rate on the water level fluctuations was also investigated. Based on the design parameters tested, three identical tension infiltrometers connected to a single Mariotte bottle were built and tested under laboratory and field conditions. The pressure-dependent hydraulic conductivity, K(h), values for all three replicates applied in the laboratory did not significantly differ from each other. In the field, the infiltration experiments were performed on a sandy loam soil on sites with and without wheel tracks. A significant reduction of K(h) values for most of the applied pressure heads was observed in the wheel track. The improved automated tension infiltrometer requires only a little operator intervention.",
            "publicationTitle": "Vadose Zone J",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2009",
            "volume": "8",
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            "pages": "810–817",
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            "title": "Peasant emigration and land-use change at the watershed level: A GIS-based approach in Central Mexico",
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                    "lastName": "Rogelio Aguirre-Rivera"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Demographic changes introduced by migration strongly affect economic activities and may thus trigger land-use changes. Migration has been usually overlooked in land use change modelling, even though it is recognized as a dominant demographic factor that influences land use. This paper analyzes to what extent migration patterns influence land-cover and land-use change at the watershed level. A RS-GIS and statistical approach was used to quantify and analyze both land-cover change and change in population per spatial unit. It was hypothesized that migration should exert a strong effect on land-cover change. The exercise was carried out in the Basin of Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan, in Central Mexico, an area of high emigration to the USA, albeit showing a net increase in its total population. The expansion of scrubland areas at the expense of rain-fed agricultural land is associated with the abandonment of agricultural land with poor soils. As a consequence, vegetal succession has been promoted and subtropical scrubland increased.",
            "publicationTitle": "Agricultural Systems",
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            "date": "2006",
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            "creatorSummary": "Madsen and Chandler",
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            "version": 3371,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Automation and Use of Mini Disk Infiltrometers 10.2136/sssaj2007.0009N",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Matthew D",
                    "lastName": "Madsen"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "David G",
                    "lastName": "Chandler"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Measurement replication and objectivity of field soil hydraulic properties can be increased through automation. The goals of this study were to test two automated mini disk infiltrometers (AMDI). Both devices were fitted with differential pressure transducers connected to compact data loggers. Instrument design, method of calculation, and soil moisture condition all affected measured unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(h)] and sorptivity (S) at pressure head h = 2.0 cm. We found that the type of AMDI with a capillary tube head control can be operated at inclination angles up to 25{degrees} and returned the least variance in K(h) and S if data were not partitioned for calculation. Changing the initial soil moisture content from 0.07 to 0.26 m3 m3, however, was found to influence K(h) calculation by up to 50% for a silt loam soil. The K(h) measured by the type of AMDI with a bubble chamber head control and larger disk diameter was less dependent on soil moisture content, but more sensitive to inclination.",
            "publicationTitle": "Soil Sci Soc Am J",
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            "date": "2007",
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