Added by Dana Jedziniak
\nIn this essay, we learn of how the effects of 9/11 branched through culture by means of documents and text. It outlines the cultural, literary and media effecting the way the nation viewed 9/11.
\nThe topics covered in this article include representing Islam and Muslims in an array of literature and subjects, as well as the political and psychological issues faced by characters in literature, and the tensions culture in which the effects of 9/11 are felt. Was 9/11 a moment that punctuated and disrupted the movement of history or, as One author suggested that 9/11 was a moment that punctuated and disrupted history and that it acted as a catalyst for existing stereotypes.
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This article focuses on Moshin Hamid's motivations for writing The Reluctant Fundamentalist and the importance of race, location, and racial differences. The novel sheds light on the racism and discrimination that people show in both small and large ways through the actions of the characters in the book. Initially a love story about America, the novel grows to criticize the motivations behind the war on terrorism and analyze exactly how multiculturally accepting the country is. Beneath what appear to be stereotypes, the characters and symbolic organizations reflect mindsets held by the nation. Though some stereotypes are resistant to change, Changez’ own resistance emulates a conflicted understanding of America’s resistances. While there is significant focus on America losing its perceived former glory, it is arguable that America shows the transcendence of differences between races and how roles can change.
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Leigh Fisher
\nIdentity and ethnic identity are issues hashed over in Hamid’s novel. Chandra Bidhan Roy perceives the attacks on 9/11 as a seminal event. While many authors approach dealing with 9/11 in different ways through media, only a few novels look to how it impacted the culture of Pakistanis. The perspective of Muslims is not given a great deal of attention, but the novels Home Boy and The Reluctant Fundamentalist examine Pakistani-American identities. As is the case for many immigrants, many complexities and difficulties surround the lives of protagonists who have ethnic identities pulled between two separate countries. The concept of cultural hybridity is essential to analyzing novels from the perspective of an immigrant.
\nCharacters who face the challenge of a divide in their cultural identity fall into the genre of South Asian diasporic fiction. The genre is praised for providing representation to characters who become cultural hybrids. Though the protagonists try to leave their original cultural identities behind when they strive to adopt American culture, they are unable to fully let it go. Subsequently, when they are rejected by American society for their differences and the stigmatization following 9/11, they return to embrace their birth cultures.
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Muhammad Asim Mahmood, Rashid Mahmood, and Javed Muhammad Iqbal see The Reluctant Fundamentalist as a novel that shows the socio-political status of the citizens from America and countries outside of the U.S. in after the ramifications of 9/11. The novel is an example of how post-modern literature is inevitably imbued with political conflict. Ironically, despite how America sought to gain independence from the European nations that looked down upon it, modern America has adopted an attitude toward developing countries that is quite similar to the imperialists of the past. The Reluctant Fundamentalist proceeds to go beyond 9/11 issues and can be analyzed alongside capitalist American culture, the political situation of Pakistan, the war on Afghanistan, the Indian war with Pakistan, and the various American policies impacting the countries involved. Many of these issues are shown through Changez's commentary and how he states he reacted to the events. Through the novel, Hamid finds chances to criticize the way America utilizes land in Pakistan for their attacks on Afghanistan while largely ignoring the Indian attacks on the country. Hamid designs a \"global politics paradigm\" to show the contrast between Changez and Erica due to their roles in two very different societies.
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Mohsin Hamid presents the life of colonized people after 9/11 in The Reluctant Fundamentalist. Discourse of the novel exhibits the major theme-political discourse in post-cold war period. The text of the novel has been analyzed using reflexive approach, placing the text and the researcher in context. The research is a dialogue with the text. Text of 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist' constructs the socio-political condition of the people of colonized countries after 9/11 issue. The life of the communities under western influence is miserable especially after 9/11 tragedy. The textual study of The Reluctant Fundamentalist shows how post-modern literature of colonized communities is absorbed with political problems. Present study explores the limits of political discourse in Mohsin Hamid's novel 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist'.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Academic Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2011", "volume": "3", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "242-244", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Academic Research", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=69735470&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2015-04-19T21:31:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "20754124", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DISCOURSE analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HAMID, Mohsin, 1971-", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "MANAGEMENT science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "POLITICAL science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PRACTICAL politics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PROTESTANT fundamentalists", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "colonized community", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "political discourse", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "reflexive approach", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-19T21:31:28Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-19T21:31:28Z" } }, { "key": "5UK5RN52", "version": 267, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 337331, "name": "Reluctant Fundamentalist and 9/11 Literature", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/reluctant_fundamentalist_and_911_literature", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/337331/items/5UK5RN52", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/reluctant_fundamentalist_and_911_literature/items/5UK5RN52", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2296099, "username": "LeighFisher", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/leighfisher", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5UK5RN52", "version": 267, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-19T21:31:15Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-19T21:31:15Z" } }, { "key": "Z7GKZ72H", "version": 266, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 337331, "name": "Reluctant Fundamentalist and 9/11 Literature", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/reluctant_fundamentalist_and_911_literature", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/337331/items/Z7GKZ72H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/reluctant_fundamentalist_and_911_literature/items/Z7GKZ72H", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/337331/items/442RN8WF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2296099, "username": "LeighFisher", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/leighfisher", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z7GKZ72H", "version": 266, "parentItem": "442RN8WF", "itemType": "note", "note": "Leigh Fisher
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Singh analyzes The Reluctant Fundamentalist alongside Burnt Shadows by Kamila Shamise. At first, the focus of the article falls upon disapproval of America’s readiness to embrace isolationism in wake of the 9/11 attacks. It is acknowledged that many scholars have looked at the novels written in response to 9/11 as well as the role the immigrant novel has found in the literary responses. Singh looks at the way Changez tells the story of his life from a café in Lahore as well as noting the importance of the novel technically taking place in Pakistan, even if a large portion of Changez’s life occurred in America. The postcolonial subject of the novel serves as a way to critique the conflicts between America and Pakistan. The interaction between Changez and Erica when she cannot imagine him as her deceased lover is symbolic of how while she, an American, can retreat from the reality of what happened in 9/11, he, a Pakistani, cannot ignore it. He too often is forced to be aware of it due to the unfair treatment he receives in America. Burnt Shadows is analyzed similarly, with attention paid to how history is a “set of material and political conditions” rather than something rhetorical (Singh). American citizenship is dealt with similarly, though the violence and hardship in the novel can be taken as a sign that modern society has failed. While creating symbols in different ways, both novels point to flaws in the American dream.
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\nIn this interview, Harleen Singh asks a series of questions to about the characterization of immigrants, the way protagonist Changez perceives his home town after being in America, the privileges of citizenship, and more political topics. Through transcriptions of answers from The Reluctant Fundamentalist’s author, Hamid gives insight on what he sought to convey through the characters in his novel. Questions about the similarity between Hamid and Changez are answered as the author explains how his own life events inspired the protagonist of the novel. Interestingly, though 9/11 became a catalyst for the novel’s events, it initially was not a large part of the plan. Hamid originally planned for the focus of the novel to be about Changez working his way up in corporate America despite his background as well as his romance with Erica. Hamid goes on to discuss the importance of the writing style he used for the novel, as well as how he wanted it to create the chance for the readers to feel opened up to experiencing things along with the protagonist.
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\nDr. Mohammad Ayub Jajja from the University of the Punjab analyzing the recurring themes of the too often perceived as inferior “Other” in assimilation. It was common for people to emulate the colonists in power during the colonial days in order to gain acceptance among the majority of the inhabitants. However, despite the way they would try to mimic the native people around them, they were still often treated as foreign and inferior, much as Changez does in The Reluctant Fundamentalist. He is unable to move into the identity of an American. Very often, people who attempt to assimilate into a different culture will end up returning to their own cultural roots and identity when they are unable to be accepted by the other culture. Following the pattern, despite Changez’s attempts to mimic American ways and culture, he is still regarded as an outsider. Subsequently, his frustration causes him to return his roots and embrace his original identity. When studying the novel, it becomes clear that there is a superiority in American culture that complicates the assimilation process for potential immigrants. However, it is the biases and prejudices that Changez faces that push him to look for his true identity.
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\n“The Reluctant Fundamentalist: A Quest for Identity” by Dr. Mohammad Ayub Jajja discusses the idea of “mimicry,” or how immigrants imitate to try to assimilate into different societies. It focuses on how they try to integrate themselves into American society, trying to achieve a sort of ideal whiteness, even it is unachievable. Upon realizing the hopelessness of this ideal, they go back to their own roots, like Changes did in the Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid. The immigrants recognize that despite doing everything to fit in and be a part of American society, they are still treated as outsiders and as being less worthy than the true Americans.
\nThis article explores the issues of mimicry and identity in the context of American and Pakistani interaction, through the analysis of the Reluctant Fundamentalist in the light of Postcolonial critical approaches. It is divided into six different sections with an introduction of the novel, literary reviews, a discussion and analysis, disillusionment of America’s dark side, rejection of American culture, and conclusion on identity and the growth of Changez’s indigenous identity. This article shows the impact of politics on identity in the case between Pakistan and America. Changez comes to regret how other Pakistani’s sacrifice everything, even their identity, for America, when America never even looked at Pakistani let alone call it their ally. Jajji points out how Hamid shows the causes of America’s failure and the resentment that is created towards it. He shows how such an extremist view on immigrants creates a natural response of extremist immigrants who resent America’s involvement in international affairs, which causes the extremists to encourage resentment against America.
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The Bitterness of the Islamic Hero in Three Recent Western Works of Fiction by Stephen Chan relayed the purpose of the research from the very beginning through the article’s title and introduction. The article discusses The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Moshin Hamid, and Sarajevo Marlboro by Miljenko Jergovic. It is difficult to find a fully Islamic hero in literature, but there is a great flaw in the authenticity of the protagonists. While they are accessible to the readers, this relatability is not generated through general characteristics that any person can relate to with another person. Instead, they are made accessible because they are highly Westernized. Furthermore, many characters bear traits from the authors that do not necessarily contribute to traits that would make them seem more like actual Islamic heroes. Hamid and Hosseini make their protagonist relatable because they more ‘us’ than ‘them’ due to their Westernized and Americanized traits.
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\nDarda, Joseph. “Precarious World: Rethinking Global Fiction in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist.” Mosaic: a journal for the interdisciplinary study of literature 47.3 (2014): 107–122. Project MUSE. Web. 29 Jan. 2015.
\nIn this article, Joseph Darda discusses how 9/11 novels can be interpreted as a means to encourage countries to come together, and sympathize with one another when it comes to issues started by 9/11. Darda explains that these novels give different perspectives, therefore giving people insight to the way others may be having to handle a situation. Though some author’s may not be able to fully encompass what others may be going through in their life, they can attempt to utilize their work to “mediate social difference.” Darda persists that reading these novels help people identify with characters that differ from themselves. It is also expressed that these novels encourage not a division between Americans and those living in the Middle East, but an alliance.
\nDarda continues by expressing how The Reluctant Fundamentalist should not be interpreted solely as a bitter, angsty novel against America. This article encourages readers to consider a different perspective when reading Hamid’s novel. The author of this piece repeatedly references Changez’s connection to America (his schooling, his job, and his love affair), in an attempt to suggest that it was placed as a means to bring the two cultures together during such a diving time. Darda does not just accept the blatant idea that The Reluctant Fundamentalist highlights the oppositions between the two cultures, but considers the idea that the novel is making an attempt to create a connection.
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\n“Precarious World: Rethinking Global Fiction in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist” by Joseph Darda discusses how Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist reveals a new “critictical global thinking” of not seeing the homeland as the only bright land of justice for all. It emphasizes how Changez unconsciously recognizes his connection to the Third World and advanced a solidarity that goes beyond independence, beyond nationalism, before the events on 9/11 even occur. After seeing the jeepney driver’s hostile stare, he suddently sees his colleagues as foreign, when he was only basking in his “American” power and luxury seconds before. Changez’s realizes that the “entitled and unsympathetic American” eyes are those of Underwood Samson and has to shred this way of “observing” in Lahore, Pakistan.
\nDarda argues that The Reluctant Fundamentalist isn’t anti-American, but anti-precarity, since Changez doesn’t completely turn to Pakistani nationalism. He reinforces this theory with the variety of settings and “third world” spaces in the novel. There Changes is able to life as precarious through social conditions. Overall, Darda reveals Changez’s “arc of vision” and how it broadens to include the precarious lives of a Filipino jeepney driver, a Chilean bookseller, Pakistani university students, and an American in Lahore.
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Ambri Shukla and Shuchi Srivastava, authors of “Changez’s Fall of American Dream With the Fall of World Trade Centre: Reluctant Fundamentalist” argues about the adverse effects of September 11th, especially on the characters of Mohsin’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist. It explains how Changez wasn’t able to comfortably resume his honorable American life post-9/11, since he was no longer considered American, but viewed as an outsider. Shukla and Srivastava try to argue this point and show how 9/11 changed everything and everyone, outsider or not.
Cultural hybridity is touched upon foremost in the article, and how empowering and important it is. Yet, for Changez’s cause, it causes more damage than help since it creates bitterness and dislike of the typical American Dream. The article then touches upon how Hamid formed an extremely different type of post-9/11 novel by having a person of color feel sad because he doesn’t fit into either category. Changez believed he was respected in the white American society until things changed after 9/11.
Summary by Dana Jedziniak
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“Religious and National Identity in Moshin Hamid’s ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’” by Kathryn Fossaceca is a brief journal about cultural identity after the negative effects of September 11th. It focuses on the increase of racism and anti-terrorist hate and hate crimes, especially aimed at “Muslims”. The author explaines how white Americans unfairly assumed all those who looked like a Muslim were associated with the crimes of 9/11. Fossaceca argues that there was no differentiating between a Muslim from an Arab, or Pakistani, or any other middle-eastern descent. She related this to the stereotypes challenged against Changez in Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist.
Changez, a man from Pakistan, lived an extremely prosperous American life, a Princeton graduate, a high-paying travel job, and the “girl-next-door”, an all American girlfriend. After the events of September 11th, this existence began to fall apart as he had to deal with added prejudice and the knee-jerk anti-Muslim reaction. Fossaceca shows how this led to Changez’s identity crisis and inner struggles of being torn between his Pakistani heritage and a new Americanized life
Added by Dana Jedziniak
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Joseph Darda, author of “Precarious World: Rethinking Global Fiction in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist” reasons that, The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid is “critical global literature”. Darda argues that since the ending of the novel allows for readers to have a different viewpoint, it causes readers to see beyond their preconceived stereotypes and eventually leads them to this “global thinking”. Through Changez’s narration, we get to see can what the clichéd American looks like to an observer, making it easier for the reader to step out and view the American similarly, which is uncommon for post-911 literature.
\nTo Darda, Hamid’s novel could not be considered pro-terrorism or Anti-American because it does not critique America only. It critiques many societal norms on both ends of the spectrum. Each country is criticized and commented on during the novel and Darda believes that stereotypes and biases of each culture and represented justly.
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