[ { "key": "XUBB695U", "version": 89, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/XUBB695U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/XUBB695U", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Suresh et al.", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XUBB695U", "version": 89, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Smart infrastructure for carbon foot print analysis of electric vehicles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Suresh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Hill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. T.", "lastName": "Blythe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Bell" } ], "abstractNote": "Electric powered vehicles use energy stored in some form of battery for the vehicle propulsion drive and to power auxiliary instruments such as air conditioning, stereo and in car equipments. Many research initiatives are currently underway to evaluate the potential and performance of electric cars and to identify any barriers to their uptake (being, technical, economic or social) as a greener alternative to the internal combustion engine traditionally powered by fossil fuels. This study provides an early insight into research undertaken by Newcastle University to investigate the performance of electric vehicles through on-road testing, user led trials and the analysis of the data collected from the vehicle. Newcastle University is currently involved in creating a smart ITS infrastructure to analyse the electric vehicle performance by monitoring the vehicles in terms of the power consumed, distance traveled, trip profile, auxiliary loads and driving styles to determine how the battery discharges and recharges under different conditions, By measuring the energy usage on any particular journey the equivalent carbon footprint for the journey can be estimated from the prevailing CO2 per KWh assuming the mean electricity generation profile in the UK. This paper will discuss the results from electric vehicle monitoring infrastructure by analysing the energy regeneration and energy usage, thereby calculating the impact to the environment.", "publicationTitle": "2010 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2010)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "949-54", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ITSC.2010.5625166", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "INSPEC:11639286", "tags": [ { "tag": "Electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Practical/ smart infrastructure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "[978-1-4244-7659-6/10/$26.00]", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "air conditioning, stereo", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "car equipments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "carbon foot print analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric powered vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fossil fuels/ C3360 Transportation system control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "internal combustion engine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power auxiliary instruments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "vehicle propulsion drive", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:14:43Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:14:43Z" } }, { "key": "U8HBV283", "version": 88, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/U8HBV283", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/U8HBV283", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hillsman et al.", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U8HBV283", "version": 88, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Carbon Footprints for Public Transportation Agencies in Florida", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edward L.", "lastName": "Hillsman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fabian", "lastName": "Cevallos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thobias", "lastName": "Sando" } ], "abstractNote": "Under sponsorship of the Florida Department of Transportation, a study was conducted to measure the carbon footprint for Florida's public transit agencies. The state's 31 public transportation agencies were contacted to obtain data. With the Climate Registry's general reporting protocol (GRP), the research team calculated emissions on the basis of the provided data. The research team found that carbon dioxide emissions from revenue vehicles accounted for 82.5% of a typical agency's emissions (86.5% if weighted by footprint size). The balance of the footprint included trace emissions from vehicle operations; emissions from purchased electricity; emissions from operating nonrevenue vehicles; emissions from fuel used to heat, operate, and maintain facilities; and refrigerants lost from vehicle and building air-conditioning systems. Refrigerant losses accounted for about 5% of a typical agency's footprint. Data on losses were the most difficult to collect. The collected data were estimated to account for 75% to 80% of the total carbon footprint of Florida's transit agencies, and the data total footprint accounted for less than 1% of the state's surface transportation carbon footprint. This research also examined how Florida's transit agencies could help reduce the state's transportation carbon footprint by providing service that encourages people to ride public transportation instead of driving. The study also provides lessons for conducting similar inventories elsewhere, including data collection, constraints on agencies' abilities to provide data on a voluntary basis, some limitations of the GRP, and possibilities for simplifying the process in some circumstances.", "publicationTitle": "Transportation Research Record", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "", "issue": "2287", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "80-88", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Transp. Res. Record", "DOI": "10.3141/2287-10", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0361-1981", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000311918500011", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:13:13Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:13:13Z" } }, { "key": "45VAXP8J", "version": 88, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/45VAXP8J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/45VAXP8J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Reich", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "45VAXP8J", "version": 88, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Transportation Efficiency", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. A.", "lastName": "Reich" } ], "abstractNote": "The transportation sector consumes 70% of the petroleum that the U.S. uses for fuel, which leads one to study transportation to identify significant opportunities to save energy. Every 1-cent increase in the price of a gallon of gas costs the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) $8 million per year for their 200,000-vehicle fleet. To reduce American dependence on fossil fuels, the carbon footprint left by vehicular fleets should be evaluated. This article reports on the current state of fuel efficiency and fleet efficiency in the U.S., including government, municipal, and large commercial sectors. It also discusses opportunities in behavior modification to improve fleet efficiency. Case studies are presented showing evidence of best practices currently implemented. By studying transportation fleets and educating fleet managers about viable alternatives to improve fleet efficiency, we can save significant amounts of fuel and reduce our carbon footprint. This analysis demonstrates that transportation efficiency is economically feasible for a wide variety of public and private entities and is beneficial to the environment.", "publicationTitle": "Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012 Fall", "volume": "32", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "32-43", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Strateg. Plan. Energy Env. (UK)", "DOI": "10.1080/10485236.2012.10554233", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1048-5236", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "INSPEC:13515671", "tags": [ { "tag": "Practical/ transportation efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "U.S. postal service", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "carbon footprint/ A8620A General transportation (energy utilisation) B8520 Transportation B8215 Energy conservation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy saving", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fleet efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fossil fuels", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fuel efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "petroleum", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:12:58Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:12:58Z" } }, { "key": "9EK54ZKC", "version": 87, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/9EK54ZKC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/9EK54ZKC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ribeiro et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9EK54ZKC", "version": 87, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mining geographic data for fuel consumption estimation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Ribeiro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Rodrigues" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Aguiar" } ], "abstractNote": "Mobility is one of the greatest contributors to the personal carbon footprint and to pollution and noise in urban areas. Still, these factors are not yet easily quantifiable in personal or urban scale, e.g. impact of each car trip or areas most exposed to CO 2 emissions. In this article, we propose an innovative solution for estimating fuel consumption and emissions leveraging the opportunities generated by the ubiquitous availability of mobile devices. We collect a large data set of GPS and fuel consumption data crowd-sourced by volunteer participants with an Android mobile application that logs the smartphone's embedded GPS data and gathers vehicle data using an external On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) device. This data is used to develop a model that estimates the instantaneous fuel consumption from the smartphone's GPS data alone, using the OBD data as ground truth. We use speed, acceleration and steepness as predictor variables to train polynomial models with and without cross-product terms. With the best general model (trained and tested on all participant vehicles), we obtain an average residual standard deviation of 1.58 l/100km for average consumption on 1min intervals. For individual models (trained and tested on each participant vehicle), we obtain an average residual standard deviation of 1.43 l/100km. The average fuel consumption for the used data set was 6.7 l/100km.", "publicationTitle": "16th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2013)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "124-9", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ITSC.2013.6728221", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "INSPEC:14062901", "tags": [ { "tag": "Android mobile application", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CO 2/ C7360 Environmental science computing C6190V Ubiquitous and pervasive computing C6150J Operating systems C6170K Knowledge engineering techniques C6130 Data handling techniques C1110 Algebra/ CO2/bin O2/bin C/bin O/bin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "OBD device", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Practical, Theoretical or Mathematical/ geographic data mining", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "[978-1-4799-2914-6/13/$31.00]", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "average residual standard deviation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cross-product terms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "embedded GPS data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "external on-board diagnostics device", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fuel emission estimation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fuel consumption data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "instantaneous fuel consumption estimation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mobile devices", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mobility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "personal carbon footprint", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pollution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "polynomial model training", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smartphone", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:10:49Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:10:49Z" } }, { "key": "FAQFS4FC", "version": 86, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/FAQFS4FC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/FAQFS4FC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vishwanath et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FAQFS4FC", "version": 86, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Personalised Public Transportation: A new mobility model for urban and suburban transportation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Vishwanath" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heng Soon", "lastName": "Gan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Kalyanaraman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Winter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Mareels" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper explores a new vision for urban and suburban transportation, termed Personalised Public Transportation, which builds upon recent trends in vehicle sharing, electric vehicles, mobile payments and cloud computing. The goal is to build on the best of the worlds of private and public transportation. Private transportation offers ownership, comfort and convenience, but is higher cost, and subject to externalities (traffic jams, pollution, etc.). Public transportation is efficient, cheaper and has lower energy/carbon footprint, but has a last-mile problem (access) and low spatio-temporal coverage in suburbia. We envisage a future model of leasing public transportation via a service similar to cell-phone services, where the user pays for convenience and sharing of a network. We describe the key design features inherent to this mobility model. The vehicular platform allows the entire fleet to be operated and managed via a cloud computing service in order to maximise convenience and minimise cost. An optimisation formulation to quantify the benefits of Personalised Public Transportation shows that it is a promising approach for transforming future generations of transportation into sustainable ecosystems.", "publicationTitle": "2014 IEEE 17th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1831-6", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ITSC.2014.6957959", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Personalised Public Transportation", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "INSPEC:14773034", "tags": [ { "tag": "Practical/ personalised public transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "[978-1-4799-6078-1/14/$31.00]", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell-phone services", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cloud computing service", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "convenience maximisation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cost minimisation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy-carbon footprint", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "last-mile problem", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "low spatio-temporal coverage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mobile payments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mobility model", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "private transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "public transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "suburban transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "suburbia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sustainable ecosystems/ C7445 Traffic engineering computing C6190J Internet software C6190V Ubiquitous and pervasive computing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "urban transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "vehicle sharing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "vehicular platform", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:08:52Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:08:52Z" } }, { "key": "AV4I9MD3", "version": 85, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/AV4I9MD3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/AV4I9MD3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ardakanian et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AV4I9MD3", "version": 85, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Quantifying the benefits of extending electric vehicle charging deadlines with solar generation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.", "lastName": "Ardakanian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Rosenberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Keshav" } ], "abstractNote": "Significant cost reduction in recent years has made solar power an economically competitive power source in many regions today. In view of this, and the widespread introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) to the mass market, we study public EV charging stations with on-site solar generation that are backed up by conventional power from the grid. Since the carbon footprint of conventional power is higher than solar power, charging deadlines can critically affect the total solar energy available to charging stations and therefore the overall carbon footprint of the charging service. In this paper, we propose a method to quantify how much carbon footprint can be reduced as a function of the charging deadline by describing a performance-guaranteed fair power allocation algorithm in a public charging station. This enables us to study the three-way tradeoff between the charging deadline, the utility of EV owners, and the carbon footprint of EV charging. We find that our algorithm makes nearly optimal use of available green energy, while still guaranteeing that solar charging performs no worse than grid charging.", "publicationTitle": "2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "620-5", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007716", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "INSPEC:14852531", "tags": [ { "tag": "Carbon footprint", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "EV charging stations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Practical/ electric vehicle charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "[978-1-4799-4934-2/14/$31.00]", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "green energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "grid charging/ B8520 Transportation B8410E Secondary cells B8210 Energy resources", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "on-site solar generation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power allocation algorithm", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "power source", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "public charging station", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar charging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar power", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:08:24Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:08:24Z" } }, { "key": "VGA75IHB", "version": 84, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/VGA75IHB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/VGA75IHB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Postorino and Mantecchini", "parsedDate": "2014-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VGA75IHB", "version": 84, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A transport carbon footprint methodology to assess airport carbon emissions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria Nadia", "lastName": "Postorino" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luca", "lastName": "Mantecchini" } ], "abstractNote": "Airports are important nodes in the air transport system, but also local sources of environmental impacts. Emissions of CO2 are among the most relevant ones because of their potential greenhouse effects. Many policies and guidelines have been identified at national and world level to reduce such kind of impacts. In this paper, a Transport Carbon Footprint methodology has been set to identify Unit Carbon Footprints (UCFs) linked to some identified emission macro-sources - i.e., land vehicles, on-ground aircraft, airport handling and terminal equipment - to compute the contribution of the single macro-source to the total amount of CO2. Particularly, UCFs due to transport activities have been defined according to some relevant transport variables. The computation of UCF values for a given airport allows computing both the contribution of each macro-source and also evaluating the effectiveness of transport-related actions aiming at reducing the carbon impact. The methodology has been applied to the airport of Bologna, in Northern Italy, and its UCF values for the identified macro-sources have been computed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Air Transport Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "MAY 2014", "volume": "37", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "76-86", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Air Transp. Manag.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0969-6997", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "CCC:000336010400011", "tags": [ { "tag": "Air transport, Airport impacts, Carbon footprint, Sustainable development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "air-quality, surface access, aircraft, impacts, choice", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:07:22Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:07:22Z" } }, { "key": "UVP64EVX", "version": 83, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/UVP64EVX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/UVP64EVX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Uusitalo et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UVP64EVX", "version": 83, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Carbon footprint of selected biomass to biogas production chains and GHG reduction potential in transportation use", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Uusitalo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Havukainen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Manninen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Hohn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Lehtonen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Rasi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Soukka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Horttanainen" } ], "abstractNote": "Biogas is a biofuel which can be used as an energy source for gas-operated vehicles or for electricity and heat production. This paper studies the greenhouse gas emissions from biowaste, waste water treatment plant sludge and agricultural biomass based biogas use as a transportation fuel and compares the transportation use with the electricity and heat production and composting of feedstock. The research is conducted using Life cycle assessment methods and the calculation follow the directive 2009/28/EC, ISO 14040 standard and Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The use of biogas in transportation sector led in all studied cases to reductions of GHG emissions compared to fossil transportation fuels. The GHG reductions varied from 49% to 84%. Biogas production and use in electricity and heat production also led to GHG reductions compared to composting of feedstock but the reductions are not as high as in transportation use in most of cases. In addition if biogas is already used in energy production, it should be considered carefully whether the advantages of directing biogas to transportation purposes are profitable from a GHG emission point of view. However the GHG reductions are heavily depended on local energy systems. This creates challenges for the policy makers and leads to need for system scale comparisons. The wider use of biogas as a transportation fuel has a potential for high GHG emission reductions in the transportation sector. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "JUN 2014", "volume": "66", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "90-98", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renew. Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.renene.2013.12.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-1481", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000333073700011", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biogas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biomethane", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Directive 2009/28/EC", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Greenhouse gases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Transportation sector", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "balances", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "chp", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental systems-analysis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:07:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:07:05Z" } }, { "key": "Z99MZDMC", "version": 82, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/Z99MZDMC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/Z99MZDMC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z99MZDMC", "version": 82, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Minimizing the Carbon Footprint for the Time-Dependent Heterogeneous-Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem with Alternative Paths", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wan-Yu", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chun-Cheng", "lastName": "Lin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ching-Ren", "lastName": "Chiu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "You-Song", "lastName": "Tsao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Qunwei", "lastName": "Wang" } ], "abstractNote": "Torespondto the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, this paper investigates the minimal-carbon-footprint time-dependent heterogeneous-fleet vehicle routing problem with alternative paths (MTHVRPP). This finds a route with the smallestcarbon footprint, instead of the shortestroute distance, which is the conventional approach, to serve a number of customers with a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles in cases wherethere may not be only one path between each pair of customers, and the vehicle speed differs at different times of the day. Inheriting from the NP-hardness of the vehicle routing problem, the MTHVRPP is also NP-hard. This paper further proposes a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve this problem. The solution representedbyour GA determines the customer serving ordering of each vehicle type. Then, the capacity check is used to classify multiple routes of each vehicle type, and the path selection determines the detailed paths of each route. Additionally, this paper improves the energy consumption model used for calculating the carbon footprint amount more precisely. Compared with the results without alternative paths, our experimental results show that the alternative path in this experimenthas a significant impact on the experimental results in terms of carbon footprint.", "publicationTitle": "Sustainability", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "JUL 2014", "volume": "6", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4658-4684", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Sustainability", "DOI": "10.3390/su6074658", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2071-1050", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000340036600038", "tags": [ { "tag": "Carbon footprint", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "alternative path", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genetic algorithm", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "heterogeneous fleet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "heuristics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "scheduling problems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "traveling salesman problem", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "vehicle routing problem", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "window constraints", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:06:30Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:06:30Z" } }, { "key": "ZPWTM7IU", "version": 81, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/ZPWTM7IU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/ZPWTM7IU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Onat et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZPWTM7IU", "version": 81, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Passenger Vehicles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nuri Cihat", "lastName": "Onat" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Murat", "lastName": "Kucukvar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Omer", "lastName": "Tatari" } ], "abstractNote": "Sustainable transportation and mobility are key components and central to sustainable development. This research aims to reveal the macro-level social, economic, and environmental impacts of alternative vehicle technologies in the U.S. The studied vehicle technologies are conventional gasoline, hybrid, plug-in hybrid with four different all-electric ranges, and full battery electric vehicles (BEV). In total, 19 macro level sustainability indicators are quantified for a scenario in which electric vehicles are charged through the existing U. S. power grid with no additional infrastructure, and an extreme scenario in which electric vehicles are fully charged with solar charging stations. The analysis covers all life cycle phases from the material extraction, processing, manufacturing, and operation phases to the end-of-life phases of vehicles and batteries. Results of this analysis revealed that the manufacturing phase is the most influential phase in terms of socio-economic impacts compared to other life cycle phases, whereas operation phase is the most dominant phase in the terms of environmental impacts and some of the socio-economic impacts such as human health and economic cost of emissions. Electric vehicles have less air pollution cost and human health impacts compared to conventional gasoline vehicles. The economic cost of emissions and human health impact reduction potential can be up to 45% and 35%, respectively, if electric vehicles are charged through solar charging stations. Electric vehicles have potential to generate income for low and medium skilled workers in the U.S. In addition to quantified sustainability indicators, some sustainability metrics were developed to compare relative sustainability performance alternative passenger vehicles. BEV has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions and ecological land footprint per $ of its contribution to the U.S. GDP, and has the lowest ecological footprint per unit of its energy consumption. The only sustainability metrics that does not favor the BEV is the water- energy ratio, where the conventional gasoline vehicle performed best.", "publicationTitle": "Sustainability", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "DEC 2014", "volume": "6", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "9305-9342", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Sustainability", "DOI": "10.3390/su6129305", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2071-1050", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000346794700052", "tags": [ { "tag": "Electric vehicles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "carbon footprint", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "construction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "driving patterns", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental impacts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "input-output database", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "life cycle sustainability assessment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plug-in hybrid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sustainability indicators", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sustainable transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "system", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "triple bottom line input-output analysis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-11T15:05:19Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-11T15:05:19Z" } }, { "key": "MMUG23RT", "version": 80, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/MMUG23RT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/MMUG23RT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/5VKAWVQI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MMUG23RT", "version": 80, "parentItem": "5VKAWVQI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Cambridge Journals Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=370342&fileId=S037689290500247X", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z" } }, { "key": "C5HRTTQB", "version": 80, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/C5HRTTQB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/C5HRTTQB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/5VKAWVQI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "C5HRTTQB", "version": 80, "parentItem": "5VKAWVQI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=370343&jid=ENC&volumeId=32&issueId=03&aid=370342&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession=&toPdf=true", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z" } }, { "key": "5VKAWVQI", "version": 80, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/5VKAWVQI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/5VKAWVQI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Higgins", "parsedDate": "2005-09", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "5VKAWVQI", "version": 80, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Exercise-based transportation reduces oil dependence, carbon emissions and obesity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul A.t.", "lastName": "Higgins" } ], "abstractNote": "Societal dependence on oil leads to increasingly negative social consequences throughout the world, including climate change, air pollution, political and economic instability, and habitat degradation. Reliance on the automobile for transportation also contributes to a sedentary lifestyle, an obesity epidemic and poor health. These problems are particularly pronounced in the USA, which currently consumes c. 27% of global oil production and produces c. 25% of global carbon emissions, and where c. 65% of adults are overweight or obese. Other countries throughout the world that replicate or hope to replicate the automobile-based lifestyle of the USA face similar problems now or in the near future. This paper develops and applies calculations relating the distances that could be travelled through recommended daily walking or cycling with weight loss, oil consumption and carbon emissions. These straightforward calculations demonstrate that widespread substitution of driving with distances travelled during recommended daily exercise could reduce the USA's oil consumption by up to 38%. This saving far exceeds the amount of oil recoverable from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, suggesting that exercise can reduce foreign oil dependence and provide an alternative to oil extraction from environmentally sensitive habitat. At the same time, an average individual who substitutes this amount of exercise for transportation would burn respectively c. 12.2 and 26.0 kg of fat per year for walking and cycling. This is sufficient to eliminate obese and overweight conditions in a few years without dangerous or draconian diet plans. Furthermore, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of c. 35% is possible if the revenue saved through decreased health care spending on obesity is redirected toward carbon abatement. As a result, exercise-based transportation may constitute a favourable alternative to the energy and diet plans that are currently being implemented in the USA and may offer better development choices for developing countries.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Conservation", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2005", "volume": "null", "issue": "03", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "197–202", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1017/S037689290500247X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S037689290500247X", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-4387", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T19:44:42Z" } }, { "key": "E6AJJV7N", "version": 79, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/E6AJJV7N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/E6AJJV7N", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/SIG9NH5N", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "E6AJJV7N", "version": 79, "parentItem": "SIG9NH5N", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673609617141/pdfft?md5=922e6aba887e3799cd839e747f8d09f2&pid=1-s2.0-S0140673609617141-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z" } }, { "key": "THG6PUDG", "version": 79, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/THG6PUDG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/THG6PUDG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/SIG9NH5N", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "THG6PUDG", "version": 79, "parentItem": "SIG9NH5N", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673609617141", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z" } }, { "key": "SIG9NH5N", "version": 79, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/SIG9NH5N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/SIG9NH5N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woodcock et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-12-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "SIG9NH5N", "version": 79, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Woodcock" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Phil", "lastName": "Edwards" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cathryn", "lastName": "Tonne" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ben G", "lastName": "Armstrong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olu", "lastName": "Ashiru" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Banister" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sean", "lastName": "Beevers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zaid", "lastName": "Chalabi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zohir", "lastName": "Chowdhury" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aaron", "lastName": "Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oscar H", "lastName": "Franco" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andy", "lastName": "Haines" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robin", "lastName": "Hickman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Graeme", "lastName": "Lindsay" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ishaan", "lastName": "Mittal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dinesh", "lastName": "Mohan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geetam", "lastName": "Tiwari" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alistair", "lastName": "Woodward" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian", "lastName": "Roberts" } ], "abstractNote": "Summary\nWe used Comparative Risk Assessment methods to estimate the health effects of alternative urban land transport scenarios for two settings—London, UK, and Delhi, India. For each setting, we compared a business-as-usual 2030 projection (without policies for reduction of greenhouse gases) with alternative scenarios—lower-carbon-emission motor vehicles, increased active travel, and a combination of the two. We developed separate models that linked transport scenarios with physical activity, air pollution, and risk of road traffic injury. In both cities, we noted that reduction in carbon dioxide emissions through an increase in active travel and less use of motor vehicles had larger health benefits per million population (7332 disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs] in London, and 12 516 in Delhi in 1 year) than from the increased use of lower-emission motor vehicles (160 DALYs in London, and 1696 in Delhi). However, combination of active travel and lower-emission motor vehicles would give the largest benefits (7439 DALYs in London, 12 995 in Delhi), notably from a reduction in the number of years of life lost from ischaemic heart disease (10–19% in London, 11–25% in Delhi). Although uncertainties remain, climate change mitigation in transport should benefit public health substantially. Policies to increase the acceptability, appeal, and safety of active urban travel, and discourage travel in private motor vehicles would provide larger health benefits than would policies that focus solely on lower-emission motor vehicles.", "publicationTitle": "The Lancet", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 11, 2009", "volume": "374", "issue": "9705", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1930-1943", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "The Lancet", "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61714-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673609617141", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0140-6736", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T19:43:55Z" } }, { "key": "VZRBJUM8", "version": 78, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/VZRBJUM8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/VZRBJUM8", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lee and Buchner", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VZRBJUM8", "version": 78, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Importance of Walking to Public Health:", "creators": [ { 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"https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/VWDKA2Q2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/VWDKA2Q2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fraser and Lock", "parsedDate": "2011-12-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "VWDKA2Q2", "version": 76, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon D. S.", "lastName": "Fraser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karen", "lastName": "Lock" } ], "abstractNote": "Background: Active transport policies are being developed across Europe designed to have health and environmental benefits. There is little evidence of impact on physical activity of active transport strategies which modify the built environment. Cycling represents one virtually carbon-neutral form of transport that can help to address declining levels of exercise. Methods: A systematic literature review of experimental or observational studies that objectively evaluated the effect of the built environment on cycling. Results: A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, all of which were observational studies. Eleven studies identified objectively measured environmental factors with a significant positive association with cycling. The environmental factors identified as being positively associated with cycling included presence of dedicated cycle routes or paths, separation of cycling from other traffic, high population density, short trip distance, proximity of a cycle path or green space and for children projects promoting ‘safe routes to school’. Negative environmental factors were perceived and objective traffic danger, long trip distance, steep inclines and distance from cycle paths. Of the seven studies which focused primarily on the impact of cycle routes, four demonstrated a statistically significant positive association. Conclusion: Although the study identified environmental factors with positive and negative associations with cycling behaviour, many other types of environmental policies and interventions have yet to be rigorously evaluated. Policies promoting cycle lane construction appear promising but the socio-demographic distribution of their effects on physical activity is unclear. The wider impact of active transport policies on health and inequalities across Europe must be explored.", "publicationTitle": "The European Journal of Public Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011/12/01", "volume": "21", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "738-743", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/eurpub/ckq145", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/6/738", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T18:32:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1101-1262, 1464-360X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cycling for transport and public health", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "eurpub.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.", "extra": "PMID: 20929903", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T18:32:20Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T18:32:20Z" } }, { "key": "IFI3WBAB", "version": 76, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/IFI3WBAB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/IFI3WBAB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2011-08-17", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IFI3WBAB", "version": 76, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The health risks and benefits of cycling in urban environments compared with car use: health impact assessment study", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "BMJ", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011-08-17", "volume": "343", "issue": "aug17 2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "d5306-d5306", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.d5306", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.d5306", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T18:32:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0959-8138, 1468-5833", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The health risks and benefits of cycling in urban environments compared with car use", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T18:32:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T18:32:11Z" } }, { "key": "FNC22HUP", "version": 75, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 334591, "name": "Carbon Footprint Lit Review", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/FNC22HUP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/carbon_footprint_lit_review/items/FNC22HUP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/334591/items/Z6CGTKU8", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1989183, "username": "rachel.desormes", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/rachel.desormes", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FNC22HUP", "version": 75, "parentItem": "Z6CGTKU8", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-03-06T18:31:33Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3407915/pdf/ijerph-09-02454.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-06T18:31:33Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-06T18:31:33Z" } } ]