[ { "key": "S7E25MRA", "version": 56, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/S7E25MRA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/S7E25MRA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kostyuchenko et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "S7E25MRA", "version": 56, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of bacteriophage T4 baseplate", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Victor A.", "lastName": "Kostyuchenko" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Petr G.", "lastName": "Leiman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul R.", "lastName": "Chipman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shuji", "lastName": "Kanamaru" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark J.", "lastName": "van Raaij" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fumio", "lastName": "Arisaka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vadim V.", "lastName": "Mesyanzhinov" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael G.", "lastName": "Rossmann" } ], "abstractNote": "The baseplate of bacteriophage T4 is a multiprotein molecular machine that controls host cell recognition, attachment, tail sheath contraction and viral DNA ejection. We report here the three-dimensional structure of the baseplate-tail tube complex determined to a resolution of 12 A by cryoelectron microscopy. The baseplate has a six-fold symmetric, dome-like structure approximately 520 A in diameter and approximately 270 A long, assembled around a central hub. A 940 A-long and 96 A-diameter tail tube, coaxial with the hub, is connected to the top of the baseplate. At the center of the dome is a needle-like structure that was previously identified as a cell puncturing device. We have identified the locations of six proteins with known atomic structures, and established the position and shape of several other baseplate proteins. The baseplate structure suggests a mechanism of baseplate triggering and structural transition during the initial stages of T4 infection.", "publicationTitle": "Nature Structural Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 2003", "volume": "10", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "688-693", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nat. Struct. Biol.", "DOI": "10.1038/nsb970", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1072-8368", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 12923574", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bacteriophage T4", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cryoelectron Microscopy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microscopy, Electron", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Molecular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protein Structure, Tertiary", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-29T22:51:15Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-29T22:51:15Z" } }, { "key": "Z9BMSHDP", "version": 56, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/Z9BMSHDP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/Z9BMSHDP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/S7E25MRA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "Z9BMSHDP", "version": 56, "parentItem": "S7E25MRA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-09-29T22:51:15Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12923574", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-29T22:51:15Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-29T22:51:15Z" } }, { "key": "SPGKQP2A", "version": 55, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/SPGKQP2A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/SPGKQP2A", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/6UV7P5EM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "SPGKQP2A", "version": 55, "parentItem": "6UV7P5EM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-09-29T22:49:18Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25909449", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-29T22:49:18Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-29T22:49:18Z" } }, { "key": "6UV7P5EM", "version": 55, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/6UV7P5EM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/6UV7P5EM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Pincus et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6UV7P5EM", "version": 55, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Strain Specific Phage Treatment for Staphylococcus aureus Infection Is Influenced by Host Immunity and Site of Infection", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nathan B.", "lastName": "Pincus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jensen D.", "lastName": "Reckhow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Danial", "lastName": "Saleem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Momodou L.", "lastName": "Jammeh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandip K.", "lastName": "Datta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian A.", "lastName": "Myles" } ], "abstractNote": "The response to multi-drug resistant bacterial infections must be a global priority. While mounting resistance threatens to create what the World Health Organization has termed a \"post-antibiotic era\", the recent discovery that antibiotic use may adversely impact the microbiome adds further urgency to the need for new developmental approaches for anti-pathogen treatments. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in particular, has declared itself a serious threat within the United States and abroad. A potential solution to the problem of antibiotic resistance may not entail looking to the future for completely novel treatments, but instead looking into our history of bacteriophage therapy. This study aimed to test the efficacy, safety, and commercial viability of the use of phages to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections using the commercially available phage SATA-8505. We found that SATA-8505 effectively controls S. aureus growth and reduces bacterial viability both in vitro and in a skin infection mouse model. However, this killing effect was not observed when phage was cultured in the presence of human whole blood. SATA-8505 did not induce inflammatory responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cultures. However, phage did induce IFN gamma production in primary human keratinocyte cultures and induced inflammatory responses in our mouse models, particularly in a mouse model of chronic granulomatous disease. Our findings support the potential efficacy of phage therapy, although regulatory and market factors may limit its wider investigation and use.", "publicationTitle": "PloS One", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "10", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e0124280", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS ONE", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124280", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-6203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 25909449\nPMCID: PMC4409319", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-29T22:49:18Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-29T22:49:18Z" } }, { "key": "ZKZ36DXA", "version": 54, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/ZKZ36DXA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/ZKZ36DXA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/GIUJSSW5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZKZ36DXA", "version": 54, "parentItem": "GIUJSSW5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-09-27T23:36:33Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16188359", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-27T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-27T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "GIUJSSW5", "version": 54, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/GIUJSSW5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/GIUJSSW5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Carlton et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GIUJSSW5", "version": 54, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. M.", "lastName": "Carlton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. H.", "lastName": "Noordman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Biswas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. D.", "lastName": "de Meester" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. J.", "lastName": "Loessner" } ], "abstractNote": "Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen responsible for Listeriosis, a frequently fatal infection. This investigation represents a comprehensive approach to characterize and evaluate the broad host range, strictly virulent phage P100, which can infect and kill a majority of Listeria monocytogenes strains. First, the complete nucleotide sequence (131,384 basepairs) of the genome of P100 was determined, predicted to encode 174 gene products and 18 tRNAs. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that none of the putative phage proteins has any homologies to genes or proteins of Listeria or any other bacteria which are known or suspected to be toxins, pathogenicity factors, antibiotic resistance determinants, or any known allergens. Next, a repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats was conducted, which did not produce any abnormal histological changes, morbidity or mortality. Therefore, no indications for any potential risk associated with using P100 as a food additive were found. As proof of concept, and to determine the parameters for application of P100 to foods sensitive to Listeria contamination, surface-ripened red-smear soft cheese was produced. Cheeses were contaminated with low concentrations of L. monocytogenes at the beginning of the ripening period, and P100 was applied to the surface during the rind washings. Depending on the time points, frequency and dose of phage applications, we were able to obtain a significant reduction (at least 3.5 logs) or a complete eradication of Listeria viable counts, respectively. We found no evidence for phage resistance in the Listeria isolates recovered from samples. Taken together, our results indicate that P100 can provide an effective and safe measure for the control of Listeria contamination in foods and production equipment.", "publicationTitle": "Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology: RTP", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 2005", "volume": "43", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "301-312", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.", "DOI": "10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.005", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0273-2300", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16188359", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bacteriophages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Body Weight", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cheese", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computational Biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Databases, Genetic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food Microbiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food Preservation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genome, Viral", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Listeria monocytogenes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Listeriosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RNA, Viral", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-27T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-27T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "6JUNB7A4", "version": 53, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/6JUNB7A4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/6JUNB7A4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bigwood et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "6JUNB7A4", "version": 53, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Phage inactivation of foodborne pathogens on cooked and raw meat", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Bigwood" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. A.", "lastName": "Hudson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Billington" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. V.", "lastName": "Carey-Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. A.", "lastName": "Heinemann" } ], "abstractNote": "Phages infecting Salmonella Typhimurium PT160 and Campylobacter jejuni were added at a low or high (10 or 104) multiplicity of infection (MOI) to either low or high (<100 or 104 cm−2) densities of host bacteria inoculated onto raw and cooked beef, and incubated at 5 and 24 °C to simulate refrigerated and room temperature storage. Counts of host bacteria were made throughout the incubation period, with phages being counted at the first and last sampling times. Host inactivation was variable and depended on the incubation conditions and food type. Significant host inactivations of the order of 2–3 log10 cm−2 at 5 °C and >5.9 log10 cm−2 at 24 °C were achieved compared to phage-free controls using the Salmonella phage under optimal conditions (high host cell density and MOI). These results alongside those already published indicate that phages may be useful in the control for foodborne pathogens.", "publicationTitle": "Food Microbiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2008", "volume": "25", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "400-406", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Food Microbiology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.fm.2007.11.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740002007001426", "accessDate": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0740-0020", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bacteriophage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biocontrol", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Campylobacter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food safety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Salmonella", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z" } }, { "key": "SWCDSI3B", "version": 53, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/SWCDSI3B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/SWCDSI3B", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/6JUNB7A4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "SWCDSI3B", "version": 53, "parentItem": "6JUNB7A4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740002007001426/pdfft?md5=932f5818c4950bdf2711d0f84e0269b5&pid=1-s2.0-S0740002007001426-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z" } }, { "key": "A78I2FVJ", "version": 53, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/A78I2FVJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/A78I2FVJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/6JUNB7A4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "A78I2FVJ", "version": 53, "parentItem": "6JUNB7A4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740002007001426", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-22T06:27:41Z" } }, { "key": "PR4XXCEU", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/PR4XXCEU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/PR4XXCEU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/UURBCQXX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PR4XXCEU", "version": 52, "parentItem": "UURBCQXX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160511004880", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z" } }, { "key": "UURBCQXX", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/UURBCQXX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/UURBCQXX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hooton et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-12-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "UURBCQXX", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Application of a bacteriophage cocktail to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium U288 contamination on pig skin", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven P. T.", "lastName": "Hooton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert J.", "lastName": "Atterbury" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian F.", "lastName": "Connerton" } ], "abstractNote": "Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium U288 is a significant pathogen of pigs, accounting for over half of all outbreaks on UK pig production premises. The potential of this serovar, and other salmonellae, to enter the food chain during the slaughtering process requires that efforts be made to reduce the prevalence of these bacteria at both the pre- and post-harvest stages of production. A bacteriophage cocktail (PC1) capable of lysing various Salmonella enterica serovars was designed using the broad host-range phage Felix 01, and three phages isolated from sewage. PC1 applied to pig skin experimentally-contaminated with U288 achieved significant reductions (P < 0.05) in Salmonella counts when stored at 4 °C over 96 h. Reductions of > 1 log10 unit were observed when the ratio of phage applied was in excess of the bacterial concentration. The treatment was found to be effective at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 or above, with no significant reductions taking place when the MOI was less than 10. Under these conditions U288 counts of log10 4.1–4.3 CFU were reduced to undetectable levels following the application of PC1 to pig skin (> 99% reduction). These data suggest phage cocktails could be employed post-slaughter as a means to reduce Salmonella contamination of pig carcasses.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Food Microbiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2, 2011", "volume": "151", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "157-163", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Food Microbiology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.015", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160511004880", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0168-1605", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bacteriophage (phage)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biosanitization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phage therapy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Salmonella Typhimurium U288", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z" } }, { "key": "8HV3CRIR", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/8HV3CRIR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/8HV3CRIR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/UURBCQXX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "8HV3CRIR", "version": 52, "parentItem": "UURBCQXX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160511004880/pdfft?md5=d501b8d3d8d9152cd8236af4b89c4171&pid=1-s2.0-S0168160511004880-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T19:48:37Z" } }, { "key": "D8G4R5WJ", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/D8G4R5WJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/D8G4R5WJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lu and Koeris", "parsedDate": "2011-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "D8G4R5WJ", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The next generation of bacteriophage therapy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy K", "lastName": "Lu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael S", "lastName": "Koeris" } ], "abstractNote": "Bacteriophage therapy for bacterial infections is a concept with an extensive but controversial history. There has been a recent resurgence of interest into bacteriophages owing to the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance and virulent bacterial pathogens. Despite these efforts, bacteriophage therapy remains an underutilized option in Western medicine due to challenges such as regulation, limited host range, bacterial resistance to phages, manufacturing, side effects of bacterial lysis, and delivery. Recent advances in biotechnology, bacterial diagnostics, macromolecule delivery, and synthetic biology may help to overcome these technical hurdles. These research efforts must be coupled with practical and rigorous approaches at academic, commercial, and regulatory levels in order to successfully advance bacteriophage therapy into clinical settings.", "publicationTitle": "Current Opinion in Microbiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2011", "volume": "14", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "524-531", "series": "Antimicrobials/Genomics", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Current Opinion in Microbiology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.028", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527411001123", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1369-5274", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z" } }, { "key": "2QPJNT2S", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/2QPJNT2S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/2QPJNT2S", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/D8G4R5WJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2QPJNT2S", "version": 51, "parentItem": "D8G4R5WJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527411001123/pdfft?md5=d122d1e0e216209314a5dd22606a0ce7&pid=1-s2.0-S1369527411001123-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z" } }, { "key": "43NS2KR6", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/43NS2KR6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/43NS2KR6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/D8G4R5WJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "43NS2KR6", "version": 51, "parentItem": "D8G4R5WJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527411001123", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T19:48:03Z" } }, { "key": "594I77GB", "version": 50, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/594I77GB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/594I77GB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/JEANHFHU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "594I77GB", "version": 50, "parentItem": "JEANHFHU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-09-08T20:03:29Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21143714", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-08T20:03:29Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-08T20:03:29Z" } }, { "key": "JEANHFHU", "version": 50, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/JEANHFHU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/JEANHFHU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Marino et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JEANHFHU", "version": 50, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Safety-related properties of staphylococci isolated from food and food environments", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Marino" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Frigo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Bartolomeoli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Maifreni" } ], "abstractNote": "AIMS: To test some safety-related properties within 321 staphylococci strains isolated from food and food environments.\nMETHODS AND RESULTS: The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus xylosus. Decarboxylase activity was quite common for the various Staphylococcus spp., and tyrosine was the most frequently decarboxylated amino acid. The frequency of antibiotic resistance was highest in Staph. pasteuri and Staph. xylosus. Several of the isolates were tolerant to QAC compounds, and in some cases, QAC tolerance was present in antibiotic-resistant strains. Most of the strains displayed moderate to high adhesion rates to stainless steel and Teflon(®). The strains that readily formed biofilms belonged to the species Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Staph. pasteuri.\nCONCLUSIONS: An high incidence of some safety hazards was found within the staphylococcal strains of food origin tested in this study. In particular, amino acid decarboxylase activity and biofilm-forming ability were common within strains, and antibiotic resistance and tolerance to QAC-based compounds occurred frequently as well. These characteristics are an important safety concern for food industry.\nSIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work gives a first picture of safety hazards within staphylococcal species isolated from food environments. The presence of disinfectant-resistant staphylococci is a concern because resistance can be genetically transferred between the various Staphylococcus species. This could lead an increase and spread of resistant enterotoxic staphylococci and/or pathogenic staphylococci.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Applied Microbiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 2011", "volume": "110", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "550-561", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Appl. Microbiol.", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04909.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2672", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21143714", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bacterial Adhesion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biofilms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Carboxy-Lyases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Drug Resistance, Bacterial", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food Microbiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Staphylococcus", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-08T20:03:29Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-08T20:03:29Z" } }, { "key": "4IGWCP2B", "version": 49, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/4IGWCP2B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/4IGWCP2B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4IGWCP2B", "version": 49, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Zotero", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "chrome://zotero/content/tab.xul", "accessDate": "2015-09-08T20:03:12Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-08T20:03:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-08T20:03:12Z" } }, { "key": "7PZMRR84", "version": 48, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/7PZMRR84", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/7PZMRR84", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/BPWSPS36", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "7PZMRR84", "version": 48, "parentItem": "BPWSPS36", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Safety-related properties of staphylococci isolated from food and food environments - Marino - 2010 - Journal of Applied Microbiology - Wiley Online Library", "accessDate": "2015-09-08T20:02:12Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04909.x/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-08T20:02:12Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-08T20:02:12Z" } }, { "key": "SMXM9E4N", "version": 47, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/SMXM9E4N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/SMXM9E4N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wells and Juett", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SMXM9E4N", "version": 47, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Research Article: Prevalence of MRSA on meat products in central Kentucky", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Madison L", "lastName": "Wells" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Beverly W", "lastName": "Juett" } ], "abstractNote": "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from 10 (18.5%) of 54 meat samples collected in central Kentucky. Meat specimens were collected from six local markets in the central Kentucky region. MRSA found in meat samples may be a possible source for community-associated infections of MRSA. There were nine samples obtained from each location (18 pork, 18 beef, and 18 processed meats). The specimens were placed on ice for transport to the lab where they were individually processed using an aseptic technique. Meat samples were streaked for isolation on mannitol salt agar plates (MSA) and placed in 7% salt enrichment broth upon arrival in the laboratory. MSA isolates that fermented mannitol were tested for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) with the coagulase and d-trehalose fermentation test. S. aureus isolates were placed on the oxacillin agar screen test (Mueller Hinton Agar with 6 μg/mL oxacillin and 4 % NaCl) to determine if MRSA was present. The positive specimens accounted for 27.7% of both pork and beef samples tested.", "publicationTitle": "bios BIOS", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012", "volume": "83", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "33-38", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0005-3155", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Research Article", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-07T19:07:44Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-07T19:07:44Z" } }, { "key": "59CTMKSE", "version": 46, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332722, "name": "GEMS104- Lit Review Team 3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332722/items/59CTMKSE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104-_lit_review_team_3/items/59CTMKSE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2353135, "username": "ginaliu", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/ginaliu", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Payne and Jansen", "parsedDate": "2001-01-07", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "59CTMKSE", "version": 46, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Understanding Bacteriophage Therapy as a Density-dependent Kinetic Process", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert J. H.", "lastName": "Payne" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vincent A. A.", "lastName": "Jansen" } ], "abstractNote": "Studies of bacteriophage as therapeutic agents have had mixed and unpredictable outcomes. We argue that interpretation of these apparently paradoxical results requires appreciation of various density-dependent threshold effects. We use a mathematical model to delineate different categories of outcome, including therapy by simple inundation, by active biocontrol, and by delayed active biocontrol. Counter-intuitively, there are situations in which earlier inoculation can be less efficacious, and simultaneous inoculation with antibiotics can be detrimental. Predictions of therapeutic responses are made using formulae dependent on biologically meaningful parameters; experimental measurement of the parameters will be a prerequisite of application of the model to particular study systems. 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In Gram-positive bacteria, small quantities of purified recombinant lysin added externally results in immediate lysis causing log-fold death of the target bacterium. Lysins have been used successfully in a variety of animal models to control pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria found on mucosal surfaces and infected tissues. The advantages over antibiotics are their specificity for the pathogen without disturbing the normal flora, the low chance of bacterial resistance to lysins, and their ability to kill colonizing pathogens on mucosal surfaces, a capacity previously unavailable. 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