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                    "firstName": "D. L.",
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            "abstractNote": "The mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of gravity-driven, free-surface geophysical flows—such as tsunamis, water floods, and debris flows—are described. These shallow flows are often modeled with two-dimensional depth-averaged equations that possess similar mathematical structure: they are usually nonconservative hyperbolic systems with source terms. Some numerical challenges presented by these systems, particularly with regard to features common to depth-averaged models for flow over topography, are highlighted. The open-source software package GeoClaw incorporates numerical algorithms designed to tackle many of the common difficulties presented by depth-averaged models, particularly for large multiscale problems featuring inundation influenced by topography. Some simulation results for tsunamis, floods, and debris flows highlight the capabilities of GeoClaw.",
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                    "firstName": "Gavin P.",
                    "lastName": "Hayes"
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            "abstractNote": "Studies of subduction zone seismogenesis and tsunami potential, particularly of large subduction zones, have recently seen a resurgence after the great 2004 earthquake and tsunami offshore of Sumatra, yet these global studies have generally neglected the tsunami potential of small subduction zones such as the Puysegur subduction zone, south of New Zealand. Here, we study one such relatively small subduction zone by analysing the historical seismicity over the entire plate boundary region south of New Zealand, using these data to determine the seismic moment deficit of the subduction zone over the past ∼100 yr. Our calculations indicate unreleased moment equivalent to a magnitude Mw 8.3 earthquake, suggesting this subduction zone has the potential to host a great, tsunamigenic event. We model this tsunami hazard and find that a tsunami caused by a great earthquake on the Puysegur subduction zone would pose threats to the coasts of southern and western South Island, New Zealand, Tasmania and southeastern Australia, nearly 2000 km distant.",
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            "abstractNote": "An unstable rock volume of more than 50 million m3 has been detected in the Åkerneset rock slope in the narrow fjord, Storfjorden, Møre &amp; Romsdal County, Western Norway. If large portions of the volume are released as a whole, the rockslide will generate a tsunami that may be devastating to several settlements and numerous visiting tourists along the fjord. The threat is analysed by a multidisciplinary approach spanning from rock-slope stability via rockslide and wave mechanics to hazard zoning and risk assessment.\n\nThe rockslide tsunami hazard and the tsunami early-warning system related to the two unstable rock slopes at Åkerneset and Hegguraksla in the complex fjord system are managed by Åknes/Tafjord Beredskap IKS (previously the Åknes/Tafjord project). The present paper focuses on the tsunami analyses performed for this company to better understand the effects of rockslide-generated tsunamis from Åkerneset and Hegguraksla. Two- and three-dimensional site-specific laboratory experiments are conducted to study the generation, propagation, and run-up of the wave for several potential rockslide scenarios from Åkerneset. Furthermore, the two models GloBouss and DpWaves are applied for numerical simulations of the generation/propagation phase and a third model MOST is applied for numerical simulations of the near-shore propagation and inundation of the wave in selected locations. Strong emphasis is put on verification, validation, and sensitivity of the numerical models. The best match between the numerical simulations and the laboratory experiments is found for the larger scenarios with the linear dispersive solution for the propagation phase; the corresponding calculated run-up values are remarkably similar to the ones observed during the laboratory experiments.\n\nDuring the risk assessment it was found that the rockslide tsunami hazard (probability of impact) is higher than accepted by the Norwegian Planning and Building Act. This should at that time prevent any further development in all the exposed areas of the entire fjord system. The Act is today altered to open for specified further development in the various hazard zones. The results of the tsunami analyses are applied in risk management in terms of hazard map production and land-use planning. Two failure scenarios for each of the two unstable rock slopes are designed for the hazard zoning. The larger and less probable scenarios (1 in 5000 years) are applied for evacuation zones and routes, while the smaller and more probable scenarios (larger than 1 in 1000 years) are applied for location and design of less critical facilities accepted in the inundation zone.",
            "publicationTitle": "Coastal Engineering",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "June 2014",
            "volume": "88",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "101-122",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Coastal Engineering",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.02.003",
            "citationKey": "HarbitzGlimsdalEtAl2014",
            "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378383914000271",
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            "PMID": "",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "0378-3839",
            "archive": "",
            "archiveLocation": "",
            "shortTitle": "Rockslide tsunamis in complex fjords",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Rockslide",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "geoclaw"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "tsunami",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disaster",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R. M.",
                    "lastName": "Iverson"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "D. L.",
                    "lastName": "George"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "K.",
                    "lastName": "Allstadt"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M. E.",
                    "lastName": "Reid"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "B. D.",
                    "lastName": "Collins"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J. W.",
                    "lastName": "Vallance"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "S. P.",
                    "lastName": "Schilling"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J. W.",
                    "lastName": "Godt"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "C. M.",
                    "lastName": "Cannon"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "C. S.",
                    "lastName": "Magirl"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R. L.",
                    "lastName": "Baum"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "J. A.",
                    "lastName": "Coe"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "W. H.",
                    "lastName": "Schulz"
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                    "firstName": "J. B.",
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            "abstractNote": "Landslides reflect landscape instability that evolves over meteorological and geological timescales, and they also pose threats to people, property, and the environment. The severity of these threats depends largely on landslide speed and travel distance, which are collectively described as landslide “mobility”. To investigate causes and effects of mobility, we focus on a disastrous landslide that occurred on 22 March 2014 near Oso, Washington, USA, following a long period of abnormally wet weather. The landslide's impacts were severe because its mobility exceeded that of prior historical landslides at the site, and also exceeded that of comparable landslides elsewhere. The ∼ 8 × 10 6   m 3 landslide originated on a gently sloping (&lt;20°) riverside bluff only 180 m high, yet it traveled across the entire ∼1 km breadth of the adjacent floodplain and spread laterally a similar distance. Seismological evidence indicates that high-speed, flowing motion of the landslide began after about 50 s of preliminary slope movement, and observational evidence supports the hypothesis that the high mobility of the landslide resulted from liquefaction of water-saturated sediment at its base. Numerical simulation of the event using a newly developed model indicates that liquefaction and high mobility can be attributed to compression- and/or shear-induced sediment contraction that was strongly dependent on initial conditions. An alternative numerical simulation indicates that the landslide would have been far less mobile if its initial porosity and water content had been only slightly lower. Sensitive dependence of landslide mobility on initial conditions has broad implications for assessment of landslide hazards.",
            "publicationTitle": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "February 15, 2015",
            "volume": "412",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "197-208",
            "series": "",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Earth and Planetary Science Letters",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020",
            "citationKey": "IversonGeorgeEtAl2015",
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            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "0012-821X",
            "archive": "",
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            "shortTitle": "Landslide mobility and hazards",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "debris avalanche",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "geoclaw"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "hazards"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "landslide",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "liquefaction",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
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            "title": "Finite volume methods for Tsunamis genereated by submarine landslides",
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            "title": "Performance Benchmarking Tsunami Models for NTHMP’s Inundation Mapping Activities",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Juan",
                    "lastName": "Horrillo"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Stéphan T.",
                    "lastName": "Grilli"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Dmitry",
                    "lastName": "Nicolsky"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Volker",
                    "lastName": "Roeber"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Joseph",
                    "lastName": "Zhang"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "The coastal states and territories of the United States (US) are vulnerable to devastating tsunamis from near-field or far-field coseismic and underwater/subaerial landslide sources. Following the catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) accelerated the development of public safety products for the mitigation of these hazards. In response to this initiative, US coastal states and territories speeded up the process of developing/enhancing/adopting tsunami models that can be used for developing inundation maps and evacuation plans. One of NTHMP’s requirements is that all operational and inundation-based numerical (O&I) models used for such purposes be properly validated against established standards to ensure the reliability of tsunami inundation maps as well as to achieve a basic level of consistency between parallel efforts. The validation of several O&I models was considered during a workshop held in 2011 at Texas A&M University (Galveston). This validation was performed based on the existing standard (OAR-PMEL-135), which provides a list of benchmark problems (BPs) covering various tsunami processes that models must meet to be deemed acceptable. Here, we summarize key approaches followed, results, and conclusions of the workshop. Eight distinct tsunami models were validated and cross-compared by using a subset of the BPs listed in the OAR-PMEL-135 standard. Of the several BPs available, only two based on laboratory experiments are detailed here for sake of brevity; since they are considered as sufficiently comprehensive. Average relative errors associated with expected parameters values such as maximum surface amplitude/runup are estimated. The level of agreement with the reference data, reasons for discrepancies between model results, and some of the limitations are discussed. In general, dispersive models were found to perform better than nondispersive models, but differences were relatively small, in part because the BPs mostly featured long waves, such as solitary waves. The largest error found (e.g., the laboratory experiment case of a solitary wave on a simple beach) was 10 % for non-breaking wave conditions and 12 % for breaking conditions; these errors are equal or smaller than the thresholds (10 % and 20 %, respectively) defined by the OAR-PMEL-135 for predicting the surface profile; hence, all models examined here are deemed acceptable for inundation mapping purposes.",
            "publicationTitle": "Pure and Applied Geophysics",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2014/07/25",
            "volume": "172",
            "issue": "3-4",
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            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "869-884",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Pure Appl. Geophys.",
            "DOI": "10.1007/s00024-014-0891-y",
            "citationKey": "HorrilloGrilliEtAl2014",
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            "language": "en",
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                    "tag": "dispersive models",
                    "type": 1
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