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discusses the types of ways wheat is cooked/prepared

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discusses characteristics in modern world

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Describes the characteristics of domesticated wheat

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change in evolution in domestication was because farmers planted alot of kinds of wheat to see which ones would survive. This led to large scale production and diverse genetic material

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This practice led to the development of landrace meta-populations of wheat and the emergence of farmers' seed systems through which they accessed and exchanged diverse genetic material. During the last ~50 years, the introduction of high-yielding wheat varieties into, and the structural changes in wheat farming systems in developing countries, led to the loss of genetic diversity and fragmentation of metapopulation structures of wheat landraces from large parts of the Fertile Crescent, the center of origin and diversity of wheat landraces. However, the persistence cultivation of some wheat landraces attests to their continued value to farmers, or to their competitive agronomic or nutritional advantage relative to modern varieties. For farmers to continue to grow, select, and manage local wheat landraces, and to reverse the fragmentation of their meta-populations, especially in their center of diversity, and allow evolutionary processes that mold landrace diversity to continue, their value should be raised to approximate or exceed the social value of high-yielding wheat varieties. This review provides information on wheat domestication and the origin of wheat landraces; their dynamic on-farm conservation and utilization in improving modern wheat cultivars and reversing the genetic erosion of wheat genetic diversity. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]", "publicationTitle": "Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 2013", "volume": "25", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "20-29", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/pqrl/docview/1348266071/14532F97A2E44886PQ/13?accountid=14541", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T05:16:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2079052X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Wheat Landraces", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright United Arab Emirates University Jan 2013", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bread", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Climate change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Farmers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic diversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic engineering", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Grain size", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Legislation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Population", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wheat", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:16:55Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:16:55Z" } }, { "key": "DNQ7Z7H2", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/DNQ7Z7H2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/DNQ7Z7H2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rehmeyer", "parsedDate": "2006-12-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DNQ7Z7H2", "version": 4, "itemType": "magazineArticle", "title": "Wheat gone wild", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julie J.", "lastName": "Rehmeyer" } ], "abstractNote": "Many wild varieties of wheat have higher concentrations of protein, iron, and zinc than domesticated wheat does. Researchers have identified and cloned a gene that increases wild wheat's nutrients by 10 to 15 percent. The discovery team says that the work may lead to domesticated varieties that could reduce malnutrition.", "publicationTitle": "Science News", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 9, 2006", "volume": "170", "issue": "24", "pages": "382", "ISSN": "00368423", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/pqrl/docview/197552337/44AB88DA59A34F41PQ/15?accountid=14541", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T05:02:14Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright Science Service, Incorporated Dec 9, 2006", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Cloning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetically altered foods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nutrition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sciences: Comprehensive Works", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wheat", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:09:51Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:09:51Z" } }, { "key": "2ZUQR93C", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/2ZUQR93C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/2ZUQR93C", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/DNQ7Z7H2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2ZUQR93C", "version": 4, "parentItem": "DNQ7Z7H2", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Many wild varieties of wheat have higher concentrations of protein, iron, and zinc than domesticated wheat does.

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“it has located the exact mountain range where wheat was first domesticated. That range, the Karacadag, is in the Turkish southeast.”

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:00:10Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:00:10Z" } }, { "key": "ZK7TBTAX", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/ZK7TBTAX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/ZK7TBTAX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Anonymous", "parsedDate": "1997-11-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZK7TBTAX", "version": 3, "itemType": "magazineArticle", "title": "Bringing home the harvest", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Anonymous" } ], "abstractNote": "By studying the genetics of a primitive type of wheat, a team of researchers led by Manfred Heun of the Agricultural University of Norway, and Frencesco Salamini of the Max Planck Institute for Breeding Research, in Cologne, believes that it has located the exact mountain range where wheat was first domesticated. That range, the Karacadag, is in the Turkish southeast.", "publicationTitle": "The Economist", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 15, 1997", "volume": "345", "issue": "8043", "pages": "88-89", "ISSN": "00130613", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/pqrl/docview/224098164/2FBD7139D98A49F8PQ/11?accountid=14541", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T04:53:11Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright Economist Newspaper Group, Incorporated Nov 15, 1997", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Business And Economics--Economic Situation And Conditions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Business And Economics--Economic Systems And Theories", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economic History", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prehistoric era", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wheat", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:00:10Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:00:10Z" } }, { "key": "8N2VR7ZN", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/8N2VR7ZN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/8N2VR7ZN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Allaby et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8N2VR7ZN", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Evolution of the high molecular weight glutenin loci in the A,B,D, and G genomu of wheat", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robin G.", "lastName": "Allaby" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monica", "lastName": "Banerjee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Terence A.", "lastName": "Brown" } ], "abstractNote": "We used PCR to obtain phylogenetically informative sequences from the high molecular weight glutenin genes of wheat. The validity of partial sequence comparisons as a means of studying glutenin phylogenetics was established by constructing neighbour-joining trees from partial alignments of 12 published glutenin allele sequences. PCR was then used to obtain 20 novel glutenin allele sequences from various Triticum and Aegilops species, including a 3000 year old preserved wheat. A neighbour-joining tree derived from all known glutenin allele sequences had eight clades, representing the eight loci from which the allele sequences were derived, and was split into two halves, one comprising alleles from the Glu-1-1 loci and the other comprising Glu-1-2 alleles. The topology was compatible with the postulated relationships between the A, B, D, and G genomes. The Glu gene duplication event was tentatively dated at 7.2-10.0 million years ago (MYA), the origin of the four genomes at 5.0-6.9 MYA, and the split between the B and G genomes at 2.5-3.5 MYA. The Glu-B1-1 alleles in cultivated wheats fell into two subgroups that diverged 1.4-2.0 MYA, suggesting that emmer was domesticated twice. The D allele sequences were relatively diverse, indicating that the hybridization event that resulted in the hexaploid bread wheats might have occurred more than once.", "publicationTitle": "Genome", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 1999", "volume": "42", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "296-307", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/pqrl/docview/220497402/2FBD7139D98A49F8PQ/8?accountid=14541", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T04:46:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "08312796", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright National Research Council of Canada Apr 1999", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biology--Cytology And Histology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biology--Genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Flowers & plants", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wheat", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:00:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:00:06Z" } }, { "key": "HJJT6HJC", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/HJJT6HJC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/HJJT6HJC", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/8N2VR7ZN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HJJT6HJC", "version": 3, "parentItem": "8N2VR7ZN", "itemType": "note", "note": "

“Short evolutionary history of domesticated wheat”

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:00:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:00:06Z" } }, { "key": "AIMUH3RR", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/AIMUH3RR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/AIMUH3RR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jarman", "parsedDate": "1972", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AIMUH3RR", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "origins of wheat and barley cultivation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. N.", "lastName": "Jarman" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Higgs, E. S. Papers in Economic Prehistory", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1972", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201303229038", "accessDate": "2015-02-28T22:02:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "agris.fao.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:00:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:00:03Z" } }, { "key": "F22FQGWU", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/F22FQGWU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/F22FQGWU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/AIMUH3RR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F22FQGWU", "version": 3, "parentItem": "AIMUH3RR", "itemType": "note", "note": "

origional georgraphic location of wheat

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Discusses the causes of evolution in wheat

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Author Email: elangbamlama@gmail.com

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Author Affiliation: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:00:01Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:00:01Z" } }, { "key": "V5HUC6DX", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/V5HUC6DX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/V5HUC6DX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Devi et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "V5HUC6DX", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Role of domestication genes in evolution of modern cultivated forms of rice and wheat.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E. L.", "lastName": "Devi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Mamta Singh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Nagma Kousar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. P.", "lastName": "Devi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Chandana Behera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N. B.", "lastName": "Singh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. H.", "lastName": "Wani" } ], "abstractNote": "Domestication genes have a big role in shaping today's cultivated form of crops like rice and wheat. Parallel evolution aided by minor chromosomal rearrangements, micro- and macro-mutation followed by domestication, natural hybridization, allopolyploidization and duplication processes are the key factors responsible for crop evolution.", "publicationTitle": "Environment and Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "32", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1369-1373", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environment and Ecology", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "CABDirect2", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "CABI - CAB Abstracts", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T05:00:01Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T05:00:01Z" } }, { "key": "CXHCNMNJ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 332106, "name": "Food and Anthr", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/CXHCNMNJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_and_anthr/items/CXHCNMNJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/332106/items/JQ42B5N4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2349427, "username": "Daniellebusch1", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/daniellebusch1", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CXHCNMNJ", "version": 3, "parentItem": "JQ42B5N4", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Discusses ancestor of wheat Poaceae

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T04:59:58Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T04:59:58Z" } } ]