[ { "key": "NJ4VVGEW", "version": 30, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/NJ4VVGEW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/NJ4VVGEW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/RQ6392K3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NJ4VVGEW", "version": 30, "parentItem": "RQ6392K3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "url": "http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/4/805.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Cheng - 2010 - Breeding of tomorrow’s chickens to improve well-be.pdf", "md5": "0462707ab613665b3c9e0a0675f0cc7d", "mtime": 1428289632000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-06T03:07:12Z" } }, { "key": "MIBWKV58", "version": 30, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/MIBWKV58", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/MIBWKV58", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/RQ6392K3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MIBWKV58", "version": 30, "parentItem": "RQ6392K3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "url": "http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/4/805.long", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "805.html", "md5": "b8e434cbd378831003ab8d731ff755bc", "mtime": 1428289626000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z" } }, { "key": "RQ6392K3", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/RQ6392K3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/RQ6392K3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cheng", "parsedDate": "2010-04-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "RQ6392K3", "version": 29, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Breeding of tomorrow’s chickens to improve well-being", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.-W.", "lastName": "Cheng" } ], "abstractNote": "Chickens, as well as other animals, have the ability to change their behavior (behavioral plasticity) and physiology (physiological plasticity) based on the costs and benefits to fit their environment (adaptation). Through natural selection, the population preserves and accumulates traits that are beneficial and rejects those that are detrimental in their prevailing environments. The surviving populations are able to contribute more genes associated with beneficial traits for increased fitness to subsequent generations. Natural selection is slow but constant; working over multiple generations, the changes to the population often appear silent or undetectable at a given point in history. Chickens were domesticated from the wild red jungle fowl. The principle of domestication of chickens, as well as other farm animals, by humans is similar to that of natural selection: selecting the best animals with the highest survivability and reproducibility (artificial selection). Compared with natural selection, the process of artificial selection is motivated by human needs and acts more rapidly with more visible results over a short time period. This process has been further accelerated following the development of current breeding programs and the emergence of specialized breeding companies. A laying hen, for example, produces more than 300 hundred eggs a year, whereas a jungle fowl lays 4 to 6 eggs in a year. During the domestication process, chickens retained their capability to adapt to their housing environments, which is usually achieved by genetic changes occurring with each subsequent generation. Genes control the behavioral, physiological, immunological, and psychological responses of animals to stressors, including environmental stimulations. With advances in understanding of genetic mediation of animal physiology and behavior and the discovery of the genome sequences of many species, animal production breeding programs can be improved in both speed and efficiency. Modern chicken breeding programs have the potential to be operated successfully in the breeding of tomorrow’s chickens with high production efficiency and optimal welfare, resulting from resistance to stress, disease, or both.", "publicationTitle": "Poultry Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "04/01/2010", "volume": "89", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "805-813", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Poultry Science", "DOI": "10.3382/ps.2009-00361", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/4/805", "accessDate": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0032-5791, 1525-3171", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ps.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20308415", "tags": [ { "tag": "adaptation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "chicken", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "farm animal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "selection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "well-being", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z" } }, { "key": "V5JDAZU7", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/V5JDAZU7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/V5JDAZU7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/RQ6392K3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "V5JDAZU7", "version": 29, "parentItem": "RQ6392K3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308415", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-04-06T03:07:05Z" } }, { "key": "BKRD4P3D", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/BKRD4P3D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/BKRD4P3D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tixier-Boichard et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-03", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "BKRD4P3D", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Chicken domestication: From archeology to genomics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michèle", "lastName": "Tixier-Boichard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bertrand", "lastName": "Bed’hom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xavier", "lastName": "Rognon" } ], "abstractNote": "Current knowledge on chicken domestication is reviewed on the basis of archaeological, historical and molecular data. Several domestication centres have been identified in South and South-East Asia. Gallus gallus is the major ancestor species, but Gallus sonneratii has also contributed to the genetic make-up of the domestic chicken. Genetic diversity is now distributed among traditional populations, standardized breeds and highly selected lines. Knowing the genome sequence has accelerated the identification of causal mutations determining major morphological differences between wild Gallus and domestic breeds. Comparative genome resequencing between Gallus and domestic chickens has identified 21 selective sweeps, one involving a non-synonymous mutation in the TSHR gene, which functional consequences remain to be explored. The resequencing approach could also identify candidate genes responsible of quantitative traits loci (QTL) effects in selected lines. Genomics is opening new ways to understand major switches that took place during domestication and subsequent selection.", "publicationTitle": "Comptes Rendus Biologies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2011", "volume": "334", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "197-204", "series": "On the trail of domestications, migrations and invasions in agriculture Dominique Job, Georges Pelletier, Jean-Claude Pernollet", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Comptes Rendus Biologies", "DOI": "10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.012", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S163106911000301X", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T04:38:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1631-0691", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Chicken domestication", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Color genes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diversité génétique", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic diversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genome sequence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gènes de coloration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Poulet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Séquençage du génome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "chicken", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "domestication", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T04:38:10Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T14:05:29Z" } }, { "key": "2BF5TKN9", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/2BF5TKN9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/2BF5TKN9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wright et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2BF5TKN9", "version": 27, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The genetic architecture of domestication in the chicken: effects of pleiotropy and linkage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Wright" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C-J", "lastName": "Rubin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Martinez Barrio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Schütz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S", "lastName": "Kerje" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "Brändström" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Kindmark" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P", "lastName": "Jensen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Andersson" } ], "abstractNote": "The extent of pleiotropy and epistasis in quantitative traits remains equivocal. In the case of pleiotropy, multiple quantitative trait loci are often taken to be pleiotropic if their confidence intervals overlap, without formal statistical tests being used to ascertain if these overlapping loci are statistically significantly pleiotropic. Additionally, the degree to which the genetic correlations between phenotypic traits are reflected in these pleiotropic quantitative trait loci is often variable, especially in the case of antagonistic pleiotropy. Similarly, the extent of epistasis in various morphological, behavioural and life-history traits is also debated, with a general problem being the sample sizes required to detect such effects. Domestication involves a large number of trade-offs, which are reflected in numerous behavioural, morphological and life-history traits which have evolved as a consequence of adaptation to selective pressures exerted by humans and captivity. The comparison between wild and domestic animals allows the genetic analysis of the traits that differ between these population types, as well as being a general model of evolution. Using a large F(2) intercross between wild and domesticated chickens, in combination with a dense SNP and microsatellite marker map, both pleiotropy and epistasis were analysed. The majority of traits were found to segregate in 11 tight 'blocks' and reflected the trade-offs associated with domestication. These blocks were shown to have a pleiotropic 'core' surrounded by more loosely linked loci. In contrast, epistatic interactions were almost entirely absent, with only six pairs identified over all traits analysed. These results give insights both into the extent of such blocks in evolution and the development of domestication itself.; © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.", "publicationTitle": "Molecular Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2010", "volume": "19", "issue": "23", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "5140-5156", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Molecular Ecology", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04882.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mnh&AN=21040053&site=ehost-live&scope=site", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T05:03:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-294X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "21040053", "shortTitle": "The genetic architecture of domestication in the chicken", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Chickens/*genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Crosses, Genetic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epistasis, Genetic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution, Molecular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic Linkage*", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic Pleiotropy*", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genotype", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microsatellite Repeats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Quantitative Trait Loci*", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sequence Analysis, DNA", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:03:22Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T13:46:01Z" } }, { "key": "QIKP89FN", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/QIKP89FN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/QIKP89FN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "AL-NASSER et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-06", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QIKP89FN", "version": 26, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "AL-NASSER" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Al-KHALAIFA" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "AL-SAFFAR" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "KHALIL" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "ALBAHOUH" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "RAGHEB" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "AL-HADDAD" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "MASHALY" } ], "abstractNote": "Chickens are the most popular poultry worldwide and are now used for both meat and egg production. There is only a sporadic information in the literature on chicken taxonomy; and there is a lack of a single concise document that deals with different issues related to this important topic. The present document contains detailed information on the tree taxonomy of chickens. In addition, process of domestication and its effect on chicken genetic diversity, physiology and behaviour are also discussed. The major conclusions are as follows: 1) Chickens are classified as: order: Galliformes, family: Phasianidae, genus: Gallus (junglefowl). Four species of junglefowl are recognized. These are: a) Gallus gallus (red junglefowl), b) Gallus varius (green junglefowl), c) Gallus sonneratii (grey junglefowl) and d) Gallus lafayetii (Ceylon junglefowl). The current chickens that are used for both meat and egg production commercially are domesticated fowl and are the descendants of the red junglefowl species. 2) Domestication process is a complicated one and involves intensive breeding and selection programmes. During this process, genetic diversity is still maintained, yet reduced, so careful attention is needed in the future to maintain the diversity of specialized chicken species. 3) Domestication resulted in basic changes in the behaviour, physiology and production of the bird, but still there are some similarities between the ancestor and the current chickens. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]", "publicationTitle": "World's Poultry Science Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 2007", "volume": "63", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "285-300", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "http://dx.doi.org.mutex.gmu.edu/10.1017/S004393390700147X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/docview/197665273?accountid=14541", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T03:32:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00439339", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "World's Poultry Science Association", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agriculture--Poultry And Livestock", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Veterinary Science", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T03:32:39Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T13:27:20Z" } }, { "key": "QA2QXTDK", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/QA2QXTDK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/QA2QXTDK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/C5ECNIK6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QA2QXTDK", "version": 25, "parentItem": "C5ECNIK6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "PubMed Central Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T05:44:46Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553143/pdf/pone.0053977.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Liu et al. - 2013 - Chicken Farming in Grassland Increases Environment.pdf", "md5": "18f82e51306753c4844549cdf08bb6b5", "mtime": 1425275087000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:44:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:44:47Z" } }, { "key": "TBU24NMP", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/TBU24NMP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/TBU24NMP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/C5ECNIK6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TBU24NMP", "version": 24, "parentItem": "C5ECNIK6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T05:44:46Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553143/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:44:46Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:44:46Z" } }, { "key": "C5ECNIK6", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/C5ECNIK6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/C5ECNIK6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-01-23", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "C5ECNIK6", "version": 24, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Chicken Farming in Grassland Increases Environmental Sustainability and Economic Efficiency", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Meizhen", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bingxue", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Colin P.", "lastName": "Osborne" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gaoming", "lastName": "Jiang" } ], "abstractNote": "Background\nGrassland degradation caused by overgrazing poses a threat to both animal husbandry and environmental sustainability in most semi-arid areas especially north China. Although the Chinese Government has made huge efforts to restore degraded grasslands, a considerable attempt has unfortunately failed due to an inadequate consideration of economic benefits to local communities.\n\nMethodology/Principal Findings\nA controlled field experiment was conducted to test our hypothesis that utilizing natural grasslands as both habitat and feed resources for chickens and replacing the traditional husbandry system with chicken farming would increase environmental sustainability and raise income. Aboveground plant biomass elevated from 25 g m−2 for grazing sheep to 84 g m−2 for chicken farming. In contrast to the fenced (unstocked) grassland, chicken farming did not significantly decrease aboveground plant biomass, but did increase the root biomass by 60% (p<0.01). Compared with traditional sheep grazing, chicken farming significantly improved soil surface water content (0–10 cm), from 5% to 15%. Chicken farming did not affect the soil bulk density, while the traditional sheep grazing increased the soil bulk density in the 0–10 cm soil layer by 35% of the control (p<0.05). Most importantly, the economic income of local herdsmen has been raised about six times compared with the traditional practice of raising sheep. Ecologically, such an innovative solution allowed large degraded grasslands to naturally regenerate. Grasslands also provided a high quality organic poultry product which could be marketed in big cities.\n\nConclusion/Significance\nChicken farming is an innovative alternative strategy for increasing environmental sustainability and economic income, rather than a challenge to the traditional nomadic pastoral system. 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Here we report ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences from the earliest archaeological chicken bones from China, dating back to ∼10,000 B.P. The results clearly show that all investigated bones, including the oldest from the Nanzhuangtou site, are derived from the genus Gallus, rather than any other related genus, such as Phasianus. Our analyses also suggest that northern China represents one region of the earliest chicken domestication, possibly dating as early as 10,000 y B.P. Similar to the evidence from pig domestication, our results suggest that these early domesticated chickens contributed to the gene pool of modern chicken populations. Moreover, our results support the idea that multiple members of the genus Gallus, specifically Gallus gallus and Gallus sonneratii contributed to the gene pool of the modern domestic chicken. Our results provide further support for the growing evidence of an early mixed agricultural complex in northern China.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "12/09/2014", "volume": "111", "issue": "49", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "17564-17569", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1411882111", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/111/49/17564", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T04:34:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org.mutex.gmu.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 25422439", "tags": [ { "tag": "ancient DNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "chicken", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "domestication", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "species origin", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T04:34:05Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T04:34:05Z" } }, { "key": "6ZAGSV7W", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/6ZAGSV7W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/6ZAGSV7W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/38BH7279", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6ZAGSV7W", "version": 13, "parentItem": "38BH7279", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Record", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T04:23:40Z", "url": "http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&AN=9609101026&site=ehost-live&scope=site&scope=cite", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T04:23:40Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T04:23:40Z" } }, { "key": "38BH7279", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332801, "name": "Chicken Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332801/items/38BH7279", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/chicken_group/items/38BH7279", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353686, "username": "ggarcia8", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ggarcia8", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ehrenreich", "parsedDate": "1996-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "38BH7279", "version": 13, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Worms, Witchcraft, and Wild Incantations: The Case of the Chicken Soup Cure", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffrey David", "lastName": "Ehrenreich" } ], "abstractNote": "This article tells the story of a bewitched and dying Awá woman of Ecuador who, as a last resort, was brought to two ethnographers to be cured. The everyday ethical dilemmas of practicing medicine without license or training were compounded in this case by the need for the \"doctors\" to commit yet another fraud. In order to treat the illness (\"diagnosed\" as worms and starvation) the ethnographers had to induce their patient through ritual into believing that they knew what they were doing, not just as \"'medical doctors,\" but also, in Awá cultural terms, as shamans.", "publicationTitle": "Anthropological Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1996", "volume": "69", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "137-141", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Anthropological Quarterly", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00035491", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Worms, Witchcraft, and Wild Incantations", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ECUADOR", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ETHNOLOGY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "MEDICAL anthropology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "MEDICAL ethics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "PAIPAI Indians", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "WITCHCRAFT", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T04:23:40Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T04:23:40Z" } } ]