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                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "name": "Chen LM"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "With more than 1300 acute care hospitals, the Critical Access Hospital (CAH) program is the largest Medicare program aimed at maintaining access to health care for rural Americans.1 However, there is debate about how best to support the financial viability of CAHs while limiting rising health care costs. Under Medicaid, almost 2 dozen states have adopted or are considering cost-based reimbursement for CAHs, while other states use alternative payment mechanisms.2 President Barack Obama’s 2014 budget proposal calls for a reduction in CAHs’ Medicare reimbursement from 101% to 100% of costs. Several states have criticized the proposed cuts,3 given the small margins of CAHs.4 In the context of ongoing discussion about CAH reimbursement, it is important to better understand how health care providers currently utilize funds from the CAH Programs.",
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            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "January 1, 2014",
            "volume": "174",
            "issue": "1",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "143-144",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "JAMA Intern Med",
            "DOI": "10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.11901",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.11901",
            "accessDate": "2015-01-26T20:09:59Z",
            "PMID": "",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "2168-6106",
            "archive": "",
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            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair",
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            "dateAdded": "2015-03-25T20:23:00Z",
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    {
        "key": "8B9F5B2V",
        "version": 2,
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            "creatorSummary": "Maizel and Garner",
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            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "report",
            "title": "The Poor Get Poorer: The Fate of California's Hospitals Under the Affordable Care Act",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Samuel R.",
                    "lastName": "Maizel"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Craig B.",
                    "lastName": "Garner"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Distressed hospitals in California operate on small or non-existent profit margins. For many of these hospitals, Medicare and Medicaid (Medi-Cal in California) are the largest payors. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the “Affordable Care Act”) was designed in part to increase the number of insured nation-wide, the result of which logically should have been positive for California hospitals. Any cause for celebration, however, must first prevail over the cost containment provisions firmly entrenched in the Affordable Care Act, as these regulations created new concerns for California’s financially distressed hospitals. Included among the multitude of threatening provisions in the Affordable Care Act are: A complete recalibration of Medicare disproportionate share payments (“DSH”) to hospitals; A reduction in Medicare revenue up to 1.5% during Fiscal Year 2015 (and 2.0% by Fiscal Year 2017) for hospitals which perform poorly under the Hospital Value Based Purchasing (“VBP”) Program; and a penalty of as much as 3.0% for the hospitals which fail to meet the standards set forth in the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (“RRP”).In addition to a penalty up to 2% for lapses in inpatient quality reporting and similar penalty relating to outpatient quality reporting, a 2% cut in Medicare due to sequestration as well as a penalty for those hospitals which fail to attest for “Meaningful Use”, collectively the potential for any hospital to lose more than 10% of its Medicare revenue creates daunting challenges, especially with those institutions in California already struggling financially not to mention lacking the resources to establish the necessary infrastructure to compete in this era of change.",
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                    "tag": "Craig B.  Garner",
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                {
                    "tag": "Samuel R. Maizel",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "The Poor Get Poorer: The Fate of California's Hospitals Under the Affordable Care Act",
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    {
        "key": "Q9MAS8R4",
        "version": 2,
        "library": {
            "type": "group",
            "id": 339290,
            "name": "rural hospitals",
            "links": {
                "alternate": {
                    "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rural_hospitals",
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                }
            }
        },
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            "creatorSummary": "Nesbitt et al.",
            "parsedDate": "2005",
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            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Perceptions of Local Health Care Quality in 7 Rural Communities with Telemedicine",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Thomas S.",
                    "lastName": "Nesbitt"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "James P.",
                    "lastName": "Marcin"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Martha M.",
                    "lastName": "Daschbach;"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Stacey L.",
                    "lastName": "Cole"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "ABSTRACT: Context: Rural health services are difficult to maintain because of low patient volumes, limited numbers of providers, and unfavorable economies of scale. Rural patients may perceive poor quality in local health care, directly impacting the sustainability of local health care services. Purpose: This study examines perceptions of local health care quality in 7 rural, underserved communities where telemedicine was implemented. This study also assesses factors associated with travel outside of local communities for health care services. Methods: Community-based pretelemedicine and posttelemedicine random telephone surveys were conducted in 7 northern California rural communities assessing local residents' perceptions of health care quality and the frequency of travel outside their community for health care services. Five-hundred rural residents were interviewed in each of the pretelemedicine and posttelemedicine surveys. Between surveys, telemedicine services were made available in each of the communities. Findings: Residents aware of telemedicine services in their community had a significantly higher opinion of local health care quality (P =.002). Satisfaction with telemedicine was rated high by both rural providers and patients. Residents with lower opinions of local health care quality were more likely to have traveled out of their community for medical care services (P =.014). Conclusions: The introduction of telemedicine into rural communities is associated with increases in the local communities' perception of local health care quality. Therefore, is it possible that telemedicine may result in a decrease in the desire and need for local patients to travel outside of their community for health care services.",
            "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Rural Health",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2005",
            "volume": "21",
            "issue": "1",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "79-85",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "",
            "DOI": "10.1111/j.1748-0361.2005.tb00066.x",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2005.tb00066.x/abstract",
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            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "1748-0361",
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            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "en",
            "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
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    {
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            "creatorSummary": "Jha et al.",
            "parsedDate": "2009-05-01",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Measuring Efficiency: The Association Of Hospital Costs And Quality Of Care",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ashish K.",
                    "lastName": "Jha"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "E. John",
                    "lastName": "Orav"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Allen",
                    "lastName": "Dobson"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert A.",
                    "lastName": "Book"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Arnold M.",
                    "lastName": "Epstein"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Providers with lower costs may be more efficient and, therefore, provide better care than those with higher costs. However, the relationship between risk-adjusted costs (often described as efficiency) and quality is not well understood. We examined the relationship between hospitals’ risk-adjusted costs and their structural characteristics, nursing levels, quality of care, and outcomes. U.S. hospitals with low risk-adjusted costs were more likely to be for-profit, treat more Medicare patients, and employ fewer nurses. They provided modestly worse care for acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure but had comparable rates of risk-adjusted mortality. We found no evidence that low-cost providers provide better care.",
            "publicationTitle": "Health Affairs",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "05/01/2009",
            "volume": "28",
            "issue": "3",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "897-906",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Health Aff",
            "DOI": "10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.897",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/28/3/897",
            "accessDate": "2015-01-21T19:16:59Z",
            "PMID": "",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "0278-2715, 1544-5208",
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            "shortTitle": "Measuring Efficiency",
            "language": "en",
            "libraryCatalog": "content.healthaffairs.org",
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            "extra": "PMID: 19414903",
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            "dateAdded": "2015-03-25T20:23:00Z",
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        "version": 2,
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            "creatorSummary": "Landon BE et al.",
            "parsedDate": "2006-12-11",
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        "data": {
            "key": "VH5EVHV9",
            "version": 2,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "QUality of care for the treatment of acute medical conditions in us hospitals",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "name": "Landon BE"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "name": "Normand ST"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "name": "Lessler A"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "name": "et al"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Background \nThe Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recently began reporting on quality of care for acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia.Methods\nWe linked performance data submitted for the first half of 2004 to American Hospital Association data on hospital characteristics. We created composite scales for each disease and used factor analysis to identify 2 additional composites based on underlying domains of quality. We estimated logistic regression models to examine the relationship between hospital characteristics and quality.Results\nOverall, 75.9% of patients hospitalized with these conditions received recommended care. The mean composite scores and their associated interquartile ranges were 0.85 (0.81-0.95), 0.64 (0.52-0.78), and 0.88 (0.80-0.97) for acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia, respectively. After adjustment, for-profit hospitals consistently underperformed not-for-profit hospitals for each condition, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.80) for the congestive heart failure composite measure to 0.90 (95% CI, 0.89-0.91) for the pneumonia composite. Major teaching hospitals had better performance on the treatment and diagnosis composite (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.34-1.39) but worse performance on the counseling and prevention composite (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.82-0.84). Hospitals with more technology available, higher registered nurse staffing, and federal/military designation had higher performance.Conclusions\nPatients are more likely to receive high-quality care in not-for-profit hospitals and in hospitals with high registered nurse staffing ratios and more investment in technology. Because payments and sources of payments affect some of these factors (eg, investments in technology and staffing ratios), policy makers should evaluate the effect of alternative payment approaches on quality.",
            "publicationTitle": "Archives of Internal Medicine",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "December 11, 2006",
            "volume": "166",
            "issue": "22",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "2511-2517",
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            "seriesTitle": "",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Arch Intern Med",
            "DOI": "10.1001/archinte.166.22.2511",
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            "title": "Rural healthcare challenges abound in communities around Mississippi",
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            "date": "September 21, 2009",
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            "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Many critically ill patients who transfer from rural hospitals to tertiary care centers (TCCs) have poor prognoses, and family members are unable to discuss patient prognosis and goals of care with TCC providers until after transfer.\nAIM: Our TCC conducted teleconferences prior to transfer to facilitate early family discussions.\nDESIGN/SETTING: We conducted a retrospective review of these telemedicine family conferences among critically ill patients requested for transfer which occurred from December 2008 to December 2009 at our TCC. Outcomes for each patient and detailed descriptions of the conference content were obtained. We also assessed limitations and attitudes and satisfaction with this intervention among clinicians.\nRESULTS: During the 12-month period, 12 telemedicine consultations were performed. Of these patients, 10 (83%) died in the 30 days following the request for transfer. After the telemedicine consultation, 8 (67%) patients were transferred to our TCC from their respective hospitals, while 4 (33%) patients continued care at their regional hospital and did not transfer. Of the patients who transferred to TCC, 7 (88% of those transferred) returned to their community after a stay at the TCC.\nCONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that palliative care consultations can be provided via telemedicine for critically ill patients and that adequate preparation and technical expertise are essential. Although this study is limited by the nature of the retrospective review, it is evident that more research is needed to further assess its applicability, utility, and acceptability.",
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            "abstractNote": "The Affordable Care Act of 2010 requires all nonprofit hospitals in the United States to conduct a Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) at least every 3 years. With this law in its infancy, the best practice to conduct an assessment that complies with the law is unknown. Research designs vary across states and agencies, and little is known about the reliability or representativeness of results. The rural community group model (RCGM) is a newly developed model designed for conducting assessments in rural communities. Key components of the model are disseminating surveys, conducting key informant interviews, facilitating focus groups, and integrating secondary data of county-level health behaviors and outcomes. It has been used to conduct CHNAs on more than half the critical access hospitals in North Dakota (58%). Given this large sample size, which used the same methodology, this article provides an evaluation of the model focusing on lessons learned and challenges encountered in the conduct of CHNAs. Particular strategies for assessment planners are warding off group think, monitoring against bias creep in data collection, and integrating multiple data sources to inform decision making. The model is recommended for replication in rural settings to provide meaningful feedback that allows a hospital to match long-term planning with community needs.",
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