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"Wozniak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel L.", "lastName": "Goldberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan C.", "lastName": "Anenberg" } ], "abstractNote": "Background:\nAmbient nitrogen dioxide (\nNO2\n) and fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter μ\n≤2.5μm\n (\nPM2.5\n) threaten public health in the US, and systemic racism has led to modern-day disparities in the distribution and associated health impacts of these pollutants.\nObjectives:\nMany studies on environmental injustices related to ambient air pollution focus only on disparities in pollutant concentrations or provide only an assessment of pollution or health disparities at a snapshot in time. In this study, we compare injustices in \nNO2-\n and \nPM2.5-attributable\n health burdens, considering \nNO2-attributable\n health impacts across the entire US; document changing disparities in these health burdens over time (2010–2019); and evaluate how more stringent air quality standards would reduce disparities in health impacts associated with these pollutants.\nMethods:\nThrough a health impact assessment, we quantified census tract-level variations in health outcomes attributable to \nNO2\n and \nPM2.5\n using health impact functions that combine demographic data from the US Census Bureau; two spatially resolved pollutant datasets, which fuse satellite data with physical and statistical models; and epidemiologically derived relative risk estimates and incidence rates from the Global Burden of Disease study.\nResults:\nDespite overall decreases in the public health damages associated with \nNO2\n and \nPM2.5\n, racial and ethnic relative disparities in \nNO2-attributable\n pediatric asthma and \nPM2.5-attributable\n premature mortality have widened in the US during the last decade. Racial relative disparities in \nPM2.5-attributable\n premature mortality and \nNO2-attributable\n pediatric asthma have increased by 16% and 19%, respectively, between 2010 and 2019. Similarly, ethnic relative disparities in \nPM2.5-attributable\n premature mortality have increased by 40% and \nNO2-attributable\n pediatric asthma by 10%.\nDiscussion:\nEnacting and attaining more stringent air quality standards for both pollutants could preferentially benefit the most marginalized and minoritized communities by greatly reducing racial and ethnic relative disparities in pollution-attributable health burdens in the US. 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Contents

", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Baensch-Baltruschat et al_2020_Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties,.pdf", "md5": "f0e66d0ebebac77b3f66616138801e1b", "mtime": 1698361485000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2023-10-26T23:04:45Z", "dateModified": "2023-10-26T23:04:46Z" } }, { "key": "YHSI5ETQ", "version": 16773, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3381, "name": "theasthmafiles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/theasthmafiles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3381/items/YHSI5ETQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/theasthmafiles/items/YHSI5ETQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 36430, "username": "mikefortun", "name": "Mike Fortun", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mikefortun", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Baensch-Baltruschat et al.", "parsedDate": "2020-09-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "YHSI5ETQ", "version": 16773, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Beate", "lastName": "Baensch-Baltruschat" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Birgit", "lastName": "Kocher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Friederike", "lastName": "Stock" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Georg", "lastName": "Reifferscheid" } ], "abstractNote": "In this paper, the current knowledge on tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) is compiled regarding all environmental and health aspects. TRWP generated on roads during driving processes contribute to airborne non-exhaust emissions and are discussed in connection with the microplastic pollution. The major amount of TRWP consists of coarser heterogenous particles released to road surface, soils and aquatic compartments. The extensive compilation of annual emissions of tyre wear for numerous countries shows per-capita-masses ranging from 0.2 to 5.5 kg/(cap*a). Ecotoxicological studies revealed effects on aquatic organisms, but test concentrations and materials do not reflect environmental conditions. Contribution of tyre wear to PM10 accounts for up to approx. 11 mass %. A recent thorough risk assessment indicates the risk for human health via inhalation to be low, but no information is available on the risk caused by intake via the food chain. Data on degradation is scarce and most studies do not use realistic materials and conditions. The only published degradation study performed under environmental conditions implies a half-life of tyre rubber particles in soils of 16 months. For truck tyres, which mainly contain natural rubber, shorter periods were observed under optimum conditions in laboratory tests. Concentrations of tyre wear compiled from environmental monitoring studies show highly variable concentrations in road runoff, road dust, roadside soils, river sediments and river water, with a general decrease following the transport paths. However, the behaviour of TRWP in freshwater referring to transport, degradation, and sedimentation is still unclarified. Environmental monitoring of TRWP is still hampered by challenges for analytics. Thus, data on environmental concentrations is rare and has mainly exemplary character. Further research is needed with regard to emission factors, development of analytical methods for environmental matrices, long-period monitoring, fate in surface waters and soils, (eco)toxicological impacts and degradation under realistic conditions.", "publicationTitle": "Science of The Total Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020-09-01", "volume": "733", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "137823", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science of The Total Environment", "DOI": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720313358", "accessDate": "2023-10-26T23:04:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0048-9697", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "G3VQ4L2S" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2023-10-26T23:04:40Z", "dateModified": "2023-10-26T23:04:40Z" } }, { "key": "2Z63AI6W", "version": 16772, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 3381, "name": "theasthmafiles", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/theasthmafiles", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/3381/items/2Z63AI6W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/theasthmafiles/items/2Z63AI6W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 36430, "username": "mikefortun", "name": "Mike Fortun", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mikefortun", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2022-03-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2Z63AI6W", "version": 16772, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Tire particle pollution may be harming freshwater and estuary ecosystems", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Two studies have looked at the impact of exposure to tire particles on ocean and freshwater species. Researchers have found ways to reduce harmful effects.", "websiteTitle": "World Economic Forum", "websiteType": "", "date": "2022-03-11", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/tire-particle-pollution-may-be-harming-freshwater-and-estuary-ecosystems/", "accessDate": "2023-10-26T23:01:01Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "G3VQ4L2S" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2023-10-26T23:01:01Z", "dateModified": "2023-10-26T23:01:01Z" } } ]