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"firstName": "Sarah R.", "lastName": "Carter" } ], "abstractNote": "Synthetic biology has generated extensive discussion about a wide range of risks and potential benefits, the intrinsic value of the technology, and the soci­etal distribution of its risks and benefits. However, be­fore these questions can be resolved, it is important to first ask a critical question: Is synthetic biology different enough from the technologies that came before it that it raises new questions or concerns? By putting synthetic biology into context, we gain a better understanding of the issues, both old and new, that it raises. We can then consider practical governance questions, including ways to improve current practices.", "publicationTitle": "Hastings Center Report", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 1, 2014", "volume": "44", "issue": "S5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "S46-S48", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Hastings Center Report", "DOI": "10.1002/hast.401", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.401/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1552-146X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Context, Existing Frameworks, and Practicality", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 The Hastings Center", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z" } }, { "key": "VXEUP8C7", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 350608, "name": "STS modes of engagement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sts_modes_of_engagement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/350608/items/VXEUP8C7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sts_modes_of_engagement/items/VXEUP8C7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 194623, "username": "Lockfoot", "name": "Dr. Sam Weiss Evans", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lockfoot", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bedau", "parsedDate": "2014-11-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "VXEUP8C7", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Policy-Making and Systemic Complexity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark A.", "lastName": "Bedau" } ], "abstractNote": "Synthetic biology has spawned a debate about how society and the international community should go about policy-making, especially given the potential for both transformative benefits and existential threats. One of the significant contributions of “The Ethics of Synthetic Biology: Next Steps and Prior Questions,” by Kaebnick, Gusmano, and Murray, is its exploration of the difficulties of devel­oping policy that appropriately addresses the risks and benefits of synthetic biology. In this comment I want to develop this point further and emphasize how the proper methodology for addressing synthetic biology's ethical and public policy issues are affected by the unpredictable and complex causal webs in synthetic biology (which have analogs in other new and emerging technologies).", "publicationTitle": "Hastings Center Report", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 1, 2014", "volume": "44", "issue": "S5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "S29-S30", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Hastings Center Report", "DOI": "10.1002/hast.394", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.394/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1552-146X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 The Hastings Center", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z" } }, { "key": "GF9U4VEB", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 350608, "name": "STS modes of engagement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sts_modes_of_engagement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/350608/items/GF9U4VEB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sts_modes_of_engagement/items/GF9U4VEB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 194623, "username": "Lockfoot", "name": "Dr. Sam Weiss Evans", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lockfoot", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wolff", "parsedDate": "2014-11-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GF9U4VEB", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Precautionary Attitude: Asking Preliminary Questions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Wolff" } ], "abstractNote": "Innovation in basic science is often a cause for won­der and excitement. Those associated with a new development are quick to point out the anticipated benefits: a cure for cancer or dementia, an end to unsafe water or hunger. These advocates are slower to draw at­tention to the possible costs, which may become known only much later. It is always hard to have an accurate overview, as it is almost impossible to predict the total effects of the widespread adoption of any new technology and, especially, its longer-term or cumulative effects, as as­bestos and CFCs demonstrate. For this reason, some policy-makers or members of the public hope that we can apply “the precautionary principle” to innovation. Unfortunately, if one is looking for a principle that can guide action, then, strictly speaking, there is no pre­cautionary principle. One might better speak of a “pre­cautionary approach,” although even this needs to be unpacked.", "publicationTitle": "Hastings Center Report", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 1, 2014", "volume": "44", "issue": "S5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "S27-S28", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Hastings Center Report", "DOI": "10.1002/hast.393", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.393/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1552-146X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Precautionary Attitude", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 The Hastings Center", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z" } }, { "key": "MCIQB4WN", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 350608, "name": "STS modes of engagement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sts_modes_of_engagement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/350608/items/MCIQB4WN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/sts_modes_of_engagement/items/MCIQB4WN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 194623, "username": "Lockfoot", "name": "Dr. Sam Weiss Evans", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lockfoot", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kaebnick et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-11-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "MCIQB4WN", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How Can We Best Think about an Emerging Technology?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory E.", "lastName": "Kaebnick" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael K.", "lastName": "Gusmano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas H.", "lastName": "Murray" } ], "abstractNote": "How should we think about synthetic biology—about the potential benefits and risks of these applications as well as the very idea of designed, extensively genetically modi­fied organisms? The lead article in this report sets out our thinking, but the article is rounded out with nine commentaries that sometimes expand on and sometimes argue with our perspective. Jonathan Wolff, a philosopher at the University College of London and a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, and Mark Bedau, a philosopher at Reed College and a participant in several projects aimed at de­veloping artificial cells, discuss the potential consequences of synthetic biology and suggest some reasons for a precau­tionary approach to deliberating about the consequences. Jane Calvert, reader in science, technology, and innovation studies at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics working party on emerging biotechnologies, recommends, however, that deliberation about the governance of emerging technologies focus less on consequences than on aims and purposes. Gigi Gronvall, senior associate at the Center for Health Security in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and David Relman, a microbiologist and immunologist at the Stanford School of Medicine, offer contrasting per­spectives about a question we raise concerning “the eth­ics of knowledge”—the values at stake in generating and disseminating potentially dangerous information. Gaymon Bennett offers some ruminations on the questions we raise about how synthetic biology might change the human re­lationship to nature in morally significant ways. He argues, too, that we can think about the ethics of synthetic biology more effectively by getting “upstream” in another way—by sitting next to the bioengineers doing the work and study­ing their “everyday practice” rather than by paying attention only to what is thought and said about their work. Colleen Grogan, professor at the University of Chicago's School of Social Administration and an expert on democratic partici­patory processes in governance, builds on our comments about the challenge of creating a meaningful public dialog about synthetic biology. Jim Thomas, a researcher with the ETC Group, challenges our view of how the public debate about synthetic biology is trending. And Sarah Carter, a policy analyst with the J. Craig Venter Institute, puts our discussion about synthetic biology in the context of debates about other new products and technologies.", "publicationTitle": "Hastings Center Report", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 1, 2014", "volume": "44", "issue": "S5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "S2-S3", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Hastings Center Report", "DOI": "10.1002/hast.391", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.391/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1552-146X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 The Hastings Center", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-14T15:28:21Z" } }, { "key": "CHBCJ4XB", "version": 4, 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