[ { "key": "MBF3N5XC", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/MBF3N5XC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/MBF3N5XC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jorgensen et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MBF3N5XC", "version": 29, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "MRI-derived moment-arms of the female and male spine loading muscles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. J", "lastName": "Jorgensen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. S", "lastName": "Marras" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. P", "lastName": "Granata" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. W", "lastName": "Wiand" } ], "abstractNote": "Objective. Develop a comprehensive gender-specific database of trunk muscle moment-arms across multiple levels of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine, determine if gender differences exist across the different vertebral levels, and develop prediction equations for the moment-arms as a function of external anthropometric measures.\n\nDesign. This study quantified trunk muscle moment-arms relative to the spine from T8 to S1 of male and female spine loading muscles.\n\nBackground. Knowledge of trunk muscle geometry is important for biomechanical modeling of the low back and for understanding of spinal loading. However, there currently is a lack of comprehensive data regarding the moment-arms of the female spine loading muscles. Additionally, little is known regarding gender differences in moment-arms for the same muscles.\n\nMethods. Magnetic resonance imaging scans through the vertebral bodies from T8 through S1 were performed on 20 females and 10 males. Moment-arms in the coronal and sagittal plane between the muscle centroid and vertebral body centroid were recorded at each vertebral level. Linear regression techniques taking into account anthropometric measures were utilized to develop prediction equations for the moment-arms for each muscle.\n\nResults. Anthropometric measures were better predictors of coronal plane moment-arms than sagittal plane moment-arms for both genders. Measures consisting of height and weight were consistent predictors of female moment-arms. Measures about the xyphoid process and combinations of height and weight were consistent predictors of coronal plane moment-arms for males at several lower lumbar levels. Males exhibited larger moment-arms than for females, for most muscles at most levels.\n\nConclusions. Trunk muscle moment-arms of females and males are different, and should be considered in the development of biomechanical models of the torso. Similar to other studies, external anthropometric measures were better predictors of coronal plane moment-arms than sagittal plane moment-arms.Relevance\n\nGender specific moment-arms of spine loading muscles are needed to estimate the moments produced by the trunk muscles during trunk motion.", "publicationTitle": "Clinical Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2001", "volume": "16", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "182-193", "series": "External Oblique", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clinical Biomechanics", "DOI": "10.1016/S0268-0033(00)00087-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268003300000875", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:58:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-0033", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biomechanical model", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gender differences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Low back pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle moment arms", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:58:24Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T06:01:21Z" } }, { "key": "99ARFX48", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/99ARFX48", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/99ARFX48", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/MBF3N5XC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "99ARFX48", "version": 28, "parentItem": "MBF3N5XC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:58:26Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268003300000875", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0268003300000875.html", "md5": "e18df41e39c822c11d49bfa331dd3d81", "mtime": 1430373507163, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:58:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:58:26Z" } }, { "key": "43RJPABE", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/43RJPABE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/43RJPABE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Murray et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "43RJPABE", "version": 25, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Variation of muscle moment arms with elbow and forearm position", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wendy M.", "lastName": "Murray" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott L.", "lastName": "Delp" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas S.", "lastName": "Buchanan" } ], "abstractNote": "We hypothesized that the moment arms of muscles crossing the elbow vary substantially with forearm and elbow position and that these variations could be represented using a three-dimensional computer model. Flexion/extension and pronation/supination moment arms of the brachioradialis, biceps, brachialis, pronator teres, and triceps were calculated from measurements of tendon displacement and joint angle in two anatomic specimens and were estimated using a computer model of the elbow joint. The anatomical measurements revealed that the flexion/extension moment arms varied by at least 30% over a 95° range of motion. The changes in flexion/extension moment arm magnitudes with elbow flexion angle were represented well by the computer model. The anatomical studies and the computer model demonstrate that the biceps flexion moment arm peaks in a more extended elbow position and has a larger peak when the forearm is supinated. Also, the peak biceps supination moment arm decreases as the elbow is extended. These results emphasize the need to account for the variation of muscle moment arms with elbow flexion and forearm position.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1995", "volume": "28", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "513-525", "series": "Triceps Brachii", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Biomechanics", "DOI": "10.1016/0021-9290(94)00114-J", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002192909400114J", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:46:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:46:15Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:53:59Z" } }, { "key": "E5CCDATW", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/E5CCDATW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/E5CCDATW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tang et al.", "parsedDate": "1997-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "E5CCDATW", "version": 23, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Biomechanical changes of the wrist flexor and extensor tendons following loss of scaphoid integrity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jin Bo", "lastName": "Tang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jaiyoung", "lastName": "Ryu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "JungSoo", "lastName": "Han" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shohei", "lastName": "Omokawa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vincent", "lastName": "Kish" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stanley", "lastName": "Wearden" } ], "abstractNote": "Loss of integrity of the scaphoid may change the motion center of the entire carpus, and deformities from scaphoid fractures may alter the location of motor tendons of the wrist, thus altering their biomechanics. The goal of this study was to clarify biomechanical changes in these tendons following loss of scaphoid integrity. Excursions and moment arms of the principal flexor and extensor tendons of the wrist were investigated in seven cadaveric upper extremities in intact wrists after simulation of scaphoid waist fracture and after removal of the proximal scaphoid. Excursions of the flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons were measured with rotary potentiometers during wrist flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation. Simultaneously, wrist joint angulation was recorded. Moment arms of the tendons were derived from tendon excursions and joint motion. After scaphoid fracture, the moment arms of the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons increased significantly during wrist flexion-extension, whereas the moment arms of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons decreased significantly. After proximal scaphoid excision, the moment arms of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons again decreased significantly during wrist flexion-extension. The moment arms of the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis tendons increased significantly during radioulnar deviation, whereas those of the wrist motors on the ulnar side decreased. These findings indicate the importance of the integrity of the scaphoid in maintaining normal biomechanics of motor tendons of the wrist. An increase in the moment arm of the radial wrist flexor along with a decrease in moment arms of the radial extensors constitutes an etiology for persistent angulation of the scaphoid and the hump-back deformity. In addition, disturbing the biomechanics of the wrist motor tendons predisposes the carpal joints to abnormal loading, potentially contributing to the development of carpal joint degeneration.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Orthopaedic Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 1997", "volume": "15", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "69-75", "series": "Flexor Carpi Ulnaris", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Orthop. Res.", "DOI": "10.1002/jor.1100150111", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.1100150111/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:53:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1554-527X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1997 Orthopaedic Research Society", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:53:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:53:18Z" } }, { "key": "SS2J4BZ4", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/SS2J4BZ4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/SS2J4BZ4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/E5CCDATW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "SS2J4BZ4", "version": 24, "parentItem": "E5CCDATW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:53:06Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.1100150111/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abstract.html", "md5": "d9a15630a1b36bb6fca35e0abe96d61b", "mtime": 1430373186260, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:53:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:53:06Z" } }, { "key": "HIRGKEKZ", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/HIRGKEKZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/HIRGKEKZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/E5CCDATW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HIRGKEKZ", "version": 24, "parentItem": "E5CCDATW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:53:03Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/jor.1100150111/asset/1100150111_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=i93r9fel&s=f5af3d7e4a9529f527da1d6833d55f80e2cc07d7", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Tang et al. - 1997 - Biomechanical changes of the wrist flexor and exte.pdf", "md5": "ae3dde0c177deffb8a16014f2fdc04a8", "mtime": 1430373184914, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:53:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:53:04Z" } }, { "key": "BPGCMGJJ", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/BPGCMGJJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/BPGCMGJJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/S6RU6BVJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BPGCMGJJ", "version": 22, "parentItem": "S6RU6BVJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:50:44Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8278851", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:50:44Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:50:44Z" } }, { "key": "BXHS8SQ9", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/BXHS8SQ9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/BXHS8SQ9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ackland et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BXHS8SQ9", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Moment arms of the muscles crossing the anatomical shoulder", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David C", "lastName": "Ackland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ponnaren", "lastName": "Pak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin", "lastName": "Richardson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcus G", "lastName": "Pandy" } ], "abstractNote": "The objective of the present study was to determine the instantaneous moment arms of 18 major muscle sub-regions crossing the glenohumeral joint during coronal-plane abduction and sagittal-plane flexion. Muscle moment-arm data for sub-regions of the shoulder musculature during humeral elevation are currently not available. The tendon-excursion method was used to measure instantaneous muscle moment arms in eight entire upper-extremity cadaver specimens. Significant differences in moment arms were reported across sub-regions of the deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, infraspinatus and supraspinatus (P < 0.01). The most effective abductors were the middle and anterior deltoid, whereas the most effective adductors were the teres major, middle and inferior latissimus dorsi (lumbar vertebrae and iliac crest fibers, respectively), and middle and inferior pectoralis major (sternal and lower-costal fibers, respectively). In flexion, the superior pectoralis major (clavicular fibers), anterior and posterior supraspinatus, and anterior deltoid were the most effective flexors, whereas the teres major and posterior deltoid had the largest extensor moment arms. Division of multi-pennate shoulder muscles of broad origins into sub-regions highlighted distinct functional differences across those sub-regions. Most significantly, we found that the superior sub-region of the pectoralis major had the capacity to exert substantial torque in flexion, whereas the middle and inferior sub-regions tended to behave as a stabilizer and extensor, respectively. Knowledge of moment arm differences between muscle sub-regions may assist in identifying the functional effects of muscle sub-region tears, assist surgeons in planning tendon reconstructive surgery, and aid in the development and validation of biomechanical computer models used in implant design.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Anatomy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008-10", "volume": "213", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "383-390", "series": "Pectoralis Major", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Anat", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00965.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644775/", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:47:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-8782", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 18691376\nPMCID: PMC2644775", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:47:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:47:46Z" } }, { "key": "WVU4C4GD", "version": 21, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/WVU4C4GD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/WVU4C4GD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/BXHS8SQ9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WVU4C4GD", "version": 21, "parentItem": "BXHS8SQ9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "PubMed Central Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:47:37Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644775/pdf/joa0213-0383.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Ackland et al. - 2008 - Moment arms of the muscles crossing the anatomical.pdf", "md5": "8dce18223fe31cfb28b5aa816cc8c9d2", "mtime": 1430372858248, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:47:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:47:38Z" } }, { "key": "6GA9V8GN", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/6GA9V8GN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/6GA9V8GN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/BXHS8SQ9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6GA9V8GN", "version": 20, "parentItem": "BXHS8SQ9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:47:37Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644775/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:47:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:47:37Z" } }, { "key": "DJXDKGJI", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/DJXDKGJI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/DJXDKGJI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/43RJPABE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "DJXDKGJI", "version": 19, "parentItem": "43RJPABE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T05:46:17Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002192909400114J", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "002192909400114J.html", "md5": "e009210117df2cde97897f49e4a67764", "mtime": 1430372778016, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T05:46:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T05:46:17Z" } }, { "key": "6INDVB2M", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/6INDVB2M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/6INDVB2M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ikai and Fukunaga", "parsedDate": "1968-03-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6INDVB2M", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Calculation of muscle strength per unit cross-sectional area of human muscle by means of ultrasonic measurement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michio", "lastName": "Ikai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tetsuo", "lastName": "Fukunaga" } ], "abstractNote": "By means of the ultrasonic photography of the cross-section of the acting muscle bundle, together with the measurement of the muscle strength developed by the subject with maximum effort, the strength per unit area of the muscle was calculated in 245 healthy human subjects, including 119 male and 126 female. The result was summarized as the following: The ultrasonic method used in this work was possibly admitted as the best way to calculate the cross-sectional area of the muscle. The arm strength was fairly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the flexor of the upper arm regardless of age and sex. The strength per unit cross-sectional area of flexor of the upper arm was 6.3 kg/cm2 in the average, standard deviation of 0.81 kg/cm2. When cross-sectional area of muscle was measured at extensive position of the forearm the strength per unit area was calculated to be 4.7 kg/cm2 at flexed position of the forearm. As to the individual variation, the strength per unit area was distributed in a range from 4 kg/cm2 to 8 kg/cm2. The strength per unit cross-sectional area was almost the same in male and female regardless of age. In addition to that, there was not found any significant difference in ordinary and trained adult.", "publicationTitle": "Internationale Zeitschrift für angewandte Physiologie einschließlich Arbeitsphysiologie", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1968-03-01", "volume": "26", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "26-32", "series": "Force/CSA", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int. Z. Angew. Physiol. Einschl. Arbeitsphysiol.", "DOI": "10.1007/BF00696087", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00696087", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T04:47:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0020-9376, 1439-6327", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Human Physiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sports Medicine", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:47:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:47:34Z" } }, { "key": "WU8899PX", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/WU8899PX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/WU8899PX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/6INDVB2M", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WU8899PX", "version": 17, "parentItem": "6INDVB2M", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T04:47:25Z", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00696087", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "10.html", "md5": "12bdda8f0a8de9823d3ff70fb913f0fa", "mtime": 1430369245305, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:47:25Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:47:25Z" } }, { "key": "9QGEGMV6", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/9QGEGMV6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/9QGEGMV6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gonzalez et al.", "parsedDate": "1997-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9QGEGMV6", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How muscle architecture and moment arms affect wrist flexion-extension moments", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. V.", "lastName": "Gonzalez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. S.", "lastName": "Buchanan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. L.", "lastName": "Delp" } ], "abstractNote": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine how the moment arms and architecture of the wrist muscles influence their isometric moment-generating characteristics. A three-dimensional computer graphic model was developed that estimates the moment arms, maximum isometric forces, and maximum isometric flexion-extension moments generated by 15 muscles about the wrist over a range of wrist flexion angles. In combination with measurements of muscle strength, we used this model to answer three questions: (1) why is peak wrist flexion moment greater than peak extension moment, (2) why does flexion moment vary more with wrist flexion angle than does extension moment, and (3) why does flexion moment peak with the wrist in a flexed position? Analysis of the model revealed that the peak flexion moment is greater than the peak extension moment primarily because of the larger (110%) summed physiologic cross-sectional area of the flexors. The larger variation of flexion moment with flexion angle is caused mainly by greater variation of the moment arms of the major wrist flexors with flexion angle. The location of the peak flexion moment is determined by the wrist flexion moment arms (which tend to increase with wrist flexion) in combination with the force-length characteristics of these muscles.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 1997", "volume": "30", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "705-712", "series": "Flexor Carpi Ulnaris", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biomech", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 9239550", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computer Simulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Isometric Contraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Anatomic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Movement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wrist", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:37:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:37:41Z" } }, { "key": "KD55NP9W", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/KD55NP9W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/KD55NP9W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/9QGEGMV6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KD55NP9W", "version": 15, "parentItem": "9QGEGMV6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T04:37:31Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9239550", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:37:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:37:31Z" } }, { "key": "9MG7X23B", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/9MG7X23B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/9MG7X23B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Holzbaur et al.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9MG7X23B", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Upper limb muscle volumes in adult subjects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katherine R. S.", "lastName": "Holzbaur" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wendy M.", "lastName": "Murray" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Garry E.", "lastName": "Gold" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott L.", "lastName": "Delp" } ], "abstractNote": "Muscle force-generating properties are often derived from cadaveric studies of muscle architecture. While the relative sizes of muscles at a single upper limb joint have been established in cadaveric specimens, the relative sizes of muscles across upper limb joints in living subjects remain unclear. We used magnetic resonance imaging to measure the volumes of the 32 upper limb muscles crossing the glenohumeral joint, elbow, forearm, and wrist in 10 young, healthy subjects, ranging from a 20th percentile female to a 97th percentile male, based on height. We measured the volume and volume fraction of these muscles. Muscles crossing the shoulder, elbow, and wrist comprised 52.5, 31.4, and 16.0% of the total muscle volume, respectively. The deltoid had the largest volume fraction (15.2%+/-1%) and the extensor indicis propius had the smallest (0.2%+/-0.05%). We determined that the distribution of muscle volume in the upper limb is highly conserved across these subjects with a three-fold variation in total muscle volumes (1427-4426cm(3)). When we predicted the volume of an individual muscle from the mean volume fraction, on average 85% of the variation among subjects was accounted for (average p=0.0008). This study provides normative data that forms the basis for investigating muscle volumes in other populations, and for scaling computer models to more accurately represent the muscle volume of a specific individual.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "40", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "742-749", "series": "Pectoralis Major", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biomech", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.11.011", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17241636", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Elbow", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hand", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Shoulder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Shoulder Joint", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wrist", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:36:44Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:37:04Z" } }, { "key": "ATJVF8I5", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/ATJVF8I5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/ATJVF8I5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/9MG7X23B", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ATJVF8I5", "version": 13, "parentItem": "9MG7X23B", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T04:36:44Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241636", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:36:44Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:36:44Z" } }, { "key": "NP5UFFZP", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/NP5UFFZP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/NP5UFFZP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Langenderfer et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-08", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "NP5UFFZP", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Musculoskeletal parameters of muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow and the effect of sarcomere length sample size on estimation of optimal muscle length", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Langenderfer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seth A", "lastName": "Jerabek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vijay B", "lastName": "Thangamani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John E", "lastName": "Kuhn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard E", "lastName": "Hughes" } ], "abstractNote": "Background. Knowledge of musculoskeletal parameters is essential to understanding and modeling a muscle's force generating capability. A study of musculoskeletal parameters was conducted in two parts: (I) Empirical measurement of upper extremity musculoskeletal parameters. (II) Computational bootstrap simulation to examine statistical power of detecting optimal muscle length as a function of sarcomere length sample size and effect size.\n\nMethods. Parameters were determined with a cadaver model. Sarcomere lengths were measured for 120 samples per muscle using laser diffraction and the mean sarcomere length used to estimate optimal muscle length. A bootstrap computational simulation was conducted to estimate variance in mean sarcomere length as a function of sample size. Statistical power for detecting optimal muscle length as a function of sample size and effect size was then determined.\n\nFindings. Parameters are reported in tabular format. Power is 80% at approximately 85, 50, 40 and 25 samples for effect sizes of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 mm respectively.\n\nInterpretation. Musculoskeletal parameters for predicting muscle forces can be adequately measured in a cadaver model. Measurement of 40–60 sarcomere lengths per muscle is sufficient to calculate mean sarcomere length for estimating optimal muscle length with power of 80% for an effect size of 0.75–1.0 mm.", "publicationTitle": "Clinical Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2004", "volume": "19", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "664-670", "series": "Pectoralis Major", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clinical Biomechanics", "DOI": "10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.04.009", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268003304000828", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T04:23:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0268-0033", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bootstrap", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Elbow", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle architecture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sample size", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sarcomere length", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Shoulder", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:23:28Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:31:24Z" } }, { "key": "555I4TWR", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/555I4TWR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/555I4TWR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lieber et al.", "parsedDate": "1990-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "555I4TWR", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Architecture of selected wrist flexor and extensor muscles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. L.", "lastName": "Lieber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. M.", "lastName": "Fazeli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. J.", "lastName": "Botte" } ], "abstractNote": "The architectural features of 25 wrist flexor and extensor muscles were studied. Muscles included the flexor carpi ulnaris, the flexor carpi radialis, the extensor carpi ulnaris, the extensor capri radialis brevis, and the extensor carpi radialis longus. Muscle length, mass, fiber pennation angle, fiber length, and sarcomere length (by use of laser diffraction techniques) were determined. In addition, physiological cross-sectional area and fiber length/muscle length ratio were calculated. The muscles were found to be highly specialized, with architectural features of same muscles very similar. The fiber length/muscle length ratio, muscle length, and pennation angle represented the major differences between muscles. Thus using these parameters in discriminant analysis permitted correct identification of each of the 25 muscles. In terms of size and intrinsic design, these individual muscles were highly specialized for their function.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Hand Surgery", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 1990", "volume": "15", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "244-250", "series": "Flexor Carpi Ulnaris", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Hand Surg Am", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0363-5023", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 2324452", "tags": [ { "tag": "Forearm", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tendon Transfer", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wrist", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:23:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:30:30Z" } }, { "key": "AF45GRJD", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/AF45GRJD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/AF45GRJD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fung et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AF45GRJD", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Three-dimensional study of pectoralis major muscle and tendon architecture", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lillia", "lastName": "Fung" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian", "lastName": "Wong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kajeandra", "lastName": "Ravichandiran" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anne", "lastName": "Agur" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Rindlisbacher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amr", "lastName": "Elmaraghy" } ], "abstractNote": "A thorough understanding of the normal structural anatomy of the pectoralis major (PM) is of paramount importance in the planning of PM tendon transfers or repairs following traumatic PM tears. However, there is little consensus regarding the complex musculotendinous architecture of the PM in the anatomic or surgical literature. The purpose of this study is to model and quantify the three-dimensional architecture of the pectoralis muscle and tendon. Eleven formalin embalmed cadaveric specimens were examined: five (2M/3F) were serially dissected, digitized, and modeled in 3D using Autodesk Maya; six (4M/2F) were dissected and photographed. The PM tendon consisted of longer anterior and shorter posterior layers that were continuous inferiorly. The muscle belly consisted of an architecturally uniform clavicular head (CH) and a segmented sternal head (SH) with 6-7 segments. The most inferior SH segment in all specimens was found to fold anteriorly forming a trough that cradled the inferior aspect of the adjacent superior segment. No twisting of either the PM muscle or tendon was noted. Within the CH, the fiber bundle lengths (FBL) were found to increase from superior to inferior, whereas the mean FBLs of SH were greatest in segments 3-5 found centrally. The mean lateral pennation angle was greater in the CH (29.4 +/- 6.9 degrees ) than in the SH (20.6 +/- 2.7 degrees ). The application of these findings could form the basis of future studies to optimize surgical planning and functional recovery of repair/reconstruction procedures.", "publicationTitle": "Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2009", "volume": "22", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "500-508", "series": "Pectoralis Major", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Clin Anat", "DOI": "10.1002/ca.20784", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1098-2353", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19291757", "tags": [ { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged, 80 and over", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Clavicle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computer Simulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Imaging, Three-Dimensional", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pectoralis Muscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sternum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tendons", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:23:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:30:19Z" } }, { "key": "3H4VNCI9", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/3H4VNCI9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/3H4VNCI9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brand et al.", "parsedDate": "1986", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3H4VNCI9", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The sensitivity of muscle force predictions to changes in physiologic cross-sectional area", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard A.", "lastName": "Brand" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Douglas R.", "lastName": "Pedersen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James A.", "lastName": "Friederich" } ], "abstractNote": "The mechanical effects of a muscle are related in part to the size of the muscle and to its location relative to the joint it crosses. For more than a century, researchers have expressed muscle size by its ‘physiological cross-sectional area’ (PCSA). Researchers mathematically calculating muscle and joint forces typically use some expression of a muscle's PCSA to constrain the solution to one which is reasonable (i.e. a solution in which small muscles may not have large forces, and large muscles have large forces when expected or when there is significant electromyographic activity). It is obvious that muscle mass (and therefore any expression of PCSA) varies significantly from person to person, even in individuals of similar weight and height. Since it is not practical to predict the PCSA of each muscle in a living subject's limb or trunk, it is important to generally understand the sensitivity of muscle force solutions to possible variations in PCSA.\n\nWe used nonlinear optimization techniques to predict 47 muscle forces and hip contact forces in a living subject. The PCSA (volume/muscle fiber length) of each of 47 lower limb muscle elements from two cadaver specimens and the 47 PCSA's reported by Pierrynowski were input into an optimization algorithm to create three solution sets. The three solutions were qualitatively similar but at times a predicted muscle force could vary as much as two to eight times. In contrast, the joint force solutions were within 11% of each other and, therefore, much less variable.\n\nWhen using optimization techniques to predict muscle forces, it must be recognized that the solution is sensitive to many assumptions and variables such as PCSA. The muscle force solutions are therefore best used to determine relative values (i.e. trends) in parametric studies. On the other hand, the joint force solutions are less sensitive to such variations, and the absolute values are more reliable.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1986", "volume": "19", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "589-596", "series": "Triceps Brachii", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Biomechanics", "DOI": "10.1016/0021-9290(86)90164-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021929086901648", "accessDate": "2015-04-30T04:27:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:27:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:29:19Z" } }, { "key": "H3BWQQXS", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/H3BWQQXS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/H3BWQQXS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Murray et al.", "parsedDate": "2000-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "H3BWQQXS", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The isometric functional capacity of muscles that cross the elbow", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. M.", "lastName": "Murray" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. S.", "lastName": "Buchanan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. L.", "lastName": "Delp" } ], "abstractNote": "We hypothesized that muscles crossing the elbow have fundamental differences in their capacity for excursion, force generation, and moment generation due to differences in their architecture, moment arm, and the combination of their architecture and moment arm. Muscle fascicle length, sarcomere length, pennation angle, mass, and tendon displacement with elbow flexion were measured for the major elbow muscles in 10 upper extremity specimens. Optimal fascicle length, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), moment arm, operating range on the force-length curve, and moment-generating capacity were estimated from these data. Brachioradialis and pronator teres had the longest (17.7cm) and shortest (5.5cm) fascicles, respectively. Triceps brachii (combined heads) and brachioradialis had the greatest (14.9cm(2)) and smallest (1.2cm(2)) PCSAs, respectively. Despite a comparable fascicle length, long head of biceps brachii operates over a broader range of the force-length curve (length change=56% of optimal length, 12.8cm) than the long head of triceps brachii (length change=28% of optimal length, 12. 7cm) because of its larger moment arm (4.7cm vs. 2.3cm). Although brachioradialis has a small PCSA, it has a relatively large moment-generating capacity (6.8cm(3)) due to its large moment arm (average peak=7.7cm). These results emphasize the need to consider the interplay of architecture and moment arm when evaluating the functional capabilities of a muscle.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 2000", "volume": "33", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "943-952", "series": "Triceps Brachii", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biomech", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10828324", "tags": [ { "tag": "Elbow", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Isometric Contraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rotation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:27:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:29:12Z" } }, { "key": "VCB6U6QD", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/VCB6U6QD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/VCB6U6QD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stokes and Gardner-Morse", "parsedDate": "1999-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VCB6U6QD", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Quantitative anatomy of the lumbar musculature", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. A.", "lastName": "Stokes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Gardner-Morse" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes the anatomy of the musculature crossing the lumbar spine in a standardized form to provide data generally suitable for static biomechanical analyses of muscle and spinal forces. The muscular anatomy from several sources was quantified and transformed to the mean bony anatomy of four young healthy adults measured from standing stereo-radiographs. The origins, insertions and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of 180 muscle slips which act on the lumbar spine are given relative to the bony anatomy defined by the locations of 12 thoracic and five lumbar vertebrae, and the sacrum, and the shape and positions of the 24 ribs. The broad oblique abdominal muscles are each represented by six vectors and an appropriate proportion of the total PCSA was assigned to each to represent the muscle biomechanics.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 1999", "volume": "32", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "311-316", "series": "External Oblique", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biomech", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10093031", "tags": [ { "tag": "Abdominal Muscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biomechanical Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lumbosacral Region", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle, Skeletal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Spine", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:26:25Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:29:02Z" } }, { "key": "I5XA6VKD", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/I5XA6VKD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/I5XA6VKD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283546, "username": "nwv3je", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/nwv3je", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "An et al.", "parsedDate": "1981", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "I5XA6VKD", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Muscles across the elbow joint: a biomechanical analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K. N.", "lastName": "An" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F. C.", "lastName": "Hui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B. F.", "lastName": "Morrey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. L.", "lastName": "Linscheid" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. Y.", "lastName": "Chao" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Biomechanics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1981", "volume": "14", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "659-669", "series": "Triceps Brachii", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Biomech", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9290", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Muscles across the elbow joint", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 7334026", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biomechanical Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Elbow Joint", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mathematics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscle Contraction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscles", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:23:09Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:28:53Z" } }, { "key": "NBBBBPW9", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 347577, "name": "Biomechanics Course", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/347577/items/NBBBBPW9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/biomechanics_course/items/NBBBBPW9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1283539, "username": "cdw2be", "name": "Christopher Waters", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cdw2be", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Christophy et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NBBBBPW9", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miguel", "lastName": "Christophy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nur Adila", "lastName": "Faruk Senan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffrey C.", "lastName": "Lotz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oliver M.", "lastName": "O'Reilly" } ], "abstractNote": "A new musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine is described in this paper. This model features a rigid pelvis and sacrum, the five lumbar vertebrae, and a rigid torso consisting of a lumped thoracic spine and ribcage. The motion of the individual lumbar vertebrae was defined as a fraction of the net lumbar movement about the three rotational degrees of freedom: flexion-extension lateral bending, and axial rotation. Additionally, the eight main muscle groups of the lumbar spine were incorporated using 238 muscle fascicles with prescriptions for the parameters in the Hill-type muscle models obtained with the help of an extensive literature survey. The features of the model include the abilities to predict joint reactions, muscle forces, and muscle activation patterns. To illustrate the capabilities of the model and validate its physiological similarity, the model's predictions for the moment arms of the muscles are shown for a range of flexion-extension motions of the lower back. The model uses the OpenSim platform and is freely available on https://www.simtk.org/home/lumbarspine to other spinal researchers interested in analyzing the kinematics of the spine. The model can also be integrated with existing OpenSim models to build more comprehensive models of the human body.", "publicationTitle": "Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 2012", "volume": "11", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "19-34", "series": "External Oblique", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biomech Model Mechanobiol", "DOI": "10.1007/s10237-011-0290-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1617-7940", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21318374", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biomechanical Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Joints", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lumbar Vertebrae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Anatomic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscles", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-30T04:26:47Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-30T04:28:38Z" } } ]