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T.", "lastName": "Muskavitch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "José M.", "lastName": "Ribeiro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael A.", "lastName": "Riehle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Igor V.", "lastName": "Sharakhov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhijian", "lastName": "Tu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laurence J.", "lastName": "Zwiebel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nora J.", "lastName": "Besansky" } ], "abstractNote": "Variation in vectorial capacity for human malaria among Anopheles mosquito species is determined by many factors, including behavior, immunity, and life history. To investigate the genomic basis of vectorial capacity and explore new avenues for vector control, we sequenced the genomes of 16 anopheline mosquito species from diverse locations spanning ~100 million years of evolution. Comparative analyses show faster rates of gene gain and loss, elevated gene shuffling on the X chromosome, and more intron losses, relative to Drosophila. Some determinants of vectorial capacity, such as chemosensory genes, do not show elevated turnover but instead diversify through protein-sequence changes. This dynamism of anopheline genes and genomes may contribute to their flexible capacity to take advantage of new ecological niches, including adapting to humans as primary hosts.\nINTRODUCTION Control of mosquito vectors has historically proven to be an effective means of eliminating malaria. Human malaria is transmitted only by mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles, but not all species within the genus, or even all members of each vector species, are efficient malaria vectors. Variation in vectorial capacity for human malaria among Anopheles mosquito species is determined by many factors, including behavior, immunity, and life history.\nRATIONALE This variation in vectorial capacity suggests an underlying genetic/genomic plasticity that results in variation of key traits determining vectorial capacity within the genus. Sequencing the genome of Anopheles gambiae, the most important malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa, has offered numerous insights into how that species became highly specialized to live among and feed upon humans and how susceptibility to mosquito control strategies is determined. Until very recently, similar genomic resources have not existed for other anophelines, limiting comparisons to individual genes or sets of genomic markers with no genome-wide data to investigate attributes associated with vectorial capacity across the genus.\nRESULTS We sequenced and assembled the genomes and transcriptomes of 16 anophelines from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, spanning ~100 million years of evolution and chosen to represent a range of evolutionary distances from An. gambiae, a variety of geographic locations and ecological conditions, and varying degrees of vectorial capacity. Genome assembly quality reflected DNA template quality and homozygosity. Despite variation in contiguity, the assemblies were remarkably complete and searches for arthropod-wide single-copy orthologs generally revealed few missing genes. Genome annotation supported with RNA sequencing transcriptomes yielded between 10,738 and 16,149 protein-coding genes for each species. Relative to Drosophila, the closest dipteran genus for which equivalent genomic resources exist, Anopheles exhibits a dynamic genomic evolutionary profile. Comparative analyses show a fivefold faster rate of gene gain and loss, elevated gene shuffling on the X chromosome, and more intron losses in Anopheles. Some determinants of vectorial capacity, such as chemosensory genes, do not show elevated turnover but instead diversify through protein-sequence changes. We also document evidence of variation in important reproductive phenotypes, genes controlling immunity to Plasmodium malaria parasites and other microbes, genes encoding cuticular and salivary proteins, and genes conferring metabolic insecticide resistance. This dynamism of anopheline genes and genomes may contribute to their flexible capacity to take advantage of new ecological niches, including adapting to humans as primary hosts.\nCONCLUSIONS Anopheline mosquitoes exhibit a molecular evolutionary profile very distinct from Drosophila, and their genomes harbor strong evidence of functional variation in traits that determine vectorial capacity. These 16 new reference genome assemblies provide a foundation for hypothesis generation and testing to further our understanding of the diverse biological traits that determine vectorial capacity. View larger version: In this page In a new window Download PowerPoint Slide for Teaching Geography, vector status, and molecular phylogeny of the 16 newly sequenced anopheline mosquitoes and selected other dipterans. The maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny of all sequenced anophelines and two mosquito outgroups was constructed from the aligned protein sequences of 1085 single-copy orthologs. Shapes between branch termini and species names indicate vector status and are colored according to geographic ranges depicted on the map.\nMosquito adaptability across genomes\nVirtually everyone has first-hand experience with mosquitoes. Few recognize the subtle biological distinctions among these bloodsucking flies that render some bites mere nuisances and others the initiation of a potentially life-threatening infection. 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of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Malcolm J.", "lastName": "Gardner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neil", "lastName": "Hall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eula", "lastName": "Fung" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Owen", "lastName": "White" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew", "lastName": "Berriman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard W.", "lastName": "Hyman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane M.", "lastName": "Carlton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arnab", "lastName": "Pain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karen E.", "lastName": "Nelson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sharen", "lastName": "Bowman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian T.", "lastName": "Paulsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Keith", "lastName": "James" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan A.", "lastName": "Eisen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kim", "lastName": "Rutherford" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven L.", "lastName": "Salzberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alister", "lastName": "Craig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sue", "lastName": "Kyes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Man-Suen", "lastName": "Chan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vishvanath", "lastName": "Nene" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shamira J.", "lastName": "Shallom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bernard", "lastName": "Suh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy", "lastName": "Peterson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sam", "lastName": "Angiuoli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mihaela", "lastName": "Pertea" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Allen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy", "lastName": "Selengut" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Haft" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael W.", "lastName": "Mather" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Akhil B.", "lastName": "Vaidya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David M. A.", "lastName": "Martin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan H.", "lastName": "Fairlamb" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Martin J.", "lastName": "Fraunholz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David S.", "lastName": "Roos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stuart A.", "lastName": "Ralph" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geoffrey I.", "lastName": "McFadden" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Leda M.", "lastName": "Cummings" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. Mani", "lastName": "Subramanian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Mungall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. Craig", "lastName": "Venter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel J.", "lastName": "Carucci" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephen L.", "lastName": "Hoffman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Newbold" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ronald W.", "lastName": "Davis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claire M.", "lastName": "Fraser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bart", "lastName": "Barrell" } ], "abstractNote": "The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for hundreds of millions of cases of malaria, and kills more than one million African children annually. Here we report an analysis of the genome sequence of P. falciparum clone 3D7. The 23-megabase nuclear genome consists of 14 chromosomes, encodes about 5,300 genes, and is the most (A + T)-rich genome sequenced to date. Genes involved in antigenic variation are concentrated in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes. Compared to the genomes of free-living eukaryotic microbes, the genome of this intracellular parasite encodes fewer enzymes and transporters, but a large proportion of genes are devoted to immune evasion and host–parasite interactions. Many nuclear-encoded proteins are targeted to the apicoplast, an organelle involved in fatty-acid and isoprenoid metabolism. The genome sequence provides the foundation for future studies of this organism, and is being exploited in the search for new drugs and vaccines to fight malaria.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "octobre 3, 2002", "volume": "419", "issue": "6906", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "498-511", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nature", "DOI": "10.1038/nature01097", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6906/full/nature01097.html", "accessDate": "2015-05-18T08:31:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2002 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N5WFV5B3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-18T08:31:49Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-18T08:31:49Z" } }, { "key": "VXUCM3Q6", "version": 48, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 335825, "name": "Ptut de l'extreme Paludisme", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/VXUCM3Q6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme/items/VXUCM3Q6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/D4VRGJGG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2369690, "username": "xabu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xabu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "VXUCM3Q6", "version": 48, "parentItem": "D4VRGJGG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-05-18T08:20:23Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840217", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-18T08:20:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-18T08:20:23Z" } }, { "key": "D4VRGJGG", "version": 48, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 335825, "name": "Ptut de l'extreme Paludisme", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/D4VRGJGG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme/items/D4VRGJGG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2369690, "username": "xabu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xabu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Verhulst et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "D4VRGJGG", "version": 48, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Chemical ecology of interactions between human skin microbiota and mosquitoes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niels O.", "lastName": "Verhulst" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Willem", "lastName": "Takken" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcel", "lastName": "Dicke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gosse", "lastName": "Schraa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Renate C.", "lastName": "Smallegange" } ], "abstractNote": "Microbiota on the human skin plays a major role in body odour production. The human microbial and chemical signature displays a qualitative and quantitative correlation. Genes may influence the chemical signature by shaping the composition of the microbiota. Recent studies on human skin microbiota, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, found a high inter- and intrapersonal variation in bacterial species on the human skin, which is relatively stable over time. Human body odours mediate the attraction of mosquitoes to their blood hosts. Odours produced by skin microbiota are attractive to mosquitoes as shown by in vitro studies, and variation in bacterial species on the human skin may explain the variation in mosquito attraction between humans. Detailed knowledge of the ecology and genetics of human skin microbiota is needed in order to unravel the evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the interactions between mosquitoes and their hosts.", "publicationTitle": "FEMS microbiology ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 2010", "volume": "74", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-9", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00908.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1574-6941", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20840217", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bacteria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Culicidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Insect Vectors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Metagenome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Odors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RNA, Ribosomal, 16S", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Volatile Organic Compounds", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N5WFV5B3" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-05-18T08:20:23Z", "dateModified": "2015-05-18T08:20:23Z" } }, { "key": "TP52JRSG", "version": 46, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 335825, "name": "Ptut de l'extreme Paludisme", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/TP52JRSG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme/items/TP52JRSG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/AQREX43D", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2369690, "username": "xabu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xabu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TP52JRSG", "version": 46, "parentItem": "AQREX43D", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-03-10T15:39:07Z", "url": "http://www.pasteur.fr/fr/sante/centres-collaborateurs-l-oms-ccoms/surveillance-resistances-aux-molecules-antipaludiques", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "surveillance-resistances-aux-molecules-antipaludiques.html", "md5": "cb6bf6b691545519026c6749d54c2573", "mtime": 1426001947421, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-10T15:39:24Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-10T15:39:24Z" } }, { "key": "AQREX43D", "version": 45, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 335825, "name": "Ptut de l'extreme Paludisme", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/AQREX43D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme/items/AQREX43D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2369690, "username": "xabu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/xabu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AQREX43D", "version": 45, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Surveillance des résistances aux molécules antipaludiques", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Responsables : Lise MUSSET", "websiteTitle": "Institut Pasteur", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pasteur.fr/fr/sante/centres-collaborateurs-l-oms-ccoms/surveillance-resistances-aux-molecules-antipaludiques", "accessDate": "2015-03-10T15:39:07Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "C42D8HGM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-10T15:39:24Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-10T15:39:24Z" } }, { "key": "DF43MA2Z", "version": 44, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 335825, "name": "Ptut de l'extreme Paludisme", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/DF43MA2Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ptut_de_lextreme_paludisme/items/DF43MA2Z", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/335825/items/CA8CEJ4N", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2369705, "username": "thbordenav", "name": "Just do it!!!!!!!!!!!!", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/thbordenav", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "DF43MA2Z", "version": 44, "parentItem": "CA8CEJ4N", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-03-10T15:36:26Z", "url": "http://www.theses.fr/s128566", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "s128566.html", "md5": "d0921b9c5a4ed369b7c9e3ebd7699df0", "mtime": 1426001787004, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-10T15:36:26Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-10T15:36:26Z" } } ]