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The distribution of Heliocidaris erythrogramma coincides with the eastern Australia climate change hot spot, where disproportionate warming makes marine biota particularly vulnerable to climate change. In keeping with near-future climate change scenarios, we determined the interactive effects of warming and acidification on fertilization and development of this echinoid. Experimental treatments (20–26°C, pH 7.6–8.2) were tested in all combinations for the ‘business-as-usual’ scenario, with 20°C/pH 8.2 being ambient. Percentage of fertilization was high (>89%) across all treatments. There was no difference in percentage of normal development in any pH treatment. In elevated temperature conditions, +4°C reduced cleavage by 40 per cent and +6°C by a further 20 per cent. Normal gastrulation fell below 4 per cent at +6°C. At 26°C, development was impaired. As the first study of interactive effects of temperature and pH on sea urchin development, we confirm the thermotolerance and pH resilience of fertilization and embryogenesis within predicted climate change scenarios, with negative effects at upper limits of ocean warming. Our findings place single stressor studies in context and emphasize the need for experiments that address ocean warming and acidification concurrently. 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} }, "creatorSummary": "Haugan and Drange", "parsedDate": "1996-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PMU8PXWJ", "version": 198, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Effects of CO2 on the ocean environment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter M.", "lastName": "Haugan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helge", "lastName": "Drange" } ], "abstractNote": "The most immediate environmental effect of solving CO2 in the ocean is a reduction of the pH. The present rate of change of pH in the surface mixed layer due to invasion of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere is close to 0.015 pH units per decade. A cumulative reduction of 0.1 units has already taken place during the past 200 years, and a further reduction of 0.2 to 0.3 pH units may occur in the next century. This perturbation may be compared to the existing range of pH in the world ocean of 0.5 pH units, a seasonal amplitude of up to 0.1 pH units locally, and to glacial to interglacial variations of 0.2–0.3 pH units in 10 000 years (0.0003 pH units per decade). Emissions to the atmosphere expose species in almost all ocean surface waters, including high productivity zones, to permanent and uniform reduction of pH. 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The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis, and the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis are species of economic and ecological importance along the southern coast of China. We evaluated the effects of seawater acidification on clearance, respiration, and excretion rates in these three species. The ammals were reared in seawater at pH 8.1 (control), 7.7, or 7.4. The clearance rate was highest at pH 7.7 for P. fucata and at pH 8.1 for C. nobilis and P. viridis. The pH had little effect on the respiration rate of P. fucata and P. viridis. In contrast, the respiration rate was significantly lower at pH 7.4 in C. nobilis. The excretion rate was significantly lower at pH 7.4 than pH 8.1 for all species. The results indicate that the reduction in seawater pH likely affected the metabolic process (food intake, oxygen consumption, and ammonia excretion) of these bivalves. Different species respond differently to seawater acidification. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the exact mechamsms for this effect and evaluate adaptability of these bivalves to future acidified oceans.", "publicationTitle": "Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012/03/01", "volume": "30", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "206-211", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol.", "DOI": "10.1007/s00343-012-1067-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00343-012-1067-1", "accessDate": "2015-04-20T00:23:25Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0254-4059, 1993-5005", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "C59B8WHF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-20T00:23:25Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-20T00:23:50Z" } } ]