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Status and conformity in previous models are discussed, and then a generalization is described. In this generalization agents have inherited positions in social space and an expected value of trade between two individuals as a function of the difference in their initial positions. An example of this system is constructed in which there is class stability. Agents who are initially close interact strongly while those who are socially distant have little interaction. In this example inherited social position, which may be interpreted as social class, plays a dominant role. The relevance of this model to social decisions such as the choice of educational attainment and childbearing is discussed in the context of specific ethnographic examples. Class position may play a dominant role in these decisions.", "publicationTitle": "Econometrica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep., 1997", "volume": "65", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1005-1027", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2171877", "accessDate": "2010-08-26T18:11:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00129682", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Sep., 1997 / Copyright © 1997 The Econometric Society", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:10:22Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:10:22Z" } }, { "key": "CPJS2KCM", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/CPJS2KCM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/CPJS2KCM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/2445PRBH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CPJS2KCM", "version": 13, "parentItem": "2445PRBH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "MetaPress Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-08-01T20:56:09Z", "url": "http://trb.metapress.com/content/6634p26824650717/?genre=article&id=doi%3a10.3141%2f2021-11", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "6634p26824650717.html", "md5": "48f7fcc69dd6f645448534de659866cc", "mtime": 1432156212000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:10:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:10:12Z" } }, { "key": "4TC95PXS", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/4TC95PXS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/4TC95PXS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/2445PRBH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4TC95PXS", "version": 13, "parentItem": "2445PRBH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "MetaPress Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-08-01T20:56:08Z", "url": "http://trb.metapress.com/content/6634p26824650717/fulltext.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Cooper - 2007 - Successfully Changing Individual Travel Behavior .pdf", "md5": "f079f405501cc2596775a8c359a42dff", "mtime": 1432156212000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:10:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:10:12Z" } }, { "key": "2445PRBH", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/2445PRBH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/2445PRBH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cooper", "parsedDate": "2007-12-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "2445PRBH", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Successfully Changing Individual Travel Behavior: Applying Community-Based Social Marketing to Travel Choice", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Carol", "lastName": "Cooper" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper demonstrates that community-based social marketing techniques can be successfully used to affect people's transportation awareness and behavior, as deployed in Washington State's King County Metro Transit's In Motion program. The In Motion approach focuses on neighborhood-based outreach instead of a more typical employer-based trip reduction program. In addition, In Motion addresses the potential to change any trip from drive alone to an alternative mode instead of focusing exclusively on commute trips. In Motion provides neighborhood residents with incentives to try driving less, raises individual awareness of alternative travel options, and helps break the automatic reflex to drive for all trips. The program was designed to be easily adapted to other neighborhoods with minor modifications in message and materials. The program has been completed in four neighborhoods. Program participants in each neighborhood report increased transit ridership and use of other non-single-occupant vehicle modes, such as carpooling, biking, and walking. The pre- and postparticipant reported mode shares for each In Motion program indicate a 24% to >50% decrease in driving alone and a 20% to almost 50% increase in transit use. These self-reported numbers are supported by bus stop counts and analysis of overall transit ridership. The In Motion program has had promising results in urban and suburban neighborhoods and has been positively received by residents and businesses. King County Metro Transit continues to expand the program to new geographic areas in King County and to explore innovative approaches to establish partnerships and leverage funding for expanded applications.", "publicationTitle": "Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 1, 2007", "volume": "2021", "issue": "-1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "89-99", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3141/2021-11", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2021-11", "accessDate": "2013-08-01T20:56:08Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Successfully Changing Individual Travel Behavior", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "MetaPress", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:10:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:10:12Z" } }, { "key": "5RWQRWWF", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/5RWQRWWF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/5RWQRWWF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/QS8ASUPK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "5RWQRWWF", "version": 11, "parentItem": "QS8ASUPK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-01-23T23:54:15Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011829701914#page-1", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "A1011829701914.html", "md5": "b374b921e6e1c3cec928421094b8c91a", "mtime": 1432156162000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:09:22Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:09:22Z" } }, { "key": "THKGGI7G", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/THKGGI7G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/THKGGI7G", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/QS8ASUPK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "THKGGI7G", "version": 11, "parentItem": "QS8ASUPK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-01-23T23:54:13Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023%2FA%3A1011829701914.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Blickstein and Hanson - 2001 - Critical mass forging a politics of sustainable m.pdf", "md5": "8639c05a606bb1eca56d02ca6398024d", "mtime": 1432156162000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:09:22Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:09:22Z" } }, { "key": "QS8ASUPK", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/QS8ASUPK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/QS8ASUPK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Blickstein and Hanson", "parsedDate": "2001-11-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QS8ASUPK", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Critical mass: forging a politics of sustainable mobility in the information age", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan", "lastName": "Blickstein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan", "lastName": "Hanson" } ], "abstractNote": "Critical Mass, an urban bicycle/sustainability movement, began in San Francisco in 1992 and has spread to more than 100 cities around the world during the past eight years. Featuring organized monthly bicycle rides in specific cities, Critical Mass uses the Internet to sustain local and global actions, combining cyber-communication with face-to-face interactions. Critical Mass aims to shape debates on sustainability and material practices that will contribute to sustainable communities through a celebration of bicycling. We examine the ways in which Critical Mass uses scale to organize for sustainability. We also describe, through a survey of participants and interviews with bicycle advocates, how Critical Mass has been successful in changing people's travel behavior and in legitimizing the efforts of formal advocacy organizations.", "publicationTitle": "Transportation", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2001/11/01", "volume": "28", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "347-362", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Transportation", "DOI": "10.1023/A:1011829701914", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1011829701914", "accessDate": "2014-01-23T23:54:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0049-4488, 1572-9435", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Critical mass", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bicycling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Critical Mass", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economic Geography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Engineering Economics, Organization, Logistics, Marketing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Internet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Regional Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sustainability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Technology Management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "political organizing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "scale", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social movements", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:09:22Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:09:22Z" } }, { "key": "NIK8IJ8K", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/NIK8IJ8K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/NIK8IJ8K", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/IMQMGSBN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NIK8IJ8K", "version": 9, "parentItem": "IMQMGSBN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-08-05T21:09:46Z", "url": "http://eab.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/content/34/2/163", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "163.html", "md5": "c08a8f6066e0eb1e5b3987ffa18797e7", "mtime": 1432156133000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:08:52Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:08:52Z" } }, { "key": "VRG926QX", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/VRG926QX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/VRG926QX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/IMQMGSBN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VRG926QX", "version": 9, "parentItem": "IMQMGSBN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-08-05T21:09:42Z", "url": "http://eab.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/content/34/2/163.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Matthies et al. - 2002 - Travel Mode Choice of Women The Result of Limitati.pdf", "md5": "cf02e650614b1c950403eee7e21b5932", "mtime": 1432156132000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:08:52Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:08:52Z" } }, { "key": "IMQMGSBN", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/IMQMGSBN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/IMQMGSBN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Matthies et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "IMQMGSBN", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Travel Mode Choice of Women The Result of Limitation, Ecological Norm, or Weak Habit?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ellen", "lastName": "Matthies" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Silke", "lastName": "Kuhn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christian A.", "lastName": "Klöckner" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examines a model of travel mode choice that is able to explain gender differences in the willingness to reduce car use. By means of a survey among 187 inhabitants of a German city, the hypothesis is tested that women are more willing to reduce car use (intention to reduce car use, preference for public transport, and actual travel mode choice for a given trip) because of their stronger ecological norms and weaker car habits. Results confirm women’s greater willingness and the mediating role of norm and habit in the intention to reduce car use and in the actual travel mode choice but not with regard to the preference rating. The intention to reduce car use is mainly influenced by the ecological norm, whereas actual travel behavior is more strongly influenced by habit.", "publicationTitle": "Environment and Behavior", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/01/2002", "volume": "34", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "163-177", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environment and Behavior", "DOI": "10.1177/0013916502034002001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eab.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu/content/34/2/163", "accessDate": "2014-08-05T21:09:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-9165, 1552-390X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "eab.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.calpoly.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:08:52Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:08:52Z" } }, { "key": "ZN2S33FT", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/ZN2S33FT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/ZN2S33FT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/RXN2A4NX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZN2S33FT", "version": 7, "parentItem": "RXN2A4NX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:06:06Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17450100903435029", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "17450100903435029.html", "md5": "b7591f6f8477ce0a64fca368f0db3e6d", "mtime": 1432155966000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:06:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:06:06Z" } }, { "key": "RXN2A4NX", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/RXN2A4NX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/RXN2A4NX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pesses", "parsedDate": "2010-02-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "RXN2A4NX", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Automobility, Vélomobility, American Mobility: An Exploration of the Bicycle Tour", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael W.", "lastName": "Pesses" } ], "abstractNote": "Using the framework of ‘automobility’ as outlined by Sheller and Urry, this article uses the bicycle tour to explore one way the middle class mediates the automobile’s dominance of the American landscape. The material history of the American road is first placed into the current automobilities discourse and then used to situate the bicycle tour. The romantic notion of lost public place in the city is seen as a driving force for escaping on two wheels into the ‘authentic’ American landscape. As the long distance bicycle tourist experiences the material landscape in a new way, the idea of a lost public landscape is challenged and the tourist is able to come to terms with his or her place in the dominant mobility assemblage of human and machine. The result is not a full resistance of the automobile, but a new conception of place and mobility.", "publicationTitle": "Mobilities", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1, 2010", "volume": "5", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-24", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/17450100903435029", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450100903435029", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:06:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1745-0101", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Automobility, Vélomobility, American Mobility", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:06:04Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:06:04Z" } }, { "key": "RJS4X3W7", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/RJS4X3W7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/RJS4X3W7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/BVV7P42Q", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RJS4X3W7", "version": 5, "parentItem": "BVV7P42Q", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:04:19Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17450100701381607", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "17450100701381607.html", "md5": "0ca22c90bc640654dfe8d8f77b3cc8f5", "mtime": 1432155859000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:04:19Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:04:19Z" } }, { "key": "BVV7P42Q", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/BVV7P42Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/BVV7P42Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ph.D", "parsedDate": "2007-07-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "BVV7P42Q", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Critical Mass, Urban Space and Vélomobility", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zack Furness", "lastName": "Ph.D" } ], "abstractNote": "Critical Mass is an international, monthly event where bicyclists briefly take over city streets to celebrate bicycling, demonstrate their collective strength and send a clear message to the public: ‘We are not blocking traffic, we are traffic!’ In this essay, I explore how Critical Mass functions as both a performative critique of motorized space and a critical response to automobility. Rather than offering an empirical account of Critical Mass, I discuss the politics of Critical Mass through the lens of the Situationist International, or situationists – a group of avant‐garde artists and architects that developed a unique program of spatial politics in the 1950s. Using the situationists as a reference point, I also explain how Critical Mass impacts the progress of formal bicycle advocacy and I contextualize vélomobility within a paradigm of utopian urbanism.", "publicationTitle": "Mobilities", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1, 2007", "volume": "2", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "299-319", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/17450100701381607", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450100701381607", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:04:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1745-0101", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:04:18Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:04:18Z" } }, { "key": "AAADRXEV", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/AAADRXEV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/AAADRXEV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/5RTXQINN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "AAADRXEV", "version": 5, "parentItem": "5RTXQINN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:04:13Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10671315.1975.10615315", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "10671315.1975.html", "md5": "a7bc29f9c5285fe63b0ac3bafa3b77c7", "mtime": 1432155853000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:04:13Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:04:13Z" } }, { "key": "5RTXQINN", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/5RTXQINN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/5RTXQINN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Buccola and Stone", "parsedDate": "1975-05-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5RTXQINN", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of Jogging and Cycling Programs on Physiological and Personality Variables in Aged Men", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor A.", "lastName": "Buccola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William J.", "lastName": "Stone" } ], "abstractNote": "Thirty-six men between the ages of 60–79 participated voluntarily in a 14-wk program of walk-jogging (N = 16) or cycling (N = 20). The 2 groups trained 25–50 min/day, 3 day/wk. The subjects were pre- and posttested on a battery of physiological tests including the Astrand bike test, and the Cattell 16 PF. Results indicated a significant (p < .05) increase in predicted max VO2 for both groups and increased flexibility for the joggers. Significant (p < .05) decreases were found in BP and weight for both groups and decreased percent of body fat for the cyclers. After the 14-wk program the cyclers had not changed in any personality factors and the walk-joggers became less surgent and more self-sufficient (p < .05). Comparisons after the 14-wk program between the 2 groups indicated that the cyclists were more tough-minded and surgent than the joggers. No physiological differences between the 2 groups at the conclusion of the program indicated that comparable training effects could be attained by cycling or walk-jogging.", "publicationTitle": "Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1, 1975", "volume": "46", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "134-139", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/10671315.1975.10615315", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10671315.1975.10615315", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:04:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1067-1315", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:04:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:04:12Z" } }, { "key": "JIDZQQAS", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/JIDZQQAS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/JIDZQQAS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/8U25495T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JIDZQQAS", "version": 5, "parentItem": "8U25495T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:04:07Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000105", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0965856499000105.html", "md5": "d5962f7c01c5fe0f429a825112ea94e7", "mtime": 1432155847000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:04:07Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:04:07Z" } }, { "key": "JEWZJ77A", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/JEWZJ77A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/JEWZJ77A", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/8U25495T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JEWZJ77A", "version": 5, "parentItem": "8U25495T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:04:05Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000105/pdfft?md5=0db94cdfae18c0a2cd9f934758856f94&pid=1-s2.0-S0965856499000105-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Pucher et al. - 1999 - Bicycling renaissance in North America Recent tr.pdf", "md5": "a2f63e3801a130f0971532f8f322b9f9", "mtime": 1432155846000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:04:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:04:06Z" } }, { "key": "8U25495T", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/8U25495T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/8U25495T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pucher et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-09", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "8U25495T", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bicycling renaissance in North America?: Recent trends and alternative policies to promote bicycling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Pucher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles", "lastName": "Komanoff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Schimek" } ], "abstractNote": "Over the past two decades, the number of bicycle trips in the United States has doubled. Since 48% of trips by all modes in American cities are shorter than three miles, the potential for further growth in bicycling seems enormous. So far, efforts to promote bicycling have focused on building bike paths and bike lanes. Although necessary, separate cycling facilities must be complemented by a comprehensive program to make all roads bikeable, through both physical adaptations and enforcement of cyclists' right to use the road. It seems likely that cycling will continue to grow in North America, but that its mode share will remain far lower than levels in northern Europe. Bicycling in Canada and especially the United States is impeded by the lack of a tradition of cycling for utilitarian purposes and by the marginal legal, cultural and infrastructure status of cyclists in both countries' automobile-based transport systems. As long as car use remains cheap and transportation policy remains dominated by motoring, bicycles will continue to be used primarily for recreation and not for daily urban travel in North America.", "publicationTitle": "Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1999", "volume": "33", "issue": "7–8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "625-654", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice", "DOI": "10.1016/S0965-8564(99)00010-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000105", "accessDate": "2015-05-20T21:04:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0965-8564", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Bicycling renaissance in North America?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bicycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cycling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health promotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Non-motorized transport", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Safety", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:04:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:04:05Z" } }, { "key": "EUQ83FRV", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/EUQ83FRV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/EUQ83FRV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/FVQPPMU7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EUQ83FRV", "version": 3, "parentItem": "FVQPPMU7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "1-s2.0-S0965856411000474-main.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "1-s2.0-S0965856411000474-main.pdf", "md5": "6ad547053968f5d08132213f2cdc4798", "mtime": 1432155819000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-20T21:03:39Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-20T21:03:39Z" } }, { "key": "FVQPPMU7", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 352654, "name": "Group-Cycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/352654/items/FVQPPMU7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/group-cycling/items/FVQPPMU7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 241987, "username": "billyriggs", "name": "William (Billy) Riggs", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/billyriggs", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pucher et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FVQPPMU7", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bicycling renaissance in North America? 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