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Since 2005, many international organizations, including the International Maritime Organization and the World Food Programme, have expressed concern over the rise in acts of piracy. Piracy has impeded the delivery of shipments and increased shipping expenses, costing an estimated $6.6 to $6.9 billion a year in global trade according to Oceans Beyond Piracy (OBP). According to the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), a veritable industry of profiteers has also risen around the piracy. Insurance companies have significantly increased their profits from the pirate attacks as they raised rate premiums in response.\nA United Nations report and several news sources have suggested that the piracy off the coast of Somalia was caused in part by illegal fishing. According to the DIW and the US House Armed Services Committee, the dumping of toxic waste in Somali waters by foreign vessels also severely constrained the ability of local fishermen to earn a living. In response, the fishermen began forming armed groups to stop the foreign ships. They eventually turned to hijacking commercial vessels for ransom as an alternate source of income. In 2009, a survey by WardheerNews found that approximately 70 percent of the local coastal communities at the time \"strongly support[ed] the piracy as a form of national defense of the country's territorial waters\". The pirates also believed that they were protecting their fishing grounds and exacting justice and compensation for the marine resources stolen. Some reports have suggested that, in the absence of an effective national coast guard following the outbreak of the civil war and the subsequent disintegration of the Armed Forces, local fishermen formed organized groups in order to protect their waters. This is reflected in the names adopted by some of the pirate networks, such as the National Volunteer Coast Guard, which are testimony to the pirates' initial motivations. However, as piracy became substantially more lucrative, other reports have speculated that financial gain became the primary motive for the pirates.\nCombined Task Force 150, a multinational coalition task force, took on the role of fighting piracy off the coast of Somalia by establishing a Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) within the Gulf of Aden. The increasing threat posed by piracy has also caused concern in India since most of its shipping trade routes pass through the Gulf of Aden. The Indian Navy responded to these concerns by deploying warships in the region on October 2008. In September 2008, Russia announced that it too would join international efforts to combat piracy. Some reports have also accused certain government officials in Somalia of complicity with the pirates, with authorities from the Galmudug administration in the north-central Hobyo district reportedly attempting to use pirate gangs as a bulwark against Islamist insurgents from the nation's southern conflict zones. However, according to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon, both the former and current administrations of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia appear to be more actively involved in combating piracy. The latter measures include on-land raids on pirate hideouts, and the construction of a new naval base in conjunction with Saracen International, a UK-based security company. By the first half of 2010, these increased policing efforts by Somali government authorities on land and international naval vessels at sea reportedly contributed to a drop in pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden from 86 a year prior to 33, forcing pirates to shift attention to other areas such as the Somali Basin and the wider Indian Ocean. By the end of 2011, pirates had managed to seize only four ships off the coast of Somalia, 22 fewer than the 26 they had captured in each of the two previous years. They also attempted unsuccessful attacks on 52 other vessels, 16 fewer than the year prior. As of 7 November 2014, the pirates were holding no major vessels for ransom, although they still had an estimated thirty hostages from two previous merchant hijackings.\nAccording to another source, there were 151 attacks on ships in 2011, compared with 127 in 2010 – but only 25 successful hijacks compared to 47 in 2010. Pirates had held 10 vessels and 159 hostages in February 2012. In 2011, pirates earned $146m, an average of $4.87 million per ship. An estimated 3,000 to 5,000 pirates operated; by February 2012 1,000 had been captured and were going through legal processes in 21 countries. According to the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR), intensified naval operations had by February 2012 led to a further drop in successful pirate attacks in the Indian Ocean, with the pirates' movements in the region at large also significantly constrained. About 25 military vessels from the EU and NATO countries, the United States, China, Russia, India and Japan patrolled approximately 8.3M km2 (3.2 million sq miles) of ocean, an area about the size of Western Europe. On 16 July 2012, the European Union launched a new operation, EUCAP Nestor. An analysis by the Brussels-based Global Governance Institute urged the EU to commit onshore to prevent piracy. By September 2012, the heyday of piracy in the Indian Ocean was reportedly over. Backers were now reportedly reluctant to finance pirate expeditions due to the low rate of success, and pirates were no longer able to reimburse their creditors. According to the International Maritime Bureau, pirate attacks had by October 2012 dropped to a six-year low, with only one ship attacked in the third quarter compared to thirty-six during the same period in 2011. By December 2013, the US Office of Naval Intelligence reported that only nine vessels had been attacked during the year by the pirates, with zero successful hijackings. Control Risks attributed this 90% decline in pirate activity from the corresponding period in 2012 to the adoption of best management practices by vessel owners and crews, armed private security onboard ships, a significant naval presence, and the development of onshore security forces.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-02-22T19:38:26Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Somalia&oldid=648364665", "accessDate": "2015-02-25T03:05:53Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 648364665", "tags": [], "collections": [ "62FBPTH6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-25T03:10:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-25T03:10:06Z" } }, { "key": "SXPFME4Z", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331433, "name": "patrickgillan-informatics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/patrickgillan-informatics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331433/items/SXPFME4Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/patrickgillan-informatics/items/SXPFME4Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2345476, "username": "Sharpienero", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sharpienero", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bahadur", "parsedDate": "2011-07-19", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SXPFME4Z", "version": 2, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Pirates of Somalia: Inside Their Hidden World", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jay", "lastName": "Bahadur" } ], "abstractNote": "Somalia, on the tip of the Horn of Africa, has been inhabited as far back as 9,000 BC. Its history is as rich as the country is old. Caught up in a decades-long civil war, Somalia, along with Iraq and Afghanistan, has become one of the most dangerous countries in the world. Getting there from North America is a forty-five-hour, five-flight voyage through Frankfurt, Dubai, Djibouti, Bossaso (on the Gulf of Aden), and, finally, Galkayo. Somalia is a place where a government has been built out of anarchy. For centuries, stories of pirates have captured imaginations around the world. The recent bands of daring, ragtag pirates off the coast of Somalia, hijacking multimillion-dollar tankers owned by international shipping conglomerates, have brought the scourge of piracy into the modern era. The capture of the American-crewed cargo ship Maersk Alabama in April 2009, the first United States ship to be hijacked in almost two centuries, catapulted the Somali pirates onto prime-time news. Then, with the horrific killing by Somali pirates of four Americans, two of whom had built their dream yacht and were sailing around the world (“And now on to: Angkor Wat! And Burma!” they had written to friends), the United States Navy, Special Operation Forces, FBI, Justice Department, and the world’s military forces were put on notice: the Somali seas were now the most perilous in the world. Jay Bahadur, a journalist who dared to make his way into the remote pirate havens of Africa’s easternmost country and spend months infiltrating their lives, gives us the first close-up look at the hidden world of the pirates of war-ravaged Somalia. Bahadur’s riveting narrative exposé—the first ever—looks at who these men are, how they live, the forces that created piracy in Somalia, how the pirates spend the ransom money, how they deal with their hostages. Bahadur makes sense of the complex and fraught regional politics, the history of Somalia and the self-governing region of Puntland (an autonomous region in northeast Somalia), and the various catastrophic occurrences that have shaped their pirate destinies. The book looks at how the unrecognized mini-state of Puntland is dealing with the rise—and increasing sophistication—of piracy and how, through legal and military action, other nations, international shippers, the United Nations, and various international bodies are attempting to cope with the present danger and growing pirate crisis.A revelation of a world at the epicenter of political and natural disaster.From the Hardcover edition.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2011-07-19", "publisher": "Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "383", "ISBN": "9780307906984", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Pirates of Somalia", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "History / Military / Naval", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Political Science / Security (National & International)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Travel / Africa / North", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "62FBPTH6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-25T03:10:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-25T03:10:06Z" } }, { "key": "RZNXGBDD", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331433, "name": "patrickgillan-informatics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/patrickgillan-informatics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331433/items/RZNXGBDD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/patrickgillan-informatics/items/RZNXGBDD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2345476, "username": "Sharpienero", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sharpienero", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Macfarquhar", "parsedDate": "2008-12-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RZNXGBDD", "version": 2, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "U.S. Proposes Going Ashore to Hunt Pirates", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neil", "lastName": "Macfarquhar" } ], "abstractNote": "The United States began circulating a Security Council resolution on Wednesday that would significantly beef up interdiction efforts by permitting foreign forces to attack pirate bases on land.", "publicationTitle": "The New York Times", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008-12-11", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "World", "pages": "", "ISSN": "0362-4331", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/world/11nations.html", "accessDate": "2015-02-25T03:05:24Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NYTimes.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "International Relations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Piracy at Sea", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United Nations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United States", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "62FBPTH6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-25T03:10:06Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-25T03:10:06Z" } } ]