[ { "key": "TRWD4CEB", "version": 33, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/TRWD4CEB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/TRWD4CEB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Roy et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TRWD4CEB", "version": 33, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Poritosh", "lastName": "Roy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daisuke", "lastName": "Nei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Takahiro", "lastName": "Orikasa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Qingyi", "lastName": "Xu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hiroshi", "lastName": "Okadome" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nobutaka", "lastName": "Nakamura" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Takeo", "lastName": "Shiina" } ], "abstractNote": "Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool that can be used to evaluate the environmental load of a product, process, or activity throughout its life cycle. Today’s LCA users are a mixture of individuals with skills in different disciplines who want to evaluate their products, processes, or activities in a life cycle context. This study attempts to present some of the LCA studies on agricultural and industrial food products, recent advances in LCA and their application on food products. The reviewed literatures indicate that agricultural production is the hotspot in the life cycle of food products and LCA can assist to identify more sustainable options. Due to the recent development of LCA methodologies and dissemination programs by international and local bodies, use of LCA is rapidly increasing in agricultural and industrial food products. A network of information sharing and exchange of experience has expedited the LCA development process. The literatures also suggest that LCA coupled with other approaches provides much more reliable and comprehensive information to environmentally conscious policy makers, producers, and consumers in selecting sustainable products and production processes. Although LCA methodologies have been improved, further international standardization would broaden its practical applications, improve the food security and reduce human health risk.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Food Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2009", "volume": "90", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-10", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Food Engineering", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.016", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260877408002793", "accessDate": "2015-05-08T16:46:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0260-8774", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:46:44Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:46:44Z" } }, { "key": "3F4624N7", "version": 32, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/3F4624N7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/3F4624N7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Andersson et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3F4624N7", "version": 32, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Life cycle assessment (LCA) of food products and production systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karin", "lastName": "Andersson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Ohlsson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pär", "lastName": "Olsson" } ], "abstractNote": "In the late 1980s the demands for a more ecological life style and sustainability set off intense research for methods to analyse and assess the environmental impact of products and systems. The methodology crystallizing from this research is called life cycle assessment (LCA). This paper presents the concept, methodology, applications and present status of LCA. LCA as applied to food production systems is discussed in terms of needs, special demands on methodology, the studies that have been performed and ongoing activities.", "publicationTitle": "Trends in Food Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1994", "volume": "5", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "134-138", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Trends in Food Science & Technology", "DOI": "10.1016/0924-2244(94)90118-X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/092422449490118X", "accessDate": "2015-05-08T16:45:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0924-2244", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:45:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:45:42Z" } }, { "key": "2M3NP76Q", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/2M3NP76Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/2M3NP76Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gowreesunker and Tassou", "parsedDate": "2015-02-26", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2M3NP76Q", "version": 31, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Approaches for modelling the energy flow in food chains", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Baboo Lesh", "lastName": "Gowreesunker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Savvas A.", "lastName": "Tassou" } ], "abstractNote": "Background The heavy reliance of the global food chain on the use of fossil fuels and anticipated rise in global population threatens future global food security. Due to the complexity of the food and energy systems, the impact of adequate food, climate or energy policies should be carefully examined in a modelling framework which considers the interaction of the food and energy systems. However, due to the different modelling approaches available, it can be very difficult to identify which method best suits the required purpose. Method This paper presents the three main modelling approaches as ‘top-down’, ‘bottom-up’ and hybrids. It reviews different models under each category in terms of the practicality, benefits and limitations with reference to different past studies. Results Bottom-up approaches generally tend to provide high levels of details, but their specificity to particular products/processes detracts their application to holistic models. On the other hand, top-down approaches consider the holistic aspects of the food chain, but the limited level of disaggregation prevents the identification of energy and environmental hot-spots. As a result, hybrid models seek to reduce the limitations of the individual approaches. Conclusions This paper shows that the choice of one modelling approach over another depends on a variety of criteria including data requirements, uncertainty, available tools, time and labour intensity. Furthermore, future models and studies have to increasingly consider the inter-dependence of implementing social, demographic, economic and climate considerations in a holistic context to predict both short- and long-term impacts of the food chain.", "publicationTitle": "Energy, Sustainability and Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015/02/26", "volume": "5", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-18", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energ Sustain Soc", "DOI": "10.1186/s13705-015-0035-y", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13705-015-0035-y", "accessDate": "2015-05-08T16:36:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2192-0567", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:36:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:36:20Z" } }, { "key": "48Z4IR57", "version": 30, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/48Z4IR57", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/48Z4IR57", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "48Z4IR57", "version": 30, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "The application of life cycle assessment for improving the eco-efficiency of supply chains", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rene_Berkel/publication/237665576_The_Application_of_Life_Cycle_Assessment_for_Improving_the_EcoEfficiency_of_Supply_Chains/links/00463526b2d12b3b13000000.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:28:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:29:34Z" } }, { "key": "IZGE78PM", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/IZGE78PM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/IZGE78PM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vermeulen et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-11-21", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IZGE78PM", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Climate Change and Food Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sonja J.", "lastName": "Vermeulen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruce M.", "lastName": "Campbell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John S.I.", "lastName": "Ingram" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Environment and Resources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012-11-21", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "195-222", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608", "accessDate": "2015-05-08T16:20:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1543-5938, 1545-2050", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:20:54Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:20:54Z" } }, { "key": "DU53V3GD", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/DU53V3GD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/DU53V3GD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DU53V3GD", "version": 27, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "GHG emissions in the global supply chain of of products", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.iioa.org/conferences/intermediate-2008/pdf/6d1_Minx.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:19:13Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:19:48Z" } }, { "key": "2WFEPUM9", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/2WFEPUM9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/2WFEPUM9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Garnett", "parsedDate": "2013-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2WFEPUM9", "version": 25, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Food sustainability: problems, perspectives and solutions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tara", "lastName": "Garnett" } ], "abstractNote": "The global food system makes a significant contribution to climate changing greenhouse gas emissions with all stages in the supply chain, from agricultural production through processing, distribution, retailing, home food preparation and waste, playing a part. It also gives rise to other major environmental impacts, including biodiversity loss and water extraction and pollution. Policy makers are increasingly aware of the need to address these concerns, but at the same time they are faced with a growing burden of food security and nutrition-related problems, and tasked with ensuring that there is enough food to meet the needs of a growing global population. In short, more people need to be fed better, with less environmental impact. How might this be achieved? Broadly, three main ‘takes’ or perspectives, on the issues and their interactions, appear to be emerging. Depending on one's view point, the problem can be conceptualised as a production challenge, in which case there is a need to change how food is produced by improving the unit efficiency of food production; a consumption challenge, which requires changes to the dietary drivers that determine food production; or a socio-economic challenge, which requires changes in how the food system is governed. This paper considers these perspectives in turn, their implications for nutrition and climate change, and their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, an argument is made for a reorientation of policy thinking which uses the insights provided by all three perspectives, rather than, as is the situation today, privileging one over the other.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the Nutrition Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2013", "volume": "72", "issue": "01", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "29–39", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1017/S0029665112002947", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0029665112002947", "accessDate": "2015-05-08T16:18:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1475-2719", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Food sustainability", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:18:22Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:18:22Z" } }, { "key": "HFF8749T", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/HFF8749T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/HFF8749T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weber and Matthews", "parsedDate": "2008-05-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HFF8749T", "version": 24, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher L.", "lastName": "Weber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. Scott", "lastName": "Matthews" } ], "abstractNote": "Despite significant recent public concern and media attention to the environmental impacts of food, few studies in the United States have systematically compared the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with food production against long-distance distribution, aka ?food-miles.? We find that although food is transported long distances in general (1640 km delivery and 6760 km life-cycle supply chain on average) the GHG emissions associated with food are dominated by the production phase, contributing 83% of the average U.S. household?s 8.1 t CO2e/yr footprint for food consumption. Transportation as a whole represents only 11% of life-cycle GHG emissions, and final delivery from producer to retail contributes only 4%. Different food groups exhibit a large range in GHG-intensity; on average, red meat is around 150% more GHG-intensive than chicken or fish. Thus, we suggest that dietary shift can be a more effective means of lowering an average household?s food-related climate footprint than ?buying local.? Shifting less than one day per week?s worth of calories from red meat and dairy products to chicken, fish, eggs, or a vegetable-based diet achieves more GHG reduction than buying all locally sourced food.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1, 2008", "volume": "42", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3508-3513", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1021/es702969f", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702969f", "accessDate": "2015-05-08T16:05:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-08T16:05:27Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-08T16:05:27Z" } }, { "key": "9BJUJ7TS", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/9BJUJ7TS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/9BJUJ7TS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hermansen and Nguyen", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9BJUJ7TS", "version": 23, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Life cycle assessment and the agri-food chain", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John E.", "lastName": "Hermansen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thu Lan T.", "lastName": "Nguyen" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Joyce I.", "lastName": "Boye" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Yves", "lastName": "Arcand" } ], "abstractNote": "Our food consumption is responsible for a major part of the environmental impact related to our total consumption. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a product-oriented tool that can be used efficiently to identify improvement options within the food chain covering a product’s life cycle from cradle to grave, which is very complex for many foods, and to support choices of consumption. The LCA methodology is supported by public standards and public policy measures and has proved its value in business development for more environmentally friendly products. It is an essential feature that the effects of resource use and emissions associated with a product’s life cycle can be aggregated into impact categories (e.g., nonrenewable energy use, land occupation, global warming, acidification, etc.) and further aggregated into overall damage impacts (e.g., impacts on biodiversity, human health, and resource productivity), and these impacts can be even monetarized in a single score. No doubt, uncertainty because of assumptions created increases in the level of aggregation, so a trade-off exists in having a tool for easy communication and a high level of certainty in the assessment. However, a sound theoretical framework for aggregation facilitates the coherent use of the LCA results in different purposes and by different stakeholders. There is a need, nonetheless, to further develop the methodology, including land use impacts resulting from increased demand for food. It has been demonstrated that this inclusion may change the ranking of different foods regarding environmental impact, but above all it will typically enhance differences between foods of animal and plant origin, and particularly regarding the impact on global warming.", "bookTitle": "Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing", "series": "Food Engineering Series", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012", "publisher": "Springer US", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "43-60", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-1586-2, 978-1-4614-1587-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_3", "accessDate": "2015-05-06T22:40:01Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2012 Her Majesty the Queen, in Right of Canada", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T22:40:01Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T22:40:01Z" } }, { "key": "59E4XQGV", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/59E4XQGV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/59E4XQGV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brentrup", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "59E4XQGV", "version": 22, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Life cycle assessment of crop production", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank", "lastName": "Brentrup" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Joyce I.", "lastName": "Boye" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Yves", "lastName": "Arcand" } ], "abstractNote": "The “environmental footprint” of crop production includes a wide range of different impacts such as nitrate leaching, ammonia volatilization, greenhouse gas emissions, or energy consumption, which itself may contribute to different environmental effects such as eutrophication, acidification, and global warming. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is particularly suitable to examine and analyze the “environmental footprint,” because LCA is an inventory and evaluation of all environmental impacts (emissions and resource consumption) along the life cycle of a product from “cradle to grave.” For fertilizer, this means the inclusion of raw material extraction, through production to application. Today, LCA is a standardized methodology that is mainly used to compare different alternatives (products or services) and to determine their environmental hot spots. A complete LCA study aims at including all potential environmental impacts from crop production systems eutrophication, off-site acidification, global warming, toxicity, and resource consumption (land, water, minerals, fossil fuels). The LCA approach is often applied now to determine the so-called “carbon footprint” of products or production systems. Carbon footprint studies of crop production are particularly critical, because it is not only the energy-related CO2 emissions that are relevant. Other specific issues to be considered include: (1) direct and indirect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions; (2) potential land-use change impacts (e.g., CO2 from deforestation); (3) varying greenhouse gas emissions from different fertilizers and fertilizer production technologies, and finally (4) the CO2 fixation in crops, which is only accountable if fossil fuels are replaced by bioenergy sources. This chapter gives examples of LCA and carbon footprint calculations of winter wheat produced in Europe.", "bookTitle": "Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing", "series": "Food Engineering Series", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012", "publisher": "Springer US", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "61-82", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-1586-2, 978-1-4614-1587-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_4", "accessDate": "2015-05-06T22:39:30Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2012 Her Majesty the Queen, in Right of Canada", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T22:39:30Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T22:39:30Z" } }, { "key": "89T7JJU9", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/89T7JJU9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/89T7JJU9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Arcand et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "89T7JJU9", "version": 22, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Life cycle assessment of processed food", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yves", "lastName": "Arcand" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dominique", "lastName": "Maxime" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reza", "lastName": "Zareifard" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Joyce I.", "lastName": "Boye" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Yves", "lastName": "Arcand" } ], "abstractNote": "The typical food chain steps start at the farm, then go through more or less complex transformation, distribution, and retail before reaching the consumer, each step using natural resources and generating pollution. It is generally believed that processors and transporters are the worst offenders. It is not surprising, therefore, that the first Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reported came from food processors. But those early studies focused on reducing packaging and energy inputs simply because organic wastes were not considered as serious a threat as in other industrial sectors (e.g., chemical, pulp and paper or mining). However, since the mid-1980s, investigations of environmental impacts of food products became gradually more widespread, and the first published LCAs on food production and processing showed the food chain to be a very large contributor to most LCA impacts parameters. Surprisingly, most impacts are generally located at the farm level, but processing is a major contributor in some sectors. The purpose of this chapter is not to get into highly technical considerations related to LCA, because it is not directed primarily to the LCA practitioner. It is intended rather to arouse the interest of professionals in food processing, such as engineers and technologists, and people working in the food industry who would like to opt for an environmental holistic approach to support decision-making, and for accounting and monitoring purpose using a life cycle perspective. The chapter first discusses some methodological considerations specific to the food processing industry, then lists some limitations and perspective of LCA. The last section will describe briefly the main food transformation processes used, focusing on required natural resources needed (land, water, energy, fertilizers, and pesticides) and on generated outputs (food, by-products and wastes). LCA will help quantify the different impacts and will show the relative influence of each food step in order to provide a clearer global picture of the situation.", "bookTitle": "Green Technologies in Food Production and Processing", "series": "Food Engineering Series", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012", "publisher": "Springer US", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "115-148", "ISBN": "978-1-4614-1586-2, 978-1-4614-1587-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_6", "accessDate": "2015-05-06T22:39:18Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2012 Her Majesty the Queen, in Right of Canada", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T22:39:18Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T22:39:18Z" } }, { "key": "Z34CNRIG", "version": 21, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/Z34CNRIG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/Z34CNRIG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Guo et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z34CNRIG", "version": 21, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Influence of Agro-Ecosystem Modeling Approach on the Greenhouse Gas Profiles of Wheat-Derived Biopolymer Products", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miao", "lastName": "Guo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "ChangSheng", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. Nigel B.", "lastName": "Bell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard J.", "lastName": "Murphy" } ], "abstractNote": "An approach is presented to include a wider range of factors involved in the nitrogen and carbon cycles in agro-ecosystems than is typical of many Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of agriculture-based products. This use results from the process-oriented Denitrification?Decomposition (DNDC, modified version) model. Here we evaluate the effects of using site-specific N2O emissions derived from the DNDC model rather than the values derived from the commonly used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 empirical model on the results of whole life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) profiles for wheat-based biopolymer products. Statistical methods were also used to analyze the quality of the DNDC and IPCC outputs and to characterize the uncertainty in the GHG results. The results confirm that the GHG profiles of the wheat-derived biopolymer products are sensitive to how the agricultural system is modeled and uncertainty analyses indicate that DNDC is preferred over the IPCC Tier 1 approach for site-specific LCAs. The former allows inclusion of a wider range of important site-specific agricultural parameters in the LCA, provides for improved quality in the LCA data, and permits better calibration of uncertainty in the LCA inventory.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 3, 2012", "volume": "46", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "320-330", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1021/es2030388", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2030388", "accessDate": "2015-05-06T22:37:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T22:37:35Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T22:37:35Z" } }, { "key": "ISAQJ69N", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/ISAQJ69N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/ISAQJ69N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Linquist et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ISAQJ69N", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruce", "lastName": "Linquist" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kees Jan", "lastName": "van Groenigen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria Arlene", "lastName": "Adviento-Borbe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cameron", "lastName": "Pittelkow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "van Kessel" } ], "abstractNote": "Agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contribute approximately 12% to total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) are the largest source of human calories, and it is estimated that world cereal production must increase by 1.3% annually to 2025 to meet growing demand. Sustainable intensification of cereal production systems will require maintaining high yields while reducing environmental costs. We conducted a meta-analysis (57 published studies consisting of 62 study sites and 328 observations) to test the hypothesis that the global warming potential (GWP) of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice, wheat, and maize, when expressed per ton of grain (yield-scaled GWP), is similar, and that the lowest value for each cereal is achieved at near optimal yields. Results show that the GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice (3757 kg CO2 eq ha−1 season−1) was higher than wheat (662 kg CO2 eq ha−1 season−1) and maize (1399 kg CO2 eq ha−1 season−1). The yield-scaled GWP of rice was about four times higher (657 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) than wheat (166 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) and maize (185 kg CO2 eq Mg−1). Across cereals, the lowest yield-scaled GWP values were achieved at 92% of maximal yield and were about twice as high for rice (279 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) than wheat (102 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) or maize (140 kg CO2 eq Mg−1), suggesting greater mitigation opportunities for rice systems. In rice, wheat and maize, 0.68%, 1.21%, and 1.06% of N applied was emitted as N2O, respectively. In rice systems, there was no correlation between CH4 emissions and N rate. In addition, when evaluating issues related to food security and environmental sustainability, other factors including cultural significance, the provisioning of ecosystem services, and human health and well-being must also be considered.", "publicationTitle": "Global Change Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2012", "volume": "18", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "194-209", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Glob. Change Biol.", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02502.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02502.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-05-06T22:32:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2486", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T22:32:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T22:32:31Z" } }, { "key": "VKN5KBBW", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/VKN5KBBW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/VKN5KBBW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VKN5KBBW", "version": 19, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the U.S. Diet: Aligning Nutritional Recommendations with Environmental Concerns", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "http://lcacenter.org/lcafood2014/papers/42.pdf", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T22:19:51Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T22:20:14Z" } }, { "key": "77V4QWNP", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/77V4QWNP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/77V4QWNP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kendall and Brodt", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "77V4QWNP", "version": 18, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Comparing Alternative Nutritional Functional Units for Expressing Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Food Production Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alissa", "lastName": "Kendall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sonja", "lastName": "Brodt" } ], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://lcacenter.org/lcafood2014/papers/251.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T22:03:19Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T22:04:06Z" } }, { "key": "UMPM54QV", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/UMPM54QV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/UMPM54QV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/K6U2VQ4D", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UMPM54QV", "version": 17, "parentItem": "K6U2VQ4D", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "fruitveg_paper_final.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "fruitveg_paper_final.pdf", "md5": "45850ef08093313e751a9352f7819b34", "mtime": 1430947699000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T21:28:19Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T21:28:46Z" } }, { "key": "K6U2VQ4D", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/K6U2VQ4D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/K6U2VQ4D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Garnett", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "K6U2VQ4D", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Fruit and vegetables & UK greenhouse gas emissions: exploring the relationship", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tara", "lastName": "Garnett" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "UK: Food and Climate Research Network, University of Surrey", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/fruitveg_paper_final.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-05-06T21:28:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Fruit and vegetables & UK greenhouse gas emissions", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T21:28:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T21:28:45Z" } }, { "key": "HRTIF8EM", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/HRTIF8EM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/HRTIF8EM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Arzoumanidis et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HRTIF8EM", "version": 15, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Life Cycle Assessment for the Agri-Food Sector", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ioannis", "lastName": "Arzoumanidis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luigia", "lastName": "Petti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea", "lastName": "Raggi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alessandra", "lastName": "Zamagni" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Roberta", "lastName": "Salomone" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Maria Teresa", "lastName": "Clasadonte" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Maria", "lastName": "Proto" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Andrea", "lastName": "Raggi" } ], "abstractNote": "The food supply chain has become an important contributor to a number of environmental impacts, and food and drink products are accountable for a significant share of the overall environmental impacts of private consumption. In order for the whole chain to be taken into account, a life cycle approach to environmental assessment is needed; in that framework, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology has been increasingly used to improve the environmental performance of food systems. In this chapter review papers on food LCA case studies were reviewed in terms of methodological key aspects (e.g., functional unit, system boundary, multi-functionality, data, etc.). Moreover, an attempt was made to identify the most critical impacts and life-cycle stages. In the case studies reviewed, different assumptions and methodologies were found and discussed. However, it was not possible to clearly identify one or more environmental impacts as being more important than others. Finally, no sure conclusions were drawn regarding the most impacting stage, although the agricultural one was mentioned most frequently.", "bookTitle": "Product-Oriented Environmental Management Systems (POEMS)", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013", "publisher": "Springer Netherlands", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "105-122", "ISBN": "978-94-007-6115-5, 978-94-007-6116-2", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6116-2_5", "accessDate": "2015-05-06T20:38:33Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-06T20:38:33Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-06T20:38:33Z" } }, { "key": "VVHT5ZEA", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/VVHT5ZEA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/VVHT5ZEA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Anal et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VVHT5ZEA", "version": 14, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Sustainable Food Grain Processing", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anil Kumar", "lastName": "Anal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Imran", "lastName": "Ahmad" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jiraporn", "lastName": "Sripinyowanich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Athapol", "lastName": "Noomhorm" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Brijesh K.", "lastName": "Tiwari" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tomas", "lastName": "Norton" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Nicholas M.", "lastName": "Holden" } ], "abstractNote": "Sustainability in the food grain processing industry is concerned with the entire food production and supply chain, from agricultural production and processing to packing, distribution and final consumption. This chapter outlines various strategies in the food grain processing chain. Use of novel techniques in grain processing and supply chain system is outlined to ensure sustainable processing and handling approach. Various processing techniques and value addition to grain processing by-products are also discussed.", "bookTitle": "Sustainable Food Processing", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013", "publisher": "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "269-294", "ISBN": "9781118634301", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118634301.ch11/summary", "accessDate": "2015-05-05T16:49:21Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-05T16:49:21Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-05T16:49:21Z" } }, { "key": "HR5EB796", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/HR5EB796", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/HR5EB796", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Guo", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HR5EB796", "version": 13, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "LCA of Wheat Agro-Eco-System", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miao", "lastName": "Guo" } ], "abstractNote": "An approach is presented to include a wider range of factors involved in the nitrogen and carbon cycles in agro-ecosystems than is typical of many LCAs of agriculture-based products. This uses results from the process-oriented Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC, modified version) model. This study evaluate the effects of using site-specific N2O emissions derived from the DNDC model rather than the values derived from the commonly used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 empirical model on the results of whole life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) profiles for wheat-based biopolymer products. Statistical methods were also used to analyze the quality of the DNDC and IPCC outputs and to characterize the uncertainty in the GHG results. The results confirm that the GHG profiles of the wheat-derived biopolymer products are sensitive to how the agricultural system is modeled and uncertainty analyses indicate that DNDC is preferred over the IPCC Tier 1 approach for site-specific LCAs. The former allows inclusion of a wider range of important site-specific agricultural parameters in the LCA, provides for improved quality in the LCA data and permits better calibration of uncertainty in the LCA inventory. In this study, site-specific primary data were used to develop the LCA inventory and detailed contributional analyses presented in this chapter reveals the major contributors to the environmental profiles of wheat farming system.", "bookTitle": "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Light-Weight Eco-composites", "series": "Springer Theses", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "103-151", "ISBN": "978-3-642-35036-8, 978-3-642-35037-5", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-35037-5_3", "accessDate": "2015-05-05T16:31:59Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-05T16:31:59Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-05T16:31:59Z" } }, { "key": "NX8GIBRD", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/NX8GIBRD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/NX8GIBRD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pelton and Smith", "parsedDate": "2014-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NX8GIBRD", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hotspot Scenario Analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rylie E.O.", "lastName": "Pelton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy M.", "lastName": "Smith" } ], "abstractNote": "Increasingly, organizations are working to reduce the environmental footprint of their supply chains. The use of environmentally preferable purchasing criteria is one strategy organizations use to address this goal. However, evaluating the environmental performance of these criteria (e.g., recycled content, biodegradable, renewable, and so on) has remained elusive. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can measure the impact reduction potential of sourcing strategies. However, full process-based LCAs are time-consuming and costly across multiple criteria of thousands of products and inputs purchased in an organizational setting. A streamlined “hotspot” methodology is presented using a combination of environmentally extended economic input-output (EEIO) approaches and extant literature to identify hotspots in which to constrain a parameterized process-based LCA. A case study of breakfast cereal manufacturing is developed to (1) assess the efficiencies associated with the hotspotting approach and (2) demonstrate its applicability in generating comparable decision signals of environmentally preferable sourcing criteria for procurement and supply-chain managers along the dimensions of global warming potential and water use.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Industrial Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 1, 2014", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "n/a-n/a", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Industrial Ecology", "DOI": "10.1111/jiec.12191", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jiec.12191/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-05-05T13:34:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1530-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 by Yale University", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-05T13:34:18Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-05T13:34:18Z" } }, { "key": "EE8ZVBVM", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/EE8ZVBVM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/EE8ZVBVM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Egilmez et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EE8ZVBVM", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Supply chain sustainability assessment of the U.S. food manufacturing sectors: A life cycle-based frontier approach", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gokhan", "lastName": "Egilmez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Murat", "lastName": "Kucukvar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Omer", "lastName": "Tatari" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Khurrum S.", "lastName": "Bhutta" } ], "abstractNote": "Due to the fact that food manufacturing is one of the major drivers of the global environmental issues, there is a strong need to focus on sustainable manufacturing toward achieving long-term sustainability goals in food production of the United States. In this regard, current study assessed the direct and indirect environmental footprint of 33 U.S. food manufacturing sectors by using the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) model. Then, a non-parametric mathematical optimization tool, namely Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), is utilized to benchmark the sustainability performance of food manufacturing sectors by using the results of the EIO-LCA model. Next, sustainability performance indices (SPIs), rankings, target improvements, and sensitivity of environmental impact indicators are presented. The average SPI score of U.S. food manufacturing sectors is found as 0.76. In addition, 19 out of 33 food sectors are found as inefficient where an average of 45–71% reduction is indicated for various environmental impact categories. Analysis results also indicate that supply chains of food manufacturing sectors are heavily responsible for the impacts with over 80% shares for energy, water and carbon footprint, fishery and grazing categories. Especially, animal (except poultry) slaughtering, rendering and processing sector is found as the most dominant sector in most of the impact categories (ranked as 2nd in fishery and forest land). Sensitivity analysis indicated that forest land footprint is found to be the most sensitive environmental indicator on the overall sustainability performance of food manufacturing sectors.", "publicationTitle": "Resources, Conservation and Recycling", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2014", "volume": "82", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "8-20", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Resources, Conservation and Recycling", "DOI": "10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.10.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344913002152", "accessDate": "2015-05-05T13:20:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0921-3449", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Supply chain sustainability assessment of the U.S. food manufacturing sectors", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-05T13:20:29Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-05T13:20:29Z" } }, { "key": "2SQTIHZR", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/2SQTIHZR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/2SQTIHZR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sanders and Webber", "parsedDate": "2014-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2SQTIHZR", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A comparative analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of wheat and beef in the United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kelly Twomey", "lastName": "Sanders" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael E.", "lastName": "Webber" } ], "abstractNote": "The US food system utilizes large quantities of liquid fuels, electricity, and chemicals yielding significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are not considered in current retail prices, especially when the contribution of biogenic emissions is considered. However, because GHG emissions might be assigned a price in prospective climate policy frameworks, it would be useful to know the extent to which those policies would increase the incremental production costs to food within the US food system. This analysis uses lifecycle assessment (LCA) to (1) estimate the magnitude of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from typical US food production practices, using wheat and beef as examples, and (2) quantify the cost of those emissions in the context of a GHG-pricing regime over a range of policy constructs. Wheat and beef were chosen as benchmark staples to provide a representative range of less intensive and more intensive agricultural goods, respectively. Results suggest that 1.1 ± 0.13 and 31 ± 8.1 kg of lifecycle CO2e emissions are embedded in 1 kg of wheat and beef production, respectively. Consequently, the cost of lifecycle CO2e emissions for wheat (i.e. cultivation, processing, transportation, storage, and end-use preparation) over an emissions price range of $10 and $85 per tonne CO2e is estimated to be between $0.01 and $0.09 per kg of wheat, respectively, which would increase total wheat production costs by approximately 0.3–2% per kg. By comparison, the estimated lifecycle CO2e price of beef over the same range of CO2e prices is between $0.31 and $2.60 per kg of beef, representing a total production cost increase of approximately 5–40% per kg based on average 2010 food prices. This range indicates that the incremental cost to total US food production might be anywhere between $0.63–5.4 Billion per year for grain and $3.70 and $32 Billion per year for beef based on CO2e emissions assuming that total production volumes stay the same.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Research Letters", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014-04-01", "volume": "9", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "044011", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Res. Lett.", "DOI": "10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044011", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/9/4/044011", "accessDate": "2015-05-04T17:17:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1748-9326", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Institute of Physics", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-04T17:17:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-04T17:17:20Z" } }, { "key": "EJAE4BHP", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/EJAE4BHP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/EJAE4BHP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brodt et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EJAE4BHP", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in California rice production", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sonja", "lastName": "Brodt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alissa", "lastName": "Kendall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yaser", "lastName": "Mohammadi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aslihan", "lastName": "Arslan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Juhong", "lastName": "Yuan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "In-Sung", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruce", "lastName": "Linquist" } ], "abstractNote": "The nexus of climate change and food security challenges currently facing humanity requires better understanding of how to balance food production needs with climate change mitigation. Life cycle assessment methods provide a way to quantify the climate impacts of a food product by accounting for all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with its production, including upstream and downstream from the farm. This study modeled life cycle GHG emissions for one kg of milled, unpackaged rice produced in California, USA, a state that achieves some of the highest rice yields in the world. The goal was to (1) provide an assessment of life cycle GHG emissions of a comparatively intensive production system, using local field emissions data, (2) identify emissions hotspots, and (3) create a model that elucidates the life cycle-wide consequences of potential changes in field management practices. Study parameters are based on an annual cropping cycle, with continuous flooding during the growing season and soil incorporation of straw post-harvest, and yields of 9.3 Mt ha−1 dried paddy rice. Field emissions (growing and fallow seasons) were estimated with empirical data while other emissions were calculated using an engineering model coupled with life cycle inventory datasets and vehicle emission models.\n\nThe 100-year global warming potential (GWP, based on CO2, CH4 and N2O) was 1.47 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2e) kg−1 of milled rice; of which field emissions contributed 69%. These results are relatively low when compared to life cycle studies in other parts of the world, due in large part to higher grain yields and lower field emissions. When using IPCC Tier 1 estimates of field emissions, the GWP increased to 3.60 CO2e kg−1 rice, highlighting the importance of using direct field measurements as we have in this study. Due to their large contributions to life cycle GWP, reducing field CH4 emissions through different field management practices, optimizing N fertilizer use, and increasing fuel efficiency or reducing use of farm machinery present the greatest opportunities to reduce life cycle emissions. Because of high variability and uncertainty in estimating field emissions, they should also be targeted for improved measurement and modeling.", "publicationTitle": "Field Crops Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2014", "volume": "169", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "89-98", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Field Crops Research", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fcr.2014.09.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429014002573", "accessDate": "2015-05-04T16:59:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-4290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-04T16:59:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-04T16:59:57Z" } }, { "key": "Q5NNVA76", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 348107, "name": "LCA_cereal", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/Q5NNVA76", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/lca_cereal/items/Q5NNVA76", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/348107/items/25CG9DUD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q5NNVA76", "version": 8, "parentItem": "25CG9DUD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Rajaniemi et al. - 2011 - Greenhouse gas emissions from oats, barley, wheat .pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Rajaniemi et al. - 2011 - Greenhouse gas emissions from oats, barley, wheat .pdf", "md5": "fe84e45a97dd05fa2b25da71f25f5f1d", "mtime": 1430757663000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-04T16:40:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-04T16:41:04Z" } } ]