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Moreover, deception is often assessed through measuring credibility, overlooking cognitive effects like misperceptions and attitude changes. To address these gaps, an online experiment (N = 802) examined visual disinformation’s effects on credibility, misperceptions, and perceptions of a politician. The study compared a deepfake (machine learning manipulation), a cheapfake (rudimentary manipulation), and a decontextualized video (false context), all portraying the same politician and false message. 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human–artificial intelligence dialogues.pdf", "md5": "dcbbcd85696b8a40c919a54ed718d177", "mtime": 1765011069249, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-06T08:51:09Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-06T08:51:09Z" } }, { "key": "H9CTR2SI", "version": 23373, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 351543, "name": "DemTech", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/H9CTR2SI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech/items/H9CTR2SI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2048001, "username": "bezymov", "name": "Ales Herasimenka", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bezymov", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4135261, "username": "yung.a", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yung.a", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lin et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-12-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "H9CTR2SI", "version": 23373, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Persuading voters using human–artificial intelligence dialogues", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hause", "lastName": "Lin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gabriela", "lastName": "Czarnek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Lewis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joshua P.", "lastName": "White" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adam J.", "lastName": "Berinsky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Costello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gordon", "lastName": "Pennycook" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David G.", "lastName": "Rand" } ], "abstractNote": "There is great public concern about the potential use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) for political persuasion and the resulting impacts on elections and democracy1–6. We inform these concerns using pre-registered experiments to assess the ability of large language models to influence voter attitudes. In the context of the 2024 US presidential election, the 2025 Canadian federal election and the 2025 Polish presidential election, we assigned participants randomly to have a conversation with an AI model that advocated for one of the top two candidates. We observed significant treatment effects on candidate preference that are larger than typically observed from traditional video advertisements7–9. We also document large persuasion effects on Massachusetts residents’ support for a ballot measure legalizing psychedelics. Examining the persuasion strategies9 used by the models indicates that they persuade with relevant facts and evidence, rather than using sophisticated psychological persuasion techniques. Not all facts and evidence presented, however, were accurate; across all three countries, the AI models advocating for candidates on the political right made more inaccurate claims. 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We conducted a systematic review of N = 123 scientific contributions from social and computer science to explore how AI contributes to the spread of disinformation, for example, through deepfakes and social bots, and its potential role in combating these challenges via detection algorithms and fact-checking systems. The review identifies significant gaps in empirical research, especially about the effectiveness of detection models in real-world applications and the limited exploration of multilingual and multimodal disinformation. Furthermore, the field has yet to fully integrate theoretical frameworks from communication science with computational perspectives, which is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of AI’s role in disinformation. The study underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches that bridge computer and social sciences to better address the societal and political implications of AI-driven disinformation.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2025-11-18", "volume": "19", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "25-25", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "grubGenerativeAIDisinformation2025", "url": "https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/24780", "accessDate": "2025-12-05T16:44:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-8036", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ijoc.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "AI-driven disinformation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "artificial intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "detection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "disinformation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "dissemination", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "QH3MNHMH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-05T16:44:33Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-05T16:44:33Z" } }, { "key": "QXK96XWD", "version": 22208, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 351543, "name": "DemTech", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/QXK96XWD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech/items/QXK96XWD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/CICV3G4F", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2048001, "username": "bezymov", "name": "Ales Herasimenka", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bezymov", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QXK96XWD", "version": 22208, "parentItem": "CICV3G4F", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "SAGE PDF Full Text", "accessDate": "2025-12-05T16:32:12Z", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/10776990251357294", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Kang and Valadez - 2025 - Deepfakes’ Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Impact A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ind.pdf", "md5": "76a35a5657abd7d235aad6e5ba90a342", "mtime": 1764952332576, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-05T16:32:12Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-05T16:32:12Z" } }, { "key": "CICV3G4F", "version": 23373, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 351543, "name": "DemTech", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/CICV3G4F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech/items/CICV3G4F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2048001, "username": "bezymov", "name": "Ales Herasimenka", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bezymov", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4135261, "username": "yung.a", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yung.a", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kang and Valadez", "parsedDate": "2025-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CICV3G4F", "version": 23373, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Deepfakes’ Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Impact: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Responses", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seok", "lastName": "Kang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kayla", "lastName": "Valadez" } ], "abstractNote": "This meta-analysis examines 24 experimental studies on deepfake effects on credibility, emotions, and sharing intention, comprising 20,685 participants from 10 countries. Moderator effects of media literacy, control type, video topic, literacy type, gender, age, and country on individual responses were also analyzed. Effect sizes indicated deepfakes’ impact on elevated emotions. Media literacy moderated the effects of deepfake exposure on diminished credibility and sharing intention. The moderator effect of no literacy on emotions was positive. The results suggest that critical media consumers with media literacy, depending on the topic and type, can mitigate the adverse effects of deepfakes.", "publicationTitle": "Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly", "publisher": "SAGE Publications Inc", "place": "", "date": "2025-12-01", "volume": "102", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "958-992", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/10776990251357294", "citationKey": "kangDeepfakesCognitiveEmotional2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990251357294", "accessDate": "2025-12-05T16:32:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1077-6990", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Deepfakes’ Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Impact", "language": "EN", "libraryCatalog": "SAGE Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "QH3MNHMH" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-05T16:32:11Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-05T16:32:11Z" } }, { "key": "L9WLF3GH", "version": 22205, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 351543, "name": "DemTech", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/L9WLF3GH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech/items/L9WLF3GH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/X9EYTZC4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2048001, "username": "bezymov", "name": "Ales Herasimenka", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bezymov", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "L9WLF3GH", "version": 22205, "parentItem": "X9EYTZC4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "SAGE PDF Full Text", "accessDate": "2025-12-05T16:17:08Z", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/10776990251357949", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Zhang et al. - 2025 - Immunizing the Public Against AI-Generated Disinformation Testing the Effects of Inoculation Mode a.pdf", "md5": "875fd3f1eaf4529e5b19bef3b52a40bd", "mtime": 1764951428400, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-05T16:17:08Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-05T16:17:08Z" } }, { "key": "X9EYTZC4", "version": 23373, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 351543, "name": "DemTech", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/X9EYTZC4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech/items/X9EYTZC4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2048001, "username": "bezymov", "name": "Ales Herasimenka", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bezymov", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4135261, "username": "yung.a", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yung.a", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhang et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "X9EYTZC4", "version": 23373, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Immunizing the Public Against AI-Generated Disinformation: Testing the Effects of Inoculation Mode and Issue Attitude on Inoculation Likelihood of Political Deepfakes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bingbing", "lastName": "Zhang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sang Jung", "lastName": "Kim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alex", "lastName": "Scott" } ], "abstractNote": "Political deepfakes are considered detrimental to democracy by eroding public trust and distorting communication. Scholars have advocated for inoculation strategies to counter deepfakes, yet they have found that individuals’ partisan attitudes can undermine the effects of inoculation. Guided by inoculation theory and motivated reasoning theory, we conducted a 3 (Inoculation Mode: Passive vs. Active vs. No Inoculation) × 2 (Deepfake Attack: Pro-Attitudinal vs. Counter-Attitudinal) between-subjects experiment. Results show that inoculation increases deepfake awareness, intention to debunk deepfakes, and information-seeking behaviors, while reducing the perceived credibility of deepfake messages. However, exposure to counter-attitudinal deepfakes led to greater agreement with embedded disinformation.", "publicationTitle": "Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly", "publisher": "SAGE Publications Inc", "place": "", "date": "2025-12-01", "volume": "102", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1102-1134", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/10776990251357949", "citationKey": "zhangImmunizingPublicAIGenerated2025", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990251357949", "accessDate": "2025-12-05T16:17:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1077-6990", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Immunizing the Public Against AI-Generated Disinformation", "language": "EN", "libraryCatalog": "SAGE Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AQFRUGQY" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-05T16:17:07Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-05T16:17:07Z" } }, { "key": "JNDK4R9P", "version": 22202, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 351543, "name": "DemTech", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/JNDK4R9P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech/items/JNDK4R9P", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/4TFU8NVG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2048001, "username": "bezymov", "name": "Ales Herasimenka", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bezymov", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JNDK4R9P", "version": 22202, "parentItem": "4TFU8NVG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2025-12-05T15:47:44Z", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.aea3884", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Hackenburg et al. - 2025 - The levers of political persuasion with conversational artificial intelligence.pdf", "md5": "90450ab0f843a03aa6ec58bd24448a57", "mtime": 1764949664188, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-12-05T15:47:44Z", "dateModified": "2025-12-05T15:47:44Z" } }, { "key": "4TFU8NVG", "version": 23373, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 351543, "name": "DemTech", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/351543/items/4TFU8NVG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/demtech/items/4TFU8NVG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2048001, "username": "bezymov", "name": "Ales Herasimenka", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bezymov", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4135261, "username": "yung.a", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/yung.a", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hackenburg et al.", "parsedDate": "2025-12-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "4TFU8NVG", "version": 23373, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The levers of political persuasion with conversational artificial intelligence", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kobi", "lastName": "Hackenburg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ben M.", "lastName": "Tappin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luke", "lastName": "Hewitt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ed", "lastName": "Saunders" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sid", "lastName": "Black" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hause", "lastName": "Lin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catherine", "lastName": "Fist" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helen", "lastName": "Margetts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David G.", "lastName": "Rand" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher", "lastName": "Summerfield" } ], "abstractNote": "There are widespread fears that conversational artificial intelligence (AI) could soon exert unprecedented influence over human beliefs. In this work, in three large-scale experiments (N = 76,977 participants), we deployed 19 large language models (LLMs)—including some post-trained explicitly for persuasion—to evaluate their persuasiveness on 707 political issues. We then checked the factual accuracy of 466,769 resulting LLM claims. We show that the persuasive power of current and near-future AI is likely to stem more from post-training and prompting methods—which boosted persuasiveness by as much as 51 and 27%, respectively—than from personalization or increasing model scale, which had smaller effects. We further show that these methods increased persuasion by exploiting LLMs’ ability to rapidly access and strategically deploy information and that, notably, where they increased AI persuasiveness, they also systematically decreased factual accuracy.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "place": "", "date": "2025-12-04", "volume": "390", "issue": "6777", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "eaea3884", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1126/science.aea3884", "citationKey": "hackenburgLeversPoliticalPersuasion2025", "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea3884", "accessDate": "2025-12-05T15:47:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "science.org (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "AQFRUGQY" ], 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