[ { "key": "T3X9QBTH", "version": 8183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/T3X9QBTH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/T3X9QBTH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gabunia et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-05-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T3X9QBTH", "version": 8183, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting, and age", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Gabunia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Vekua" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Lordkipanidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C C", "lastName": "Swisher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Ferring" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Justus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Nioradze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Tvalchrelidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S C", "lastName": "Antón" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G", "lastName": "Bosinski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O", "lastName": "Jöris" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M A", "lastName": "Lumley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G", "lastName": "Majsuradze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Mouskhelishvili" } ], "abstractNote": "Archaeological excavations at the site of Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia have uncovered two partial early Pleistocene hominid crania. The new fossils consist of a relatively complete cranium and a second relatively complete calvaria from the same site and stratigraphic unit that yielded a hominid mandible in 1991. In contrast with the uncertain taxonomic affinity of the mandible, the new fossils are comparable in size and morphology with Homo ergaster from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Paleontological, archaeological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic data from Dmanisi all indicate an earliest Pleistocene age of about 1.7 million years ago, supporting correlation of the new specimens with the Koobi Fora fossils. The Dmanisi fossils, in contrast with Pleistocene hominids from Western Europe and Eastern Asia, show clear African affinity and may represent the species that first migrated out of Africa.", "publicationTitle": "Science (New York, N.Y.)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 12, 2000", "volume": "288", "issue": "5468", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1019-1025", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807567", "accessDate": "2011-01-13T22:58:14Z", "PMID": "10807567", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Asia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emigration and Immigration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Europe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fossils", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geologic Sediments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Georgia (Republic)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History, Ancient", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hominidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Paleodontology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skull", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/users/474586/items/KS9XAE6T" }, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "KI62BH5Q", "version": 8183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/KI62BH5Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/KI62BH5Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rightmire et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KI62BH5Q", "version": 8183, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Variation in the mandibles from Dmanisi, Georgia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G Philip", "lastName": "Rightmire" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adam P", "lastName": "Van Arsdale" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Lordkipanidze" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 2008", "volume": "54", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "904-908", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Hum. Evol", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18394678", "accessDate": "2011-01-14T10:27:12Z", "PMID": "18394678", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Age Determination by Skeleton", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biological Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Georgia (Republic)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History, Ancient", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hominidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mandible", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Paleontology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Characteristics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/users/474586/items/RPFTJPIM" }, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "JIV3GAPN", "version": 8183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/JIV3GAPN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/JIV3GAPN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lordkipanidze et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-09-20", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JIV3GAPN", "version": 8183, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Lordkipanidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tea", "lastName": "Jashashvili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abesalom", "lastName": "Vekua" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcia S", "lastName": "Ponce de León" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christoph P E", "lastName": "Zollikofer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G Philip", "lastName": "Rightmire" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Herman", "lastName": "Pontzer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reid", "lastName": "Ferring" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oriol", "lastName": "Oms" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martha", "lastName": "Tappen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maia", "lastName": "Bukhsianidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jordi", "lastName": "Agusti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ralf", "lastName": "Kahlke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gocha", "lastName": "Kiladze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bienvenido", "lastName": "Martinez-Navarro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Mouskhelishvili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Medea", "lastName": "Nioradze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lorenzo", "lastName": "Rook" } ], "abstractNote": "The Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded a rich fossil and archaeological record documenting an early presence of the genus Homo outside Africa. Although the craniomandibular morphology of early Homo is well known as a result of finds from Dmanisi and African localities, data about its postcranial morphology are still relatively scarce. Here we describe newly excavated postcranial material from Dmanisi comprising a partial skeleton of an adolescent individual, associated with skull D2700/D2735, and the remains from three adult individuals. This material shows that the postcranial anatomy of the Dmanisi hominins has a surprising mosaic of primitive and derived features. The primitive features include a small body size, a low encephalization quotient and absence of humeral torsion; the derived features include modern-human-like body proportions and lower limb morphology indicative of the capability for long-distance travel. Thus, the earliest known hominins to have lived outside of Africa in the temperate zones of Eurasia did not yet display the full set of derived skeletal features.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 20, 2007", "volume": "449", "issue": "7160", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "305-310", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nature", "DOI": "10.1038/nature06134", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17882214", "accessDate": "2011-01-13T23:10:51Z", "PMID": "17882214", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1476-4687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Body Size", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fossils", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Georgia (Republic)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History, Ancient", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hominidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Leg Bones", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Locomotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skeleton", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/users/474586/items/9XRB9EXC" }, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "E6ETJ6GI", "version": 8183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/E6ETJ6GI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/E6ETJ6GI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gabunia and Vekua", "parsedDate": "1995-02-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E6ETJ6GI", "version": 8183, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Dmanisi, East Georgia, Caucasus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Gabunia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Vekua" } ], "abstractNote": "Archaeological excavations at the mediaeval site of Dmanisi (East Georgia) revealed that the town was built on a series of deposits yielding Late Villafranchian mammalian fossils and led to the discovery in late 1991 of a well preserved early human mandible. Dmanisi, where excavations are being carried out by a joint expedition of the Archaeological Research Centre of the Georgian Academy of Sciences and the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum (Mainz, Germany), is located southwest of Tbilisi, at about 44 degrees 20'N, 41 degrees 20'E (Fig. 1). The fossils date to the latest Pliocene (or perhaps to the earliest Pleistocene), probably between 1.8 and 1.6 million years ago (Myr). Here we identify the mandible as belonging to the species Homo erectus, of which it is the earliest known representative in western Eurasia. It shows a number of similarities to the African and Chinese representatives of this species.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 9, 1995", "volume": "373", "issue": "6514", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "509-512", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nature", "DOI": "10.1038/373509a0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7845461", "accessDate": "2011-01-13T22:56:50Z", "PMID": "7845461", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "China", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dentition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fossils", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Georgia (Republic)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hominidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mandible", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tooth", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/users/474586/items/MUCUFQAU" }, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "S9WM5DIX", "version": 8183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/S9WM5DIX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/S9WM5DIX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lordkipanidze et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-04-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S9WM5DIX", "version": 8183, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Anthropology: the earliest toothless hominin skull", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Lordkipanidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abesalom", "lastName": "Vekua" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reid", "lastName": "Ferring" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G Philip", "lastName": "Rightmire" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jordi", "lastName": "Agusti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gocha", "lastName": "Kiladze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Mouskhelishvili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Medea", "lastName": "Nioradze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcia S", "lastName": "Ponce de León" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martha", "lastName": "Tappen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christoph P E", "lastName": "Zollikofer" } ], "abstractNote": "The site of Dmanisi in the Eurasian republic of Georgia has yielded striking hominin, faunal and archaeological material as evidence for the presence of early Homo outside Africa 1.77 million years ago, documenting an important episode in human evolution. Here we describe a beautifully preserved skull and jawbone from a Dmanisi hominin of this period who had lost all but one tooth several years before death. This specimen not only represents the earliest case of severe masticatory impairment in the hominin fossil record to be discovered so far, but also raises questions about alternative subsistence strategies in early Homo.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 7, 2005", "volume": "434", "issue": "7034", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "717-718", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nature", "DOI": "10.1038/434717b", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15815618", "accessDate": "2011-01-13T23:04:15Z", "PMID": "15815618", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1476-4687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Anthropology", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fossils", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Georgia (Republic)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History, Ancient", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hominidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mandible", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mastication", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skull", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tooth", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tooth Loss", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/users/474586/items/C8C452T4" }, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "QI87TCGA", "version": 8183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/QI87TCGA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/QI87TCGA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vekua et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-07-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QI87TCGA", "version": 8183, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abesalom", "lastName": "Vekua" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Lordkipanidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G Philip", "lastName": "Rightmire" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jordi", "lastName": "Agusti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reid", "lastName": "Ferring" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Givi", "lastName": "Maisuradze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Mouskhelishvili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Medea", "lastName": "Nioradze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcia Ponce", "lastName": "De Leon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martha", "lastName": "Tappen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Merab", "lastName": "Tvalchrelidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christoph", "lastName": "Zollikofer" } ], "abstractNote": "Another hominid skull has been recovered at Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) from the same strata in which hominid remains have been reported previously. The Dmanisi site dated to approximately 1.75 million years ago has now produced craniofacial portions of several hominid individuals, along with many well-preserved animal fossils and quantities of stone artifacts. Although there are certain anatomical differences among the Dmanisi specimens, the hominids do not clearly represent more than one taxon. We assign the new skull provisionally to Homo erectus (=ergaster). The Dmanisi specimens are the most primitive and small-brained fossils to be grouped with this species or any taxon linked unequivocally with genus Homo and also the ones most similar to the presumed habilis-like stem. We suggest that the ancestors of the Dmanisi population dispersed from Africa before the emergence of humans identified broadly with the H. erectus grade.", "publicationTitle": "Science (New York, N.Y.)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 5, 2002", "volume": "297", "issue": "5578", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "85-89", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science", "DOI": "10.1126/science.1072953", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098694", "accessDate": "2011-01-13T23:03:11Z", "PMID": "12098694", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1095-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anthropology, Physical", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cephalometry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emigration and Immigration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fossils", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Frontal Bone", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geologic Sediments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Georgia (Republic)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hominidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mandible", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nasal Bone", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Orbit", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parietal Bone", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rodentia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skull", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Temporal Bone", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tooth", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/users/474586/items/S3TSRPUD" }, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "DEXQJ5M5", "version": 8183, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/DEXQJ5M5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/DEXQJ5M5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lordkipanidze et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DEXQJ5M5", "version": 8183, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A fourth hominin skull from Dmanisi, Georgia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Lordkipanidze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abesalom", "lastName": "Vekua" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reid", "lastName": "Ferring" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G Philip", "lastName": "Rightmire" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christoph P E", "lastName": "Zollikofer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcia S", "lastName": "Ponce de León" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jordi", "lastName": "Agusti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gocha", "lastName": "Kiladze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Mouskhelishvili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Medea", "lastName": "Nioradze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martha", "lastName": "Tappen" } ], "abstractNote": "Newly discovered Homo remains, stone artifacts, and animal fossils from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia, provide a basis for better understanding patterns of hominin evolution and behavior in Eurasia ca. 1.77 million years ago. Here we describe a fourth skull that is nearly complete, lacking all but one of its teeth at the time of death. Both the maxillae and the mandible exhibit extensive bone loss due to resorption. This individual is similar to others from the site but supplies information about variation in brain size and craniofacial anatomy within the Dmanisi paleodeme. Although this assemblage presents numerous primitive characters, the Dmanisi skulls are best accommodated within the species H. erectus. On anatomical grounds, it is argued that the relatively small-brained and lightly built Dmanisi hominins may be ancestral to African and Far Eastern branches of H. erectus showing more derived morphology.", "publicationTitle": "The Anatomical Record. Part A, Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 2006", "volume": "288", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1146-1157", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol", "DOI": "10.1002/ar.a.20379", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031841", "accessDate": "2011-01-13T23:04:54Z", "PMID": "17031841", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1552-4884", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Archaeology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bone Remodeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cephalometry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fossils", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Frontal Bone", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Georgia (Republic)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History, Ancient", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hominidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mandible", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mastoid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Maxilla", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Occipital Bone", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organ Size", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Paleontology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phylogeny", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Characteristics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skull", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tooth", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/users/474586/items/WH7TTB5W" }, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "M45S6TXB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/M45S6TXB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/M45S6TXB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Macaluso", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M45S6TXB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Variation in dental remains from Dmanisi, Georgia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jr", "lastName": "Macaluso" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Anthropological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "908240070", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0918-7960", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "KKIIX4IN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/KKIIX4IN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/KKIIX4IN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Walker and Leakey", "parsedDate": "1993", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KKIIX4IN", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Walker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. E", "lastName": "Leakey" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1993", "publisher": "Springer", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "3540563016", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-01-16T00:48:51Z" } }, { "key": "AHIKVMTM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 34938, "name": "Paleoanthropology", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/34938/items/AHIKVMTM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/paleoanthropology/items/AHIKVMTM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 474586, "username": "antecessor", "name": "Mario Modesto Mata", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/antecessor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schwartz and Tattersall", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AHIKVMTM", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "The human fossil record, craniodental morphology of genus Homo (Africa and Asia)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. 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