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We tested 10-year-old children who had just started EMC and children without EMC (T0) in visual and auditory memory and retested the same children two years later (T1) to observe the effects of school music training. Confounding variables, like intelligence, socioeconomic status, extracurricular schooling, motivation to avoid work, and musical aptitude were controlled. Prior to the beginning of the music training no differences in the control variables and the memory variables between children with and without EMC were revealed. Children with EMC improved significantly from T0 to T1 in visual as well as in auditory memory. Such an improvement was not found for children without EMC. We conclude that extended school music training enhances children's visual and auditory memory.", "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Developmental Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2011", "volume": "8", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "608-623", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/17405629.2011.590668", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.590668", "accessDate": "2015-04-29T16:12:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1740-5629", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-29T16:12:43Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-29T16:12:43Z" } }, { "key": "GZ28S6VB", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", 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"library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/E3V442GK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/E3V442GK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Klimesch", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E3V442GK", "version": 24, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wolfgang", "lastName": "Klimesch" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Brain research reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "29", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "169–195", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017398000563", "accessDate": "2015-04-29T01:20:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZKWWRGU3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-29T01:21:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-29T01:21:17Z" } }, { "key": "8GSQHIE9", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/8GSQHIE9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/8GSQHIE9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hutchinson", "parsedDate": "2003-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8GSQHIE9", "version": 23, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cerebellar Volume of Musicians", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Hutchinson" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Cerebral Cortex", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003-09-01", "volume": "13", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "943-949", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/cercor/13.9.943", 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"https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/QQIUCC54", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/IPQ5NBX8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "QQIUCC54", "version": 20, "parentItem": "IPQ5NBX8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-04-25T10:42:42Z", "url": "http://hinarilogin.research4life.org/uniquesigjrm.sagepub.com/uniquesig0/content/23/1/3.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-25T10:42:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-25T10:42:42Z" } }, { "key": "IPQ5NBX8", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": 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The experiment consisted of a no-feedback and an alpha-feedback presentation.\nAnalysis of time spent in alpha showed significantly more alpha rhythm content in electroencephalograms of musicians than in electroencephalograms of nonmusicians. Comparisons of results evidenced no significant differences among aural conditions used nor between the no-feedback and alpha-feedback presentation.\nAnalysis of verbal reports of attentiveness indicated that subjects ascribed a significantly lower attentiveness rating to silence conditions than to either music condition. Correlational analysis between time spent in alpha and verbal reports of attentiveness showed that an extremely low correlation existed between the two dependent measures.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Research in Music Education", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "04/01/1975", "volume": "23", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3-13", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Research in Music Education", "DOI": "10.2307/3345198", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://hinarilogin.research4life.org/uniquesigjrm.sagepub.com/uniquesig0/content/23/1/3", "accessDate": "2015-04-25T10:42:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-4294, 1945-0095", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "hinarilogin.research4life.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "audiovisual ability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "audition (physiology)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "aural stimulus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "music students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nonmusic students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "testing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "tests", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "ZKWWRGU3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-25T10:42:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-25T10:42:42Z" } }, { "key": "HH93Q7PB", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/HH93Q7PB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/HH93Q7PB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/U2JFJKSK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "HH93Q7PB", "version": 19, "parentItem": "U2JFJKSK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PLoS Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-04-24T22:38:32Z", "url": "http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013225&representation=PDF", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-24T22:38:32Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-24T22:38:32Z" } }, { "key": "U2JFJKSK", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/U2JFJKSK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/U2JFJKSK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Groussard et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-10-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "U2JFJKSK", "version": 19, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "When Music and Long-Term Memory Interact: Effects of Musical Expertise on Functional and Structural Plasticity in the Hippocampus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mathilde", "lastName": "Groussard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Renaud", "lastName": "La Joie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Géraldine", "lastName": "Rauchs" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brigitte", "lastName": "Landeau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gaël", "lastName": "Chételat" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fausto", "lastName": "Viader" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Béatrice", "lastName": "Desgranges" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francis", "lastName": "Eustache" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hervé", "lastName": "Platel" } ], "abstractNote": "The development of musical skills by musicians results in specific structural and functional modifications in the brain. Surprisingly, no functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has investigated the impact of musical training on brain function during long-term memory retrieval, a faculty particularly important in music. Thus, using fMRI, we examined for the first time this process during a musical familiarity task (i.e., semantic memory for music). Musical expertise induced supplementary activations in the hippocampus, medial frontal gyrus, and superior temporal areas on both sides, suggesting a constant interaction between episodic and semantic memory during this task in musicians. In addition, a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) investigation was performed within these areas and revealed that gray matter density of the hippocampus was higher in musicians than in nonmusicians. Our data indicate that musical expertise critically modifies long-term memory processes and induces structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampus.", "publicationTitle": "PLoS ONE", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 5, 2010", "volume": "5", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e13225", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0013225", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013225", "accessDate": "2015-04-24T22:38:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "When Music and Long-Term Memory Interact", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PLoS Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZKWWRGU3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-24T22:38:32Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-24T22:38:32Z" } }, { "key": "W5DIBIMB", "version": 18, 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training show improved emotional and cognitive function, which suggests the presence of neuroplasticity. The structural and functional impacts of the human brain have been observed in musicians. In this study, we used data-driven functional connectivity analysis to map local and distant functional connectivity in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 28 professional musicians and 28 nonmusicians. Compared with nonmusicians, musicians exhibited significantly greater local functional connectivity density in 10 regions, including the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and anterior temporoparietal junction. A distant functional connectivity analysis demonstrated that most of these regions were included in salience system, which is associated with high-level cognitive control and fundamental attentional process. Additionally, musicians had significantly greater functional integration in this system, especially for connections to the left insula. Increased functional connectivity between the left insula and right temporoparietal junction may be a response to long-term musical training. Our findings indicate that the improvement of salience network is involved in musical training. The salience system may represent a new avenue for exploration regarding the underlying foundations of enhanced higher-level cognitive processes in musicians.", "publicationTitle": "Neural Plasticity", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014/11/13", "volume": "2014", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e180138", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1155/2014/180138", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2014/180138/abs/", "accessDate": "2015-04-24T22:35:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2090-5904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.hindawi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZKWWRGU3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-24T22:35:04Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-24T22:35:04Z" } }, { "key": "ZFS5EXCU", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 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{ "key": "7TBIMU9J", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Long-Term Effects of Musical Training and Functional Plasticity in Salience System", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cheng", "lastName": "Luo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shipeng", "lastName": "Tu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yueheng", "lastName": "Peng" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shan", "lastName": "Gao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jianfu", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Li", "lastName": "Dong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gujing", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yongxiu", "lastName": "Lai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hong", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dezhong", "lastName": "Yao" } ], "abstractNote": "Musicians undergoing long-term musical training show improved emotional and cognitive function, which 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The structural and functional impacts of the human brain have been observed in musicians. In this study, we used data-driven functional connectivity analysis to map local and distant functional connectivity in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 28 professional musicians and 28 nonmusicians. Compared with nonmusicians, musicians exhibited significantly greater local functional connectivity density in 10 regions, including the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and anterior temporoparietal junction. A distant functional connectivity analysis demonstrated that most of these regions were included in salience system, which is associated with high-level cognitive control and fundamental attentional process. Additionally, musicians had significantly greater functional integration in this system, especially for connections to the left insula. Increased functional connectivity between the left insula and right temporoparietal junction may be a response to long-term musical training. Our findings indicate that the improvement of salience network is involved in musical training. The salience system may represent a new avenue for exploration regarding the underlying foundations of enhanced higher-level cognitive processes in musicians.", "publicationTitle": "Neural Plasticity", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014/11/13", "volume": "2014", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e180138", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1155/2014/180138", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2014/180138/abs/", "accessDate": "2015-04-20T23:59:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2090-5904", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.hindawi.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZFKU6GKU" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-20T23:59:30Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-20T23:59:30Z" } }, { "key": "QV7SSPK5", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/QV7SSPK5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/QV7SSPK5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brandler and Rammsayer", "parsedDate": "2003-04-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QV7SSPK5", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Differences in Mental Abilities between Musicians and Non-Musicians", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susanne", "lastName": "Brandler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas H.", "lastName": "Rammsayer" } ], "abstractNote": "Psychometric performance on different aspects of primary mental abilities (verbal comprehension, word fluency, space, closure, perceptual speed, reasoning, number and memory) was compared in 35 adult musicians and non-musicians. Significant differences could not be revealed for either mean full-scale scores or for specific aspects of intelligence, except verbal memory and reasoning. While performance on verbal memory was reliably higher for the musicians than for the non-musicians, non-musicians performed significantly better on all four subscales of Cattell’s Culture Free Intelligence Test, Scale 3. This latter finding is consistent with the assumption that musical talent may be associated more with intuitive rather than logical thinking. Musicians’ superior performance on verbal memory supports the notion that long-term musical training exerts beneficial effects on verbal memory, which is most likely due to changes in cortical organization.", "publicationTitle": "Psychology of Music", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "04/01/2003", "volume": "31", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "123-138", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychology of Music", "DOI": "10.1177/0305735603031002290", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://hinarilogin.research4life.org/uniquesigpom.sagepub.com/uniquesig0/content/31/2/123", "accessDate": "2015-04-13T21:57:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0305-7356, 1741-3087", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "hinarilogin.research4life.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "musical ability", 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"text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/S2UI9XX2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/S2UI9XX2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Klimesch et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "S2UI9XX2", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Interindividual differences in alpha and theta power reflect memory performance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.", "lastName": "Klimesch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Vogt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Doppelmayr" } ], "abstractNote": "Previous research from our laboratory has shown that phasic or event-related changes in alpha and theta band power are related to memory performance. In this study, we test the hypothesis, whether tonic or ‘baseline’ power too is related to memory performance. The ongoing EEG was analyzed for a sample of 60 subjects during five experimental conditions: eyes closed, eyes open, memorizing words and counting backward in steps of 3 and 7. The results show that subjects with good memory performance have significantly larger upper alpha, but less theta and lower alpha power. In contrast to memory, good calculation performers have more beta and theta power than bad performers. These findings were obtained during actual task performance, but in a similar way also during the resting conditions eyes closed and open.", "publicationTitle": "Intelligence", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 1999", "volume": "27", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "347-362", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Intelligence", "DOI": "10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00027-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289699000276", "accessDate": "2015-04-13T21:25:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0160-2896", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZFKU6GKU", "ZKWWRGU3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-13T21:25:59Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-13T21:25:59Z" } }, { "key": "FEFEH6EI", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 343594, "name": "MUSICIANSEEG", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/FEFEH6EI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/musicianseeg/items/FEFEH6EI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/343594/items/S2UI9XX2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2013769, "username": "ShibaniB", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/shibanib", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FEFEH6EI", "version": 14, "parentItem": "S2UI9XX2", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-04-13T21:25:59Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289699000276/pdfft?md5=23de9d7c3f37ff377e0b3026480f2aaf&pid=1-s2.0-S0160289699000276-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-13T21:25:59Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-13T21:25:59Z" } } ]