[ { "key": "4XINRE3X", "version": 42, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/4XINRE3X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/4XINRE3X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "N. Edwin et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-03-31", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4XINRE3X", "version": 42, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Economic Analysis of Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Production Storage and Offloading Plant (LNG FPSO) Using Probabilistic Approach", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lazson", "lastName": "N. Edwin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lazson N.", "lastName": "Edwin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ikiensikimama S.", "lastName": "Sunday" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-03-31", "volume": "5", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "42-50", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "APED", "DOI": "10.3968/j.aped.1925543820130501.1007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/aped/article/view/3323", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1925-542X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V684HKI2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T23:16:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T23:16:03Z" } }, { "key": "PMF2EXXE", "version": 41, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/PMF2EXXE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/PMF2EXXE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PMF2EXXE", "version": 41, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "The Economics of Gas to Liquids Compared to Liquefied Natural Gas", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.arcticgas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2005-gtl-vs-lng.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-03-03T23:14:49Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V684HKI2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-03T23:14:49Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-03T23:15:10Z" } }, { "key": "V8JH45IU", "version": 39, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/V8JH45IU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/V8JH45IU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Meinen et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V8JH45IU", "version": 39, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Economic feasibility and evaluation of a novel manure collection and anaerobic digestion system at a commercial swine finisher enterprise", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert J.", "lastName": "Meinen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenneth B.", "lastName": "Kephart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert E.", "lastName": "Graves" } ], "abstractNote": "A case study conducted at a commercial swine-finishing farm demonstrated that a novel manure management system increased economic feasibility of an anaerobic digester by eliminating the need for post-digestion manure storage construction at the farm. Uniquely designed underfloor manure storage pits collected manure for delivery to the digester, and then stored post-digested manure (digestate) in underfloor storage within the same swine houses. It was unknown if the introduction of biologically active digestate into these pits would produce pig living space air quality that was adverse to pig health, growth or survival, or if explosive methane levels would be generated within the buildings. Monitoring of air quality indicators both before and after digestate introduction to underfloor manure storage pits resulted in no observations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or methane (CH4) concentrations above critical safety levels in swine housing. Hourly mean ammonia (NH3) concentrations at pig level (0.15 m above the floor) before digestate was present in the buildings were higher (P < 0.05) compared to when digestate was present (24 ± 2.8 ppm vs. 17 ± 1.0 ppm). Air quality measures did not indicate that digestate introduction into underfloor manure pits caused degradations of air quality at pig level. No obvious etiologic effects on swine were observed. Evaluation of the electric cogeneration system showed that cost-savings of electricity produced from biogas combustion was approximately equal to the producer's debt service for capital investment. External funding and low interest financing were necessary for electric cost-savings to offset finance payments.", "publicationTitle": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2014", "volume": "63", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "10-21", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.032", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953414000427", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T23:19:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0961-9534", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Ammonia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anaerobic digestion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animal housing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biogas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Methane", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Swine manure", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CTEBHZ2I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T23:19:00Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T23:19:00Z" } }, { "key": "SFR5BS7I", "version": 38, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/SFR5BS7I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/SFR5BS7I", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kay Camarillo et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SFR5BS7I", "version": 38, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Economic sustainability of a biomass energy project located at a dairy in California, USA", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary", "lastName": "Kay Camarillo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William T.", "lastName": "Stringfellow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael B.", "lastName": "Jue" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy S.", "lastName": "Hanlon" } ], "abstractNote": "Previous experience has demonstrated the tenuous nature of biomass energy projects located at livestock facilities in the U.S. In response, the economic sustainability of a 710 kW combined heat and power biomass energy system located on a dairy farm in California was evaluated. This biomass energy facility is unique in that a complete-mix anaerobic digester was used for treatment of manure collected in a flush-water system, co-digestates were used as additional digester feedstocks (whey, waste feed, and plant biomass), and the power plant is operating under strict regulatory requirements for stack gas emissions. Electricity was produced and sold wholesale, and cost savings resulted from the use of waste heat to offset propane demand. The impact of various operational factors was considered in the economic analysis, indicating that the system is economically viable as constructed but could benefit from introduction of additional substrates to increase methane and electricity production, additional utilization of waste heat, sale of digested solids, and possibly pursuing greenhouse gas credits. Use of technology for nitrogen oxide (NOx) removal had a minimal effect on economic sustainability.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2012", "volume": "48", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "790-798", "series": "Special Section: Frontiers of Sustainability", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.020", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512005277", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T22:46:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Anaerobic digestion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dairy manure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CTEBHZ2I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T22:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T22:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "2NDHNS58", "version": 37, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/2NDHNS58", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/2NDHNS58", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Anderson et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2NDHNS58", "version": 37, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An economic and functional tool for assessing the financial feasibility of farm-based anaerobic digesters", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert C.", "lastName": "Anderson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Don", "lastName": "Hilborn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alfons", "lastName": "Weersink" } ], "abstractNote": "Anaerobic digester (AD) technology is a form of renewable energy with significant upside potential and little public resistance. However, previous studies have generally found ADs to be a poor investment for private firms without public assistance. The mixed results on the financial feasibility of ADs could be due to the site of the analysis since results vary with size, geographic location or the type of AD system, which are not standardized but rather customized to the individual situation. Given the public and private interest in AD technology and the need to assess the feasibility by site, a decision-making tool that can be adapted for each location and system would aid assessing the investment. This paper presents a freely available workbook to determine the financial feasibility of a farm-based AD and to demonstrate its use. The decision-making tool identifies the technical and financial parameters affecting the returns to an AD and the sensitivity of the assumption to changes in the value of those parameters. An application of the workbook for the Ontario livestock sector demonstrates its usefulness. Investment in an AD is financially feasible only for the largest dairy farms in Ontario under current electricity prices, which are approximately six times greater than the wholesale price. Shifting to a duel fuel continuous system would improve returns, as would the availability of additional substrate material in the form of solid grease and vegetative waste. Reductions in capital cost and improvements in the efficiency of the technology are probable given the relatively infant status of the biogas sector but these future enhancements would likely only alter the investment decisions for large commercial dairy farms.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2013", "volume": "51", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "85-92", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.081", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148112005782", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T22:40:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-1481", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biogas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Farms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Feasibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Finance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tool", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "CTEBHZ2I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T22:40:58Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T22:40:58Z" } }, { "key": "9U5X8KAQ", "version": 36, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/9U5X8KAQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/9U5X8KAQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9U5X8KAQ", "version": 36, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Digester Gas to Pipeline-Quality Methane - Burns & McDonnell", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.burnsmcd.com/Projects/Detail/Digester-Gas-to-Pipeline-Quality-Methane", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T22:16:13Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CTEBHZ2I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T22:16:13Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T22:16:13Z" } }, { "key": "J3PW7BJG", "version": 35, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/J3PW7BJG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/J3PW7BJG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "J3PW7BJG", "version": 35, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Hunts Point Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility Study - HuntsPointAnaerobicDigestionFeasibilityStudy.pdf", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nycedc.com/sites/default/files/filemanager/Projects/Hunts_Point_Peninsula/HuntsPointAnaerobicDigestionFeasibilityStudy.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T22:15:45Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CTEBHZ2I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T22:15:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T22:15:45Z" } }, { "key": "84VD8J49", "version": 34, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/84VD8J49", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/84VD8J49", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "84VD8J49", "version": 34, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DAIRY MANURE DIGESTER AND CO-DIGESTER FACILITIES IN THE CENTRAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "This publication is a compilation\nof three economic report\ns that examine the feasibility of constructing\nand operating dairy manure digesters and co-digest\ners in the Central Valley of California under\n2010 conditions. The dairy industry in the Central\nValley currently has about 1,400 dairies that house\nabout 1.5 million milk cows and support stock. These dairies produce a substantial quantity of dairy\nmanure that can be processed by anaerobic digester\ns to produce biogas, a flexible renewable source\nof energy that can be used to help achieve the 2010\nand 2020 California Renewables Portfolio Standard.\nDairy digesters are also a technology that can assist California in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in\nsupport of the California Global Warming Solutions Act of\n2006 (also known as Assembly Bill or\nAB 32) by controlling the breakdown of manure in co\nntained vessels that efficiently capture biogas,\nwhich has high concentrations of\nmethane (a greenhouse gas).", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb5/water_issues/dairies/dairy_program_regs_requirements/final_dairy_digstr_econ_rpt.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T22:12:32Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CTEBHZ2I" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T22:12:32Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T22:13:14Z" } }, { "key": "R4M9E5BQ", "version": 32, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/R4M9E5BQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/R4M9E5BQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R4M9E5BQ", "version": 32, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "13.Ag1.1.Zietsman - 13.Ag1.1.Zietsman.pdf", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://gmi.fatma.sc.gov.br/uploads/13.Ag1.1.Zietsman.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T21:55:36Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:55:36Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:55:36Z" } }, { "key": "9SFDVM9R", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/9SFDVM9R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/9SFDVM9R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9SFDVM9R", "version": 31, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Pre-Feasibility Analysis for the Conversion of Landfill Gas to Liquefied Natural Gas to Fuel Refuse Trucks in India - 218_India_Landfill_Report_-111309.pdf", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.globalmethane.org/Data/218_India_Landfill_Report_-111309.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T21:51:49Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:51:49Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:51:49Z" } }, { "key": "7K58GMVP", "version": 30, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/7K58GMVP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/7K58GMVP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7K58GMVP", "version": 30, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Microsoft Word - Landfill Paper 012707.doc - landfill_paper_012707.pdf", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/dlord/papers/landfill_paper_012707.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T21:45:49Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:45:49Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:45:49Z" } }, { "key": "KKC56746", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/KKC56746", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/KKC56746", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KKC56746", "version": 29, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Franklin County Sanitary Landfill - Landfill Gas (LFG) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) - Project - landfillreportfinal.pdf", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/landfillreportfinal.pdf", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T21:42:48Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:42:48Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:42:48Z" } }, { "key": "E7S686HM", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/E7S686HM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/E7S686HM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zietsman et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E7S686HM", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Feasibility of Landfill Gas as a Liquefied Natural Gas Fuel Source for Refuse Trucks", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Josias", "lastName": "Zietsman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muhammad Ehsanul", "lastName": "Bari" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aaron J.", "lastName": "Rand" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bhushan", "lastName": "Gokhale" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dominique", "lastName": "Lord" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sunil", "lastName": "Kumar" } ], "abstractNote": "The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to evaluate the feasibility of using landfill gas (LFG) as a liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel source for heavy-duty refuse trucks operating on landfills. Using LFG as a vehicle fuel can make the landfills more self-sustaining, reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, and reduce emissions and greenhouse gases. Acrion Technologies Inc. in association with Mack Trucks Inc. developed a technology to generate LNG from LFG using the CO 2 WASH process. A successful application of this process was performed at the Eco Complex in Burlington County, PA. During this application two LNG refuse trucks were operated for 600 hr each using LNG produced from gases from the landfill. The methodology developed in this paper can evaluate the feasibility of three LFG options: doing nothing, electricity generation, and producing LNG to fuel refuse trucks. The methodology involved the modeling of several components: LFG generation, energy recovery processes, fleet operations, economic feasibility, and decision-making. The economic feasibility considers factors such as capital, maintenance, operational, and fuel costs, emissions and tax benefits, and the sale of products such as surplus LNG and food-grade carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Texas was used as a case study. The 96 landfills in Texas were prioritized and 17 landfills were identified that showed potential for converting LFG to LNG for use as a refuse truck fuel. The methodology was applied to a pilot landfill in El Paso, TX. The analysis showed that converting LFG to LNG to fuel refuse trucks proved to be the most feasible option and that the methodology can be applied for any landfill that considers this option.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "58", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "613–619", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.3155/1047-3289.58.5.613", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1096-2247", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:17:57Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:17:57Z" } }, { "key": "6H46QQ8A", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/6H46QQ8A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/6H46QQ8A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cheremisinoff", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6H46QQ8A", "version": 27, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Chapter 4 - Landfill Operations and gas Energy Recovery", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas P.", "lastName": "Cheremisinoff" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Nicholas P.", "lastName": "Cheremisinoff" } ], "abstractNote": "Landfill gas is the single largest source of man-made methane emissions. Consequently, a growing trend at landfills is to use recovered methane gas from landfills as an energy source, which reduces the risk of explosions, provides financial benefits for the community, conserves energy resources, and potentially reduces the risk of global climate change. There are several technologies that enable landfill gas to be recovered and applied to the generation of energy; however, many of these technologies have been only partially successful at the local level. In general, the poor quality of landfill gas makes it costly to rely upon as a form of green energy, and the capital investments are high for large-scale applications. Landfill gas contains toxic constituents, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies must be heavily relied upon to purify and concentrate the gas to a sufficiently high heating value. Therefore, pollution prevention (P2) plays a more dominant role in reducing the environmental impacts of landfill gas. This is a way in which chlorine, fluorine, and bromine pollution, and the organohalogens that come with them, can be stopped.", "bookTitle": "Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2003", "publisher": "Butterworth-Heinemann", "place": "Burlington", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "96-129", "ISBN": "978-0-7506-7507-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978075067507950005X", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T21:06:34Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:06:34Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:06:34Z" } }, { "key": "T7NB4DEA", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/T7NB4DEA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/T7NB4DEA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "First et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-05-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T7NB4DEA", "version": 26, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Discovery of novel zeolites for natural gas purification through combined material screening and process optimization", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric L.", "lastName": "First" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. M. Faruque", "lastName": "Hasan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christodoulos A.", "lastName": "Floudas" } ], "abstractNote": "An efficient computational screening approach is proposed to select the most cost-effective materials and adsorption process conditions for CH4/CO2 separation. The method identifies eight novel zeolites for removing CO2 from natural gas, coalbed methane, shale gas, enhanced oil recovery gas, biogas, and landfill gas sources. The separation cost is minimized through hierarchical material screening combined with rigorous process modeling and optimization. Minimum purity and recovery constraints of 97 and 95%, respectively, are introduced to meet natural gas pipeline specifications and minimize losses. The top zeolite, WEI, can recover methane as economically as $0.15/MMBTU from natural gas with 5% CO2 to $1.44/MMBTU from natural gas with 50% CO2, showing the potential for developing natural gas reservoirs with higher CO2 content. The necessity of a combined material selection and process optimization approach is demonstrated by the lack of clear correlation between cost and material-centric metrics such as adsorption selectivity. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1767–1785, 2014", "publicationTitle": "AIChE Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1, 2014", "volume": "60", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1767-1785", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "AIChE J.", "DOI": "10.1002/aic.14441", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.14441/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T21:02:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1547-5905", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "adsorption/gas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "computational screening", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "optimization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "process synthesis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "zeolites", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:02:45Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:02:45Z" } }, { "key": "VQS3E7A6", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/VQS3E7A6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/VQS3E7A6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VQS3E7A6", "version": 25, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "SciTech Connect: Landfill Gas Conversion to LNG and LCO{sub 2}. Final Report", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/823825", "accessDate": "2015-03-02T21:00:37Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9RRW4DA2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-03-02T21:00:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-03-02T21:00:37Z" } }, { "key": "A7KZPV7C", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/A7KZPV7C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/A7KZPV7C", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "A7KZPV7C", "version": 23, "itemType": "blogPost", "title": "Power-to-Gas Enables Massive Energy Storage", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "Power-to-Gas (PtG) enables the natural gas pipeline network to be used for energy storage, resolving many of the integration issues that plague intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. It is well known that finding a solution for scalable energy storage is critical in the pursuit of achieving a renewable energy future. While batteries, pumped-hydro, flywheels and other technologies have their merits, none are able to offer seasonal deep storage at the terawatt scale. Power-to-Gas is an elegant innovation that simply takes excess renewable electricity to create renewable hydrogen and methane for injection into natural gas pipelines or use in transportation. Existing gas pipelines can store hundreds of terawatt hours of carbon neutral methane for indefinite periods of time. Germany has been pursuing the most aggressive renewable energy targets in the world under their Energiewende program. The Germans have been experiencing challenges in integrating large proportions of wind and solar power into the electric grid because peak power production periods do not correlate with peak demand, so there are sunny afternoons when solar PV is outproducing demand, and likewise windy nights when power production must either be curtailed or exported to neighboring countries at low prices. Adding to the technical challenge is the fact that wind and solar production can spike and drop off very quickly, with little warning, creating inefficiencies as grid managers scramble to match supply with demand. Many technology pathways are being pursued towards the goal of broad-based energy storage to help meet the challenge of integrating renewables into the power grid. Batteries and flywheels are excellent for rapid discharge and frequency management but are not suitable for long-term storage. Pumped Hydro and Compress Air Energy Storage (CAES) offer longer-term storage but are fundamentally limited by the requirement of favorable geographies. Chemical conversion of electricity to gas allows the existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure to be leveraged for massive-volume, long-term, distributed storage that is cost competitive with other storage technologies. Additionally, the synthetic methane of hydrogen produced via PtG can be utilized as carbon-neutral transportation fuels or elsewhere in industry. Germany has embraced PtG as a critical component in the Energiewende program. PtG enables German utility operators to manage the gas and power networks in tandem, shifting gas to power and power back to gas as needed throughout the day to match supply and demand. There are 30 PtG plants at various levels of commercial production throughout Germany and neighboring countries. The suite of technologies being deployed to create PtG and technology innovation is rapid in the space. PtG begins with basic electrolysis, using electricity to split water, H2O, into its components hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen has commercial value and is sold or utilized and the hydrogen can be deployed in three different ways. Hydrogen can be injected directly into natural gas pipelines and analysis is ongoing to determine what proportions of hydrogen can be supported. Originally it was thought that no more than 5% hydrogen could be used, but depending on the pipeline engineering and downstream uses, ratios up to 12% have been achieved. Older cast iron and steel pipes don’t contain hydrogen well because they are embrittled by the hydrogen which can also leak through seams because it is much smaller than a methane molecule. Modern plastic pipes contain the hydrogen much more effectively and can take higher ratios, but users must be consulted to ensure their operations are not impacted by higher hydrogen ratios. This is an ongoing area of investigation and pipeline standards for direct hydrogen injection have not been established in Germany. The second method for hydrogen use is methanation, reacting the hydrogen with carbon dioxide to create synthetic methane, or renewable natural gas. Natural gas is primarily methane, CH4, and synthetic methane is identical to fossil methane and can be blended or substituted with no limitations. The chemical process is known as the Sabatier reaction and is the inverse of methane stream reforming commonly used to produce industrial hydrogen from natural gas. Methanation of CO2 is one of the many ways to utilize captured carbon dioxide for beneficial purposes and is not limited to use with excess renewable electricity. Any energy source could be used including nuclear power. It is entirely feasible that a dedicated nuclear power plant could be set up to do reverse combustion and convert CO2 and H2O into synthetic methane or synthetic liquid fuels that are ultra-pure and carbon neutral, but that is a discussion for a separate article. The third method for utilizing methane and hydrogen generated via PtG would be use in transportation instead of pipeline injection. Compressed hydrogen, CNG, or LNG could be manufactured on site for direct use in vehicles as carbon-neutral clean fuels. Two of the leading vendors of P2G solutions are Hydrogenics and ETOGAS. Hydrogenics has over 60 years’ experience manufacturing alkaline electrolyzers and is actively involved in numerous PtG projects in a number of countries. The technical challenge in using older generations of alkaline electrolysis has been the slow ramp up rate from a cold start which limits the flexibility and efficiency for grid integration. Newer generations of hardware have been designed that reduce cold start times from minutes to seconds and Hydrogenics is actively pursuing the market for grid frequency regulation that requires second-by-second reaction response times. In 2013 ETOGAS inaugurated the world’s largest commercial PtG methanation plant in Werlte, Germany which was built in partnership with Audi and Siemens to produce synthetic natural gas. Audi markets the gas as e-gas and it is distributed via pipeline to CNG filling stations where it is sold as carbon neutral vehicular fuel. The Werlte plant was constructed next to a biogas digester facility that provides the CO2 for methanation. Since methanation is an exothermic process, producing significant heat (approximately 300° C steam), the heat at the Wertle plant is sent back to the digester to facilitate the digestion process. The thermal energy from the methanation is valuable for industrial processes and creates many opportunities for systems integration with other processes. The Wertle plant has an electrical capacity of 6 MW and consumes 2,800 metric tons of CO2 to produce 1,000 metric tons of renewable natural gas per year. Though the Wertle plant is the largest commercial PtG plant in operation globally, it is still considered a demonstration plant. There are a number of emerging PtG technologies coming along including Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis and biological methanation. Biological methanation uses bacteria to react the CO2 and hydrogen into methane instead of traditional catalytic methods, but these processes are still pre-commercial. PEM electrolysis is considered very promising, though not as mature as alkaline electrolysis. PEM is essentially a hydrogen fuel cell in reverse and consumes electricity to produce hydrogen rather than consume hydrogen to produce electricity. The advantage of PEM electrolysis is very rapid response times and expected cost reductions that couple with the development of hydrogen fuel cells for vehicles. System efficiencies and costs for PtG vary widely on a case-by-case basis and are closely tied to overall systems integration, particularly in the case of CO2 methanation. Under the best circumstances the life-cycle efficiencies are over 70%, but there are many methods for capturing CO2, many methods for utilizing industrial heat, and many methods for consuming methane, all of which impact full systems efficiency. And while synthetic natural gas is more expensive than fossil natural gas in the American market, SNG from PtG is entirely carbon neutral, which means that it can carry a price premium and earn credits under potential carbon emissions regimes. More importantly though, PtG offers the ability to decouple renewable electricity production from electricity demand and open up alternative industrial and transportation markets for renewable energy. Despite the interest in Europe, there has been very little discussion of PtG in North America. American environmentalists seem to be so busy fighting hydrofracking and natural gas infrastructure that they are overlooking the incredible promise of renewable natural gas and PtG. There is one project going forward in Ontario, Canada, a 2.5 MW grid storage project by Hydrogenics. News of this project got the attention of the California power authorities (Cal ISO) who just recently signed a contract with NREL (National Renewable Energy Lab) to model the Western States Grid to identify PtG opportunities. California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy targets after Germany, and California authorities have come to recognize the potential for using PtG to help integrate renewables into the grid.", "blogTitle": "Breaking Energy", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://breakingenergy.com/2014/12/02/power-to-gas-enables-massive-energy-storage/", "accessDate": "2015-02-24T23:07:35Z", "ISSN": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CJXNHJ6C" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-24T23:07:35Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-24T23:07:35Z" } }, { "key": "36JFG735", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/36JFG735", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/36JFG735", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Meyer et al.", "parsedDate": "1982", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "36JFG735", "version": 22, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Direct methanation—A new method of converting synthesis gas to substitute natural gas", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Howard S.", "lastName": "Meyer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vernon L.", "lastName": "Hill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ab", "lastName": "Flowers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Happel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miguel A.", "lastName": "Hnatow" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Preprint Papers-American Chemical Society. Division of Fuel Chemistry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1982", "volume": "27", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "109-115", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/27_1_LAS%20VEGAS_03-82_0109.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CJXNHJ6C" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-24T23:03:02Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-24T23:03:38Z" } }, { "key": "GZDRE4D3", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/GZDRE4D3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/GZDRE4D3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2103150, "username": "jwalkernlr", "name": "Jen Walker", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jwalkernlr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jaramillo et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-10-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GZDRE4D3", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Comparative Analysis of the Production Costs and Life-Cycle GHG Emissions of FT Liquid Fuels from Coal and Natural Gas", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paulina", "lastName": "Jaramillo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. Michael", "lastName": "Griffin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. Scott", "lastName": "Matthews" } ], "abstractNote": "Liquid transportation fuels derived from coal and natural gas could help the United States reduce its dependence on petroleum. The fuels could be produced domestically or imported from fossil fuel-rich countries. The goal of this paper is to determine the life-cycle GHG emissions of coal- and natural gas-based Fischer?Tropsch (FT) liquids, as well as to compare production costs. The results show that the use of coal- or natural gas-based FT liquids will likely lead to significant increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to petroleum-based fuels. In a best-case scenario, coal- or natural gas-based FT-liquids have emissions only comparable to petroleum-based fuels. In addition, the economic advantages of gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuels are not obvious: there is a narrow range of petroleum and natural gas prices at which GTL fuels would be competitive with petroleum-based fuels. CTL fuels are generally cheaper than petroleum-based fuels. However, recent reports suggest there is uncertainty about the availability of economically viable coal resources in the United States. If the U.S. has a goal of increasing its energy security, and at the same time significantly reducing its GHG emissions, neither CTL nor GTL consumption seem a reasonable path to follow.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 15, 2008", "volume": "42", "issue": "20", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "7559-7565", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1021/es8002074", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8002074", "accessDate": "2015-02-24T21:55:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "WP8C38MC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-24T21:55:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-24T21:55:03Z" } }, { "key": "U5UMCTAD", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/U5UMCTAD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/U5UMCTAD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "1987-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U5UMCTAD", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Chapter 4: Coal gasification for SNG production", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 1987", "volume": "12", "issue": "8–9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "663-687", "series": "Coal gasification: Direct applications and syntheses of chemicals and fuels", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/S0360-5442(87)80006-3", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544287800063", "accessDate": "2015-02-24T21:51:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-5442", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Chapter 4", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "CJXNHJ6C" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-24T21:51:29Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-24T21:51:29Z" } }, { "key": "3J2ZRFE4", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/3J2ZRFE4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/3J2ZRFE4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3J2ZRFE4", "version": 15, "itemType": "document", "title": "Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of LNG Plants and Import Terminals-Chapter 8", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "There are several benefits to be realized by using the dynamic simulation in the various stages of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant life cycle. These include both design and operational benefits. The various engineering contractors have used dynamic simulation extensively for improving the plant design. Also, process licensors have used these tools to improve and optimize their offerings. Apart from these, the LNG plant owner/operators have also found good use of dynamic simulation, especially in the form of operator training simulators. The chapter starts with a brief overview of life cycle dynamic simulation of LNG plants. The details of developing LNG plant dynamic models, including the modeling of individual unit operations, is presented. The applications of dynamic simulation in LNG plants, including engineering studies and operator training simulator (OTS) are also presented in this chapter. In addition, the development of dynamic models and their applications in design and operation of LNG import terminals is discussed here.", "type": "", "date": "2014", "publisher": "Elsevier Inc", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "Primo", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "LNG lifecycle simulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "design and operational benefits", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fidelity and details of dynamic models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "operator training simulators", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plant downtime and improved safety", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V684HKI2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-24T18:48:01Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-24T18:48:01Z" } }, { "key": "55TWKAUH", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/55TWKAUH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/55TWKAUH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kim et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-08-17", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "55TWKAUH", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "2D representation of life cycle greenhouse gas emission and life cycle cost of energy conversion for various energy resources", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heetae", "lastName": "Kim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claudio", "lastName": "Tenreiro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tae Kyu", "lastName": "Ahn" } ], "abstractNote": "We suggest a 2D-plot representation combined with life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life cycle cost for various energy conversion technologies. In general, life cycle assessment (LCA) not only analyzes at the use phase of a specific technology, but also covers widely related processes of before and after its use. We use life cycle GHG emissions and life cycle cost (LCC) to compare the energy conversion process for eight resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear power, hydro power, geothermal power, wind power, solar thermal power, and solar photovoltaic (PV) power based on the reported LCA and LCC data. Among the eight sources, solar PV and nuclear power exhibit the highest and the lowest LCCs, respectively. On the other hand, coal and wind power locate the highest and the lowest life cycle GHG emissions. In addition, we used the 2D plot to show the life cycle performance of GHG emissions and LCCs simultaneously and realized a correlation that life cycle GHG emission is largely inversely proportional to the corresponding LCCs. It means that an expensive energy source with high LCC tends to have low life cycle GHG emissions, or is environmental friendly. For future study, we will measure the technological maturity of the energy sources to determine the direction of the specific technology development based on the 2D plot of LCCs versus life cycle GHG emissions.", "publicationTitle": "Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013/08/17", "volume": "30", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1882-1888", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Korean J. Chem. Eng.", "DOI": "10.1007/s11814-013-0121-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11814-013-0121-9", "accessDate": "2015-02-24T16:27:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0256-1115, 1975-7220", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "2D Projection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Biotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Catalysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Coal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electricity Conversion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Geothermal Power", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hydro Power", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Life Cycle Cost (LCC)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Materials Science, general", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Natural Gas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nuclear Power", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar Panel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar Thermal Power", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Wind Power", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "V684HKI2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-24T16:27:48Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-24T16:27:48Z" } }, { "key": "SF6SQPVF", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/SF6SQPVF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/SF6SQPVF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1261598, "username": "Bibliobomb", "name": "Alex Hernandez", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bibliobomb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Appleby", "parsedDate": "1992-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SF6SQPVF", "version": 13, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Fuel cell technology and innovation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. J.", "lastName": "Appleby" } ], "abstractNote": "Fuel cells are an innovative technology, but present designs require much more innovation before they can make a large impact on future energy conversion markets. They are regarded today as competition for dispersed generation using conventional clean fossil fuels. Since they use hydrogen, they are built into large chemical plants which may be regarded as dispersed refineries. The size of the plant is determined by this refinery, which cannot be scaled down effectively to the units of a few kW of less, where the fuel cell potentially excels. If they are liberated from this requirement either by the use of new materials or (more likely) by the direct use of hydrogen, first from natural gas, then from renewables, they can have a major impact. How innovation may be used to tackle the home and automobile energy conversion markets is considered.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Power Sources", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1992", "volume": "37", "issue": "1–2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "223-239", "series": "Proceedings of the Second Grove Fuel Cell Symposium. Progress in Fuel Cell Commercialisation", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Power Sources", "DOI": "10.1016/0378-7753(92)80080-U", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037877539280080U", "accessDate": "2015-02-24T16:15:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-7753", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "V684HKI2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-24T16:15:10Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-24T16:15:10Z" } }, { "key": "37H8AM8K", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/37H8AM8K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/37H8AM8K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2103150, "username": "jwalkernlr", "name": "Jen Walker", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jwalkernlr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "DiGenova et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "37H8AM8K", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Method for customizing an organic Rankine cycle to a complex heat source for efficient energy conversion, demonstrated on a Fischer Tropsch plant", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kevin J.", "lastName": "DiGenova" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barbara B.", "lastName": "Botros" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. G.", "lastName": "Brisson" } ], "abstractNote": "Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) provide an alternative to traditional steam Rankine cycles for the conversion of low grade heat sources into power, where conventional steam power cycles are known to be inefficient. A large processing plant often has multiple low temperature waste heat streams available for conversion to electricity by a low temperature cycle, resulting in a composite heat source with a complex temperature-enthalpy profile. This work presents a set of ORC design concepts; reheat stages, multiple pressure levels, and balanced recuperators; and demonstrates the use of these design concepts as building blocks to create a customized cycle that matches an available heat source. Organic fluids are modeled using a pure substance database. The pinch analysis technique of forming composite curves is applied to analyze the effect of each building block on the temperature-enthalpy profile of the ORC heat requirement. The customized cycle is demonstrated on a heat source derived from a Fischer Tropsch reactor and its associated processes. Analysis shows a steam Rankine cycle can achieve a 20.6% conversion efficiency for this heat source, whereas a simple organic Rankine cycle using hexane as the working fluid can achieve a 20.9% conversion efficiency. If the ORC building blocks are combined into a cycle targeted to match the temperature-enthalpy profile of the heat source, this customized ORC can achieve 28.5% conversion efficiency. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "FEB 2013", "volume": "102", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "746-754", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Appl. Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.08.029", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-2619", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000314190800080", "tags": [ { "tag": "Energy conversion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organic Rankine cycle (ORC)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pinch analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Waste heat conversion", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "WP8C38MC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-23T20:10:42Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-23T20:10:42Z" } }, { "key": "5R7VU73C", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 331007, "name": "Life Cycle Gas Conversion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/331007/items/5R7VU73C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/life_cycle_gas_conversion/items/5R7VU73C", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 2103150, "username": "jwalkernlr", "name": "Jen Walker", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jwalkernlr", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Takeshita and Yamaji", "parsedDate": "2008-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5R7VU73C", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Important roles of Fischer-Tropsch synfuels in the global energy future", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.", "lastName": "Takeshita" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Yamaji" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper examines the potential roles of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synfuels in the 21st century with a global energy model treating the entire fuel supply chain in detail. The major conclusions are the following. First,", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008 Aug.", "volume": "36", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2791-802", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy (UK)", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.044", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ISI Web of Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "INSPEC:10087378", "tags": [ { "tag": "Latin America", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Practical/ Fischer-Tropsch synfuels", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sub-Saharan Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "[s0301-4215(08)00117-1]", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "carbon-neutral fuels", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fuel supply chain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "global energy future", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "interregional trade", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "stranded gas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "transportation costs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "transportation energy demand/ B8520 Transportation B8360 Power convertors and power supplies to apparatus", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "WP8C38MC" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-23T20:10:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-23T20:10:11Z" } } ]