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In 2015, with sport as commercial, as lucrative, and as big an industry as it is, why – some ask – should we work so hard to preserve the spirit of sport? A spirit that the more cynical members of our society might argue has all but evaporated.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-02/wada-president-combatting-doping-now-as-important-to-society-as-it-is-to-sport", "accessDate": "2015-02-28", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "WADA President", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z" } }, { "key": "XGADT93K", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/XGADT93K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/XGADT93K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351049, "username": "pkrisko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkrisko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Elfrink and Garcia-Roberts", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XGADT93K", "version": 4, "itemType": "book", "title": "Exclusive Excerpt: How MLB let A-Rod use PEDs during '07 season", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Elfrink" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gus", "lastName": "Garcia-Roberts" } ], "abstractNote": "The following is an excerpt from Blood Sport: Alex Rodriguez, Biogenesis and the Quest to End Baseball's Steroid Era, by Tim Elfrink and Gus Garcia-Roberts. Published by arrangement with Dutton, a...", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.si.com/mlb/2014/07/01/bloodsport-excerpt-alex-rodriguez-new-york-yankees-steroids", "accessDate": "2015-03-04", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Exclusive Excerpt", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z" } }, { "key": "KHDNBGXX", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/KHDNBGXX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/KHDNBGXX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351049, "username": "pkrisko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkrisko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Morente-Sánchez and Zabala", "parsedDate": "2013-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KHDNBGXX", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Doping in sport: a review of elite athletes' attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jaime", "lastName": "Morente-Sánchez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikel", "lastName": "Zabala" } ], "abstractNote": "Doping in sport is a well-known phenomenon that has been studied mainly from a biomedical point of view, even though psychosocial approaches are also key factors in the fight against doping. This phenomenon has evolved greatly in recent years, and greater understanding of it is essential for developing efficient prevention programmes. In the psychosocial approach, attitudes are considered an index of doping behaviour, relating the use of banned substances to greater leniency towards doping. The aim of this review is to gather and critically analyse the most recent publications describing elite athletes' attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of doping in sport, to better understand the foundations provided by the previous work, and to help develop practical strategies to efficiently combat doping. For this purpose, we performed a literature search using combinations of the terms \"doping\", \"sport\", \"elite athletes\", \"attitudes\", \"beliefs\", \"knowledge\", \"drugs\", and \"performance-enhancing substances\" (PES). A total of 33 studies were subjected to comprehensive assessment using articles published between 2000 and 2011. All of the reports focused on elite athletes and described their attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of doping in sport. The initial reasons given for using banned substances included achievement of athletic success by improving performance, financial gain, improving recovery and prevention of nutritional deficiencies, as well as the idea that others use them, or the \"false consensus effect\". Although most athletes acknowledge that doping is cheating, unhealthy and risky because of sanctions, its effectiveness is also widely recognized. There is a general belief about the inefficacy of anti-doping programmes, and athletes criticise the way tests are carried out. Most athletes consider the severity of punishment is appropriate or not severe enough. There are some differences between sports, as team-based sports and sports requiring motor skills could be less influenced by doping practices than individual self-paced sports. However, anti-doping controls are less exhaustive in team sports. The use of banned substance also differs according to the demand of the specific sport. Coaches appear to be the main influence and source of information for athletes, whereas doctors and other specialists do not seem to act as principal advisors. Athletes are becoming increasingly familiar with anti-doping rules, but there is still a lack of knowledge that should be remedied using appropriate educational programmes. There is also a lack of information on dietary supplements and the side effects of PES. Therefore, information and prevention are necessary, and should cater to the athletes and associated stakeholders. This will allow us to establish and maintain correct attitudes towards doping. Psychosocial programmes must be carefully planned and developed, and should include middle- to long-term objectives (e.g. changing attitudes towards doping and the doping culture). Some institutions have developed or started prevention or educational programmes without the necessary resources, while the majority of the budget is spent on anti-doping testing. Controls are obviously needed, as well as more efficient educational strategies. Therefore, we encourage sporting institutions to invest in educational programmes aimed at discouraging the use of banned substances. Event organizers and sport federations should work together to adapt the rules of each competition to disincentivize dopers. Current research methods are weak, especially questionnaires. A combination of qualitative and quantitative measurements are recommended, using interviews, questionnaires and, ideally, biomedical tests. Studies should also examine possible geographical and cultural differences in attitudes towards doping.", "publicationTitle": "Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2013", "volume": "43", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "395-411", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Sports Med", "DOI": "10.1007/s40279-013-0037-x", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1179-2035", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Doping in sport", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Athletes" }, { "tag": "Culture" }, { "tag": "Doping in Sports" }, { "tag": "Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice" }, { "tag": "Humans" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z" } }, { "key": "22CV5TXN", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/22CV5TXN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/22CV5TXN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351049, "username": "pkrisko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkrisko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brzeziańska et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "22CV5TXN", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "GENE DOPING IN SPORT – PERSPECTIVES AND RISKS", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E", "lastName": "Brzeziańska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D", "lastName": "Domańska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Jegier" } ], "abstractNote": "In the past few years considerable progress regarding the knowledge of the human genome map has been achieved. As a result, attempts to use gene therapy in patients’ management are more and more often undertaken. The aim of gene therapy is to replace defective genes in vivo and/or to promote the long-term endogenous synthesis of deficient protein. In vitro studies improve the production of human recombinant proteins, such as insulin (INS), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and erythropoietin (EPO), which could have therapeutic application. Unfortunately, genetic methods developed for therapeutic purposes are increasingly being used in competitive sports. Some new substances (e.g., antibodies against myostatin or myostatin blockers) might be used in gene doping in athletes. The use of these substances may cause an increase of body weight and muscle mass and a significant improvement of muscle strength. Although it is proven that uncontrolled manipulation of genetic material and/or the introduction of recombinant proteins may be associated with health risks, athletes are increasingly turning to banned gene doping. At the same time, anti-doping research is undertaken in many laboratories around the world to try to develop and refine ever newer techniques for gene doping detection in sport. Thanks to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and other sports organizations there is a hope for real protection of athletes from adverse health effects of gene doping, which at the same time gives a chance to sustain the idea of fair play in sport.", "publicationTitle": "Biology of Sport", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2014", "volume": "31", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "251-259", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biol Sport", "DOI": "10.5604/20831862.1120931", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203840/", "accessDate": "2015-02-27T18:06:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0860-021X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z" } }, { "key": "58FTMAAC", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/58FTMAAC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/58FTMAAC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351049, "username": "pkrisko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkrisko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Haisma and de Hon", "parsedDate": "2006-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "58FTMAAC", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gene Doping", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. J.", "lastName": "Haisma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.", "lastName": "de Hon" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Sports Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2006", "volume": "27", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "257-266", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1055/s-2006-923986", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2006-923986", "accessDate": "2015-03-03T04:17:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0172-4622, 1439-3964", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "de", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z" } }, { "key": "JI4T5KUB", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/JI4T5KUB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/JI4T5KUB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351049, "username": "pkrisko", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pkrisko", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Levinson", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JI4T5KUB", "version": 4, "itemType": "book", "title": "Baseball’s Drug War", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mason", "lastName": "Levinson" } ], "abstractNote": "Major and minor league baseball players missed more than 25,000 games from 2007 through 2014 while suspended for using performance-enhancing drugs. That was after the era of Barry Bonds, Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire. The figure is bigger than the number of games played by all 30 U.S. Major League Baseball teams over five seasons. It stands as evidence of the persistence of drug use in baseball, as in other sports, in the face of efforts to clean it up.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.bloombergview.com/quicktake/baseballs-drug-war", "accessDate": "2015-03-04", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T05:27:31Z" } }, { "key": "EURDFVJZ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/EURDFVJZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/EURDFVJZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351042, "username": "gracemacatee", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gracemacatee", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Unal and Durisehvar Ozer Unal", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EURDFVJZ", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gene Doping in Sports", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mehmet", "lastName": "Unal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Durisehvar Ozer Unal" } ], "abstractNote": "Gene or cell doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as “the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance”. New research in genetics and genomics will be used not only to diagnose and treat disease, but also to attempt to enhance human performance.In recent years, gene therapy has shown progress and positive results that have highlighted the potential misuse of this technology and the debate of ‘gene doping’. Gene therapies developed for the treatment of diseases such as anaemia (the gene for erythropoietin), muscular dystrophy (the gene for insulin-like growth factor-1) and peripheral vascular diseases (the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor) are potential doping methods. With progress in gene technology, many other genes with this potential will be discovered. For this reason, it is important to develop timely legal regulations and to research the field of gene doping in order to develop methods of detection.To protect the health of athletes and to ensure equal competitive conditions, the International Olympic Committee, WADA and International Sports Federations have accepted performance-enhancing substances and methods as being doping, and have forbidden them. Nevertheless, the desire to win causes athletes to misuse these drugs and methods.This paper reviews the current status of gene doping and candidate performance enhancement genes, and also the use of gene therapy in sports medicine and ethics of genetic enhancement.", "publicationTitle": "Sports Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "34", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "357-362", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0112-1642", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-27T19:44:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-27T19:44:42Z" } }, { "key": "DGMC5VN7", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/DGMC5VN7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/DGMC5VN7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/5ID566QT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351042, "username": "gracemacatee", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gracemacatee", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "DGMC5VN7", "version": 2, "parentItem": "5ID566QT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Full Text", "accessDate": "2015-02-27T19:20:11Z", "url": "http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=89305606&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMMTo50SeqLU4xNvgOLCmr02ep7JSsKa4Sa6WxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPPj34r34ux8uePfgeyx44Dt6fIA", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-27T19:20:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-27T19:20:11Z" } }, { "key": "5ID566QT", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332376, "name": "GEMS104 Gene Doping", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332376/items/5ID566QT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gems104_gene_doping/items/5ID566QT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2351042, "username": "gracemacatee", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/gracemacatee", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gould", "parsedDate": "2013-08", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5ID566QT", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gene doping: gene delivery for olympic victory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Gould" } ], "abstractNote": "With one recently recommended gene therapy in Europe and a number of other gene therapy treatments now proving effective in clinical trials it is feasible that the same technologies will soon be adopted in the world of sport by unscrupulous athletes and their trainers in so called 'gene doping'. In this article an overview of the successful gene therapy clinical trials is provided and the potential targets for gene doping are highlighted. Depending on whether a doping gene product is secreted from the engineered cells or is retained locally to, or inside engineered cells will, to some extent, determine the likelihood of detection. It is clear that effective gene delivery technologies now exist and it is important that detection and prevention plans are in place.", "publicationTitle": "British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2013", "volume": "76", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "292-298", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology", "DOI": "10.1111/bcp.12010", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=89305606&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2015-02-27T19:20:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "03065251", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Gene doping", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "BIOMOLECULES", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "BONE marrow cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CYTOKINE receptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "GENE therapy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "GENETIC disorders -- Treatment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SEVERE combined immunodeficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "X-linked genetic disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "detection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gene doping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "secreted proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sport", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "transcription factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-27T19:20:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-27T19:20:11Z" } } ]