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O'Reilly", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rcoreilly", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Samsonovich and Ascoli", "parsedDate": "2005-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "9IZM4AHG", "version": 93286, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A simple neural network model of the hippocampus suggesting its pathfinding role in episodic memory retrieval", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alexei V.", "lastName": "Samsonovich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giorgio A.", "lastName": "Ascoli" } ], "abstractNote": "The goal of this work is to extend the theoretical understanding of the relationship between hippocampal spatial and memory functions to the level of neurophysiological mechanisms underlying spatial navigation and episodic memory retrieval. The proposed unifying theory describes both phenomena within a unique framework, as based on one and the same pathfinding function of the hippocampus. We propose a mechanism of reconstruction of the context of experience involving a search for a nearly shortest path in the space of remembered contexts. To analyze this concept in detail, we define a simple connectionist model consistent with available rodent and human neurophysiological data. Numerical study of the model begins with the spatial domain as a simple analogy for more complex phenomena. It is demonstrated how a nearly shortest path is quickly found in a familiar environment. We prove numerically that associative learning during sharp waves can account for the necessary properties of hippocampal place cells. Computational study of the model is extended to other cognitive paradigms, with the main focus on episodic memory retrieval. We show that the ability to find a correct path may be vital for successful retrieval. The model robustly exhibits the pathfinding capacity within a wide range of several factors, including its memory load (up to 30,000 abstract contexts), the number of episodes that become associated with potential target contexts, and the level of dynamical noise. We offer several testable critical predictions in both spatial and memory domains to validate the theory. Our results suggest that (1) the pathfinding function of the hippocampus, in addition to its associative and memory indexing functions, may be vital for retrieval of certain episodic memories, and (2) the hippocampal spatial navigation function could be a precursor of its memory function.", "publicationTitle": "Learning & Memory", "publisher": "Cold Spring Harbor Lab", "place": "", "date": "03/01/2005", "volume": "12", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "193-208", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Learn. Mem.", "DOI": "10.1101/lm.85205", "citationKey": "SamsonovichAscoli05", "url": "http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/12/2/193", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T19:25:57Z", "PMID": "15774943", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1072-0502-01, 1549-5485", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "learnmem.cshlp.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T19:25:57Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T19:25:57Z" } }, { "key": "CXY22C3Q", "version": 93284, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/CXY22C3Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/CXY22C3Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/RG22X9TD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. 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Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FVV9QA5A", "version": 93277, "parentItem": "XU5QU6RG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "KimHermundstadRomaniEtAl19", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T02:20:18Z", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1767-1.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "KimHermundstadRomaniEtAl19.pdf", "md5": "2c833c080cea0bedca284f9422b82ea2", "mtime": 1785723618915, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T02:20:18Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T02:20:48Z" } }, { "key": "XU5QU6RG", "version": 93274, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/XU5QU6RG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/XU5QU6RG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kim et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XU5QU6RG", "version": 93274, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Generation of stable heading representations in diverse visual scenes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sung Soo", "lastName": "Kim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ann M.", "lastName": "Hermundstad" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandro", "lastName": "Romani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. F.", "lastName": "Abbott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vivek", "lastName": "Jayaraman" } ], "abstractNote": "Many animals rely on an internal heading representation when navigating in varied environments1–10. How this representation is linked to the sensory cues that define different surroundings is unclear. In the fly brain, heading is represented by ‘compass’ neurons that innervate a ring-shaped structure known as the ellipsoid body3,11,12. Each compass neuron receives inputs from ‘ring’ neurons that are selective for particular visual features13–16; this combination provides an ideal substrate for the extraction of directional information from a visual scene. Here we combine two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetics in tethered flying flies with circuit modelling, and show how the correlated activity of compass and visual neurons drives plasticity17–22, which flexibly transforms two-dimensional visual cues into a stable heading representation. We also describe how this plasticity enables the fly to convert a partial heading representation, established from orienting within part of a novel setting, into a complete heading representation. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the memory-related computations that are essential for flexible navigation in varied surroundings.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "place": "", "date": "2019-12", "volume": "576", "issue": "7785", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "126-131", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-019-1767-1", "citationKey": "KimHermundstadRomaniEtAl19", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1767-1", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T02:20:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1476-4687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Navigation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural circuits", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T02:20:13Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T02:20:13Z" } }, { "key": "W2TJIR5N", "version": 93271, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/W2TJIR5N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/W2TJIR5N", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/MTLC5IZL", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W2TJIR5N", "version": 93271, "parentItem": "MTLC5IZL", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "LuBehbahaniHamburgEtAl22", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T02:17:37Z", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03443-1.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "CampbellGiocomo19.pdf", "md5": "ca5da53e6953fdabb530de55ea8553ec", "mtime": 1785723457288, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T02:17:37Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T02:18:33Z" } }, { "key": "MTLC5IZL", "version": 93267, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/MTLC5IZL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/MTLC5IZL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Campbell and Giocomo", "parsedDate": "2019-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MTLC5IZL", "version": 93267, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How a fly’s neural compass adapts to an ever-changing world", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Malcolm G.", "lastName": "Campbell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lisa M.", "lastName": "Giocomo" } ], "abstractNote": "A mechanism by why the brain's directional system is updated.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "place": "", "date": "2019-12", "volume": "576", "issue": "7785", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "42-43", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/d41586-019-03443-1", "citationKey": "CampbellGiocomo19", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03443-1", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T02:17:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2019 Springer Nature Limited", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Neuroscience", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T02:17:34Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T02:17:34Z" } }, { "key": "K4ADZQP2", "version": 93266, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/K4ADZQP2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/K4ADZQP2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/447HKZVQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "K4ADZQP2", "version": 93266, "parentItem": "447HKZVQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "LuBehbahaniHamburgEtAl22", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T02:15:05Z", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04191-x.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "LuBehbahaniHamburgEtAl22.pdf", "md5": "5623f6f872af108adeb2fe5452cff8f7", "mtime": 1785723305432, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T02:15:05Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T02:15:35Z" } }, { "key": "447HKZVQ", "version": 93262, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/447HKZVQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/447HKZVQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lu et al.", "parsedDate": "2022-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "447HKZVQ", "version": 93262, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jenny", "lastName": "Lu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amir H.", "lastName": "Behbahani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lydia", "lastName": "Hamburg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elena A.", "lastName": "Westeinde" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul M.", "lastName": "Dawson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cheng", "lastName": "Lyu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gaby", "lastName": "Maimon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael H.", "lastName": "Dickinson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shaul", "lastName": "Druckmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rachel I.", "lastName": "Wilson" } ], "abstractNote": "When an animal moves through the world, its brain receives a stream of information about the body’s translational velocity from motor commands and sensory feedback signals. These incoming signals are referenced to the body, but ultimately, they must be transformed into world-centric coordinates for navigation1,2. Here we show that this computation occurs in the fan-shaped body in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster. We identify two cell types, PFNd and PFNv3–5, that conjunctively encode translational velocity and heading as a fly walks. In these cells, velocity signals are acquired from locomotor brain regions6 and are multiplied with heading signals from the compass system. PFNd neurons prefer forward–ipsilateral movement, whereas PFNv neurons prefer backward–contralateral movement, and perturbing PFNd neurons disrupts idiothetic path integration in walking flies7. Downstream, PFNd and PFNv neurons converge onto hΔB neurons, with a connectivity pattern that pools together heading and translation direction combinations corresponding to the same movement in world-centric space. This network motif effectively performs a rotation of the brain’s representation of body-centric translational velocity according to the current heading direction. Consistent with our predictions, we observe that hΔB neurons form a representation of translational velocity in world-centric coordinates. By integrating this representation over time, it should be possible for the brain to form a working memory of the path travelled through the environment8–10.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "place": "", "date": "2022-01", "volume": "601", "issue": "7891", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "98-104", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-021-04191-x", "citationKey": "LuBehbahaniHamburgEtAl22", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04191-x", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T02:15:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1476-4687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Network models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensorimotor processing", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T02:15:00Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T02:15:03Z" } }, { "key": "JE6QWKFC", "version": 93261, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/JE6QWKFC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/JE6QWKFC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/3PGS9PGR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JE6QWKFC", "version": 93261, "parentItem": "3PGS9PGR", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "FisherLuDAlessandroEtAl19", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T00:53:06Z", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1772-4.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "FisherLuDAlessandroEtAl19.pdf", "md5": "f7f177b11680b0d6acf3d6e6c48f12eb", "mtime": 1785718386394, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T00:53:06Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T00:53:55Z" } }, { "key": "3PGS9PGR", "version": 93257, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/3PGS9PGR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/3PGS9PGR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fisher et al.", "parsedDate": "2019-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3PGS9PGR", "version": 93257, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sensorimotor experience remaps visual input to a heading-direction network", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yvette E.", "lastName": "Fisher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jenny", "lastName": "Lu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Isabel", "lastName": "D’Alessandro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rachel I.", "lastName": "Wilson" } ], "abstractNote": "In the Drosophila brain, ‘compass’ neurons track the orientation of the body and head (the fly’s heading) during navigation 1,2. In the absence of visual cues, the compass neuron network estimates heading by integrating self-movement signals over time3,4. When a visual cue is present, the estimate of the network is more accurate1,3. Visual inputs to compass neurons are thought to originate from inhibitory neurons called R neurons (also known as ring neurons); the receptive fields of R neurons tile visual space5. The axon of each R neuron overlaps with the dendrites of every compass neuron6, raising the question of how visual cues are integrated into the compass. Here, using in vivo whole-cell recordings, we show that a visual cue can evoke synaptic inhibition in compass neurons and that R neurons mediate this inhibition. Each compass neuron is inhibited only by specific visual cue positions, indicating that many potential connections from R neurons onto compass neurons are actually weak or silent. We also show that the pattern of visually evoked inhibition can reorganize over minutes as the fly explores an altered virtual-reality environment. Using ensemble calcium imaging, we demonstrate that this reorganization causes persistent changes in the compass coordinate frame. Taken together, our data suggest a model in which correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity triggers associative long-term synaptic depression of visually evoked inhibition in compass neurons. Our findings provide evidence for the theoretical proposal that associative plasticity of sensory inputs, when combined with attractor dynamics, can reconcile self-movement information with changing external cues to generate a coherent sense of direction7–12.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "place": "", "date": "2019-12", "volume": "576", "issue": "7785", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "121-125", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-019-1772-4", "citationKey": "FisherLuDAlessandroEtAl19", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1772-4", "accessDate": "2026-08-03T00:53:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1476-4687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Learning and memory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuronal physiology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-08-03T00:53:00Z", "dateModified": "2026-08-03T00:53:02Z" } }, { "key": "C8L93V7Q", "version": 93256, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/C8L93V7Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/C8L93V7Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/D7S88CZD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C8L93V7Q", "version": 93256, "parentItem": "D7S88CZD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "GordonGhilardiCooperEtAl94", "accessDate": "2026-07-30T21:26:56Z", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF00241416.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "GordonGhilardiCooperEtAl94.pdf", "md5": "d103eb2aacc028195590f7673712fd1e", "mtime": 1785446816402, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-07-30T21:26:56Z", "dateModified": "2026-07-30T21:27:54Z" } }, { "key": "D7S88CZD", "version": 93252, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/D7S88CZD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/D7S88CZD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2407002, "username": "thazy", "name": "Thomas E. Hazy, MD", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thazy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gordon et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-05-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "D7S88CZD", "version": 93252, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Accuracy of planar reaching movements", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Gordon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria Felice", "lastName": "Ghilardi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott E.", "lastName": "Cooper" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claude", "lastName": "Ghez" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examines the source of directiondependent errors in movement extent made by human subjects in a reaching task. As in the preceding study, subjects were to move a cursor on a digitizing tablet to targets displayed on a computer monitor. Movements were made without concurrent visual feedback of cursor position, but movement paths were displayed on the monitor after the completion of each movement. We first examined horizontal hand movements made at waist level with the upper arm in a vertical orientation. Targets were located at five distances and two directions (30° and 150°) from one of two initial positions. Trajectory shapes were stereotyped, and movements to more distant targets had larger accelerations and velocities. Comparison of movements in the two directions showed that in the 30° direction responses were hypermetric, accelerations and velocities were larger, and movement times were shorter. Since movements in the 30° direction required less motion of the upper arm than movements in the 150° direction, we hypothesized that the differences in accuracy and acceleration reflected a failure to take into account the difference in total limb inertia in the two directions. To test this hypothesis we simulated the initial accelerations of a two-segment limb moving in the horizontal plane with the hand at shoulder level when a constant force was applied at the hand in each of 24 directions. We compared these simulated accelerations to ones produced by our subjects with their arms in the same position when they aimed movements to targets in the 24 directions and at equal distances from an initial position. The magnitudes of both simulated and actual accelerations were greatest in the two directions perpendicular to the forearm, where inertial resistance is least, and lowest for movements directed along the axis of the forearm. In all subjects, the directional variation in peak acceleration was similar to that predicted by the model and shifted in the same way when the initial position of the hand was displaced. The pattern of direction-dependent variations in initial acceleration did not depend on the speed of movement. It was also unchanged when subjects aimed their movements toward targets presented within the workspace on the tablet instead of on the computer monitor. These findings indicate that, in programming the magnitude of the initial force that will accelerate the hand, subjects do not fully compensate for direction-dependent differences in inertial resistance. The direction-dependent differences in peak acceleration were associated with systematic variations in movement extent in all subjects, but the variations in extent were proportionately smaller than those in acceleration. This compensation for inertial anisotropy, which differed in degree among subjects, was associated with changes in movement duration. The possible contributions of elastic properties of the musculoskeletal system and proprioceptive feed-back to the compensatory variations in movement time are discussed. The finding that the magnitude of the initial force that accelerates the hand is planned without regard to movement direction adds support for the hypothesis that extent and direction of an intended movement are planned independently. Furthermore, the lack of compensation for inertia in the acceleration of the simple reaching movements studied here suggests that they are planned by the central nervous system without explicit inverse kinematic and dynamic computations.", "publicationTitle": "Experimental Brain Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1994-05-01", "volume": "99", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "112-130", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Exp Brain Res", "DOI": "10.1007/BF00241416", "citationKey": "GordonGhilardiCooperEtAl94", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00241416", "accessDate": "2026-07-30T21:26:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1432-1106", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Coordinate transformations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Human", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multijoint arm movements", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reaching Accuracy", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-07-30T21:26:53Z", "dateModified": "2026-07-30T21:26:53Z" } }, { "key": "QTZBKR9K", "version": 91906, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 340666, "name": "CCNLab", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/QTZBKR9K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ccnlab/items/QTZBKR9K", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/340666/items/ZTPH9I7E", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 7465170, "username": "cognitionincontext", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cognitionincontext", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2406800, "username": "rcoreilly", "name": "Randall C. 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