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Average disposal costs range from $4.00–$8.00·bbl−1, with up to $20·bbl−1 spent on transportation alone. Dissolved solids content is a contributing factor which limits economical treatment options for this waste stream. This work proposes a novel technique that can handle high salinity waste, employing favorable properties past the critical point of water. In this study, process simulation of two supercritical water desalination (SCWD) scenarios was completed. Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) and brine concentration operating scenarios were compared, weighing the associated economics and benefits for each case. The results were shown to be economically feasible for brines with a high dissolved solids content, ranging from $3.49 to $17.28·bbl−1 in an expanded sensitivity analysis.", "publicationTitle": "Desalination", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020-05-01", "volume": "481", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "114334", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Desalination", "DOI": "10.1016/j.desal.2020.114334", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916419315814", "accessDate": "2025-05-15T14:19:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0011-9164", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Brine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Desalination", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oil & gas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Produced water", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Supercritical fluid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Zero liquid discharge", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2025-05-15T14:19:43Z", "dateModified": "2025-05-15T14:19:43Z" } }, { "key": "P9FREP54", "version": 124, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/P9FREP54", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/P9FREP54", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/CJ4TJ7TB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P9FREP54", "version": 124, "parentItem": "CJ4TJ7TB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:32:31Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421514000834/pdfft?md5=083c9e94e35d0bedf1245b8a50b1b1d7&pid=1-s2.0-S0301421514000834-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Papadopoulou and Antoniou - 2014 - Environmental impact assessment methodological fra.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:32:31Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:32:37Z" } }, { "key": "ZJUIG5NQ", "version": 124, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/ZJUIG5NQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/ZJUIG5NQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/CJ4TJ7TB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZJUIG5NQ", "version": 124, "parentItem": "CJ4TJ7TB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:32:34Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421514000834", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0301421514000834.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:32:34Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:32:34Z" } }, { "key": "CJ4TJ7TB", "version": 124, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/CJ4TJ7TB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/CJ4TJ7TB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Papadopoulou and Antoniou", "parsedDate": "2014-05", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "CJ4TJ7TB", "version": 124, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Environmental impact assessment methodological framework for liquefied natural gas terminal and transport network planning", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria P.", "lastName": "Papadopoulou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constantinos", "lastName": "Antoniou" } ], "abstractNote": "The recent discovery of significant offshore natural gas reserves in the Aphrodite field, south of the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea, changes the energy landscape in the greater Mediterranean-Middle East-Caucasian Region. In this paper, different alternative locations for the construction and operation of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal station in Cyprus were evaluated, explicitly considering also their connection to the power generation station of Mari and the country׳s gateway.\n\nThe problem of determining the optimal location for an LNG terminal in Cyprus has been approached using multiple methodological components, which consider environmental and transportation issues, both technocratic in nature, as well as more subjective and based on expert opinion. The first step was a REGIME multi-criteria decision analysis used to prioritize alternative LNG terminal locations. Then, multiple modes (railroad and pipeline) of transportation connections were evaluated and geometric alignments were proposed, considering a multitude of restrictions. Finally an environmental impact assessment based on a structured questionnaire and an expert panel was conducted to validate and assess the impact of the alternative options (combination of location and transportation mode and route). During the evaluation process parameters such as safety, existing infrastructure, and access were also considered.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2014", "volume": "68", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "306-319", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.044", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421514000834", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:32:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Environmental impact assessment (EIA)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Environmental planning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Liquefied natural gas (LNG)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "REGIME multi-criteria decision analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Transport network design", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "7AXG2EQG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:32:31Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:32:31Z" } }, { "key": "BWTUPRK2", "version": 123, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/BWTUPRK2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/BWTUPRK2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/9979XJEW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BWTUPRK2", "version": 123, "parentItem": "9979XJEW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:17:06Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832007002025", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0951832007002025.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:17:06Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:17:06Z" } }, { "key": "PFUH3CSI", "version": 123, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/PFUH3CSI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/PFUH3CSI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/9979XJEW", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PFUH3CSI", "version": 123, "parentItem": "9979XJEW", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:17:02Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832007002025/pdfft?md5=6fce826ca64832e26a05bdd2fe6edbd4&pid=1-s2.0-S0951832007002025-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Vanem et al. - 2008 - Analysing the risk of LNG carrier operations.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:17:02Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:17:05Z" } }, { "key": "9979XJEW", "version": 123, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/9979XJEW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/9979XJEW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vanem et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-09", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "9979XJEW", "version": 123, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Analysing the risk of LNG carrier operations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erik", "lastName": "Vanem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pedro", "lastName": "Antão" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ivan", "lastName": "Østvik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Francisco Del Castillo", "lastName": "de Comas" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents a generic, high-level risk assessment of the global operation of ocean-going liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers. The analysis collects and combines information from several sources such as an initial hazid, a thorough review of historic LNG accidents, review of previous studies, published damage statistics and expert judgement, and develops modular risk models for critical accident scenarios. In accordance with these risk models, available information from different sources has been structured in the form of event trees for different generic accident categories. In this way, high-risk areas pertaining to LNG shipping operations have been identified. The major contributions to the risk associated with LNG shipping are found to stem from five generic accident categories, i.e. collision, grounding, contact, fire and explosion, and events occurring while loading or unloading LNG at the terminal. Of these, collision risk was found to be the highest. According to the risk analysis presented in this paper, both the individual and the societal risk level associated with LNG carrier operations lie within the As Low As Reasonable Practicable (ALARP) area, meaning that further risk reduction should be required only if available cost-effective risk control options could be identified. This paper also includes a critical review of the various components of the risk models and hence identifies areas of improvements and suggests topics for further research.", "publicationTitle": "Reliability Engineering & System Safety", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2008", "volume": "93", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1328-1344", "series": "Safety in Maritime Transportation", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Reliability Engineering & System Safety", "DOI": "10.1016/j.ress.2007.07.007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832007002025", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:17:02Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0951-8320", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Formal safety assessment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gas tankers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LNG carriers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Liquefied natural gas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Marine transportation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Maritime safety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Risk analysis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "7AXG2EQG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:17:02Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:17:02Z" } }, { "key": "VUH7IK45", "version": 122, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/VUH7IK45", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/VUH7IK45", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/97UW6A76", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VUH7IK45", "version": 122, "parentItem": "97UW6A76", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:13:13Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950423013001526/pdfft?md5=828847b8e8a4c9632a53ed8dee4ba340&pid=1-s2.0-S0950423013001526-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Aneziris et al. - 2014 - Integrated risk assessment for LNG terminals.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:13:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:13:57Z" } }, { "key": "E49DKZEU", "version": 122, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/E49DKZEU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/E49DKZEU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/97UW6A76", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "E49DKZEU", "version": 122, "parentItem": "97UW6A76", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:13:42Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950423013001526", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0950423013001526.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:13:42Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:13:42Z" } }, { "key": "97UW6A76", "version": 121, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/97UW6A76", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/97UW6A76", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aneziris et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-04-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "97UW6A76", "version": 121, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Integrated risk assessment for LNG terminals", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O. N.", "lastName": "Aneziris" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. A.", "lastName": "Papazoglou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Konstantinidou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Z.", "lastName": "Nivolianitou" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper presents an integrated risk assessment framework for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminals. The basic steps for risk assessment are the following: a) hazard identification, b) accident sequence modeling, where logic models such as Event Trees and Fault Trees are developed c) data acquisition and parameter estimation, used to estimate frequencies of the initiating events, component unavailability and probabilities of human actions, d) accident sequence quantification, where all accident sequences are assessed, e) consequence assessment, where release, evaporation rate, radiation levels and overpressure owing to immediate or delayed ignition of LNG is performed and f) integration of results where risk indices are assessed. Risk assessment of an onshore and an offshore LNG terminal is performed, according to the basic methodological steps, and the distances where individual risk levels equal to 10−5–10−7/yr are assessed and presented in the form of individual contours. A section dedicated to I.A. Papazoglou, pioneer in Quantitative Risk Assessment both in the nuclear and chemical industry is also provided.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 11, 2014", "volume": "28", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "23-35", "series": "European Process Safety Pioneers", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jlp.2013.07.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950423013001526", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T20:13:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0950-4230", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Fault Trees and Event Trees for LNG terminals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Greek pioneer in process safety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Initiating events", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "LNG, consequences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Quantified risk assessment", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "7AXG2EQG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-04-18T20:13:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-04-18T20:13:13Z" } }, { "key": "IMQK5QHT", "version": 118, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/IMQK5QHT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/IMQK5QHT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/JUUA6VVI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "IMQK5QHT", "version": 118, "parentItem": "JUUA6VVI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "spaix.net - The Pump Search Engine", "accessDate": "2016-03-30T07:53:17Z", "url": "http://impeller.net/spaix.asp?LGG=en", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "spaix.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-03-30T07:53:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-03-30T07:53:17Z" } }, { "key": "7555IWD2", "version": 116, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/7555IWD2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/7555IWD2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dupraz et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "7555IWD2", "version": 116, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Combining solar photovoltaic panels and food crops for optimising land use: Towards new agrivoltaic schemes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Dupraz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Marrou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Talbot" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Dufour" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Nogier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Y.", "lastName": "Ferard" } ], "abstractNote": "The need for new sources of renewable energies and the rising price of fossil fuels have induced the hope that agricultural crops may be a source of renewable energy for the future. We question in this paper the best strategies to convert solar radiation into both energy and food. The intrinsic efficiency of the photosynthetic process is quite low (around 3%) while commercially available monocristalline solar photovoltaic (PV) panels have an average yield of 15%. Therefore huge arrays of solar panels are now envisaged. Solar plants using PV panels will therefore compete with agriculture for land. In this paper, we suggest that a combination of solar panels and food crops on the same land unit may maximise the land use. We suggest to call this an agrivoltaic system. We used Land Equivalent Ratios to compare conventional options (separation of agriculture and energy harvesting) and two agrivoltaic systems with different densities of PV panels. We modelled the light transmission at the crop level by an array of solar panels and used a crop model to predict the productivity of the partially shaded crops. These preliminary results indicate that agrivoltaic systems may be very efficient: a 35–73% increase of global land productivity was predicted for the two densities of PV panels. Facilitation mechanisms similar to those evidenced in agroforestry systems may explain the advantage of such mixed systems. New solar plants may therefore combine electricity production with food production, especially in countries where cropping land is scarce. There is a need to validate the hypotheses included in our models and provide a proof of the concept by monitoring prototypes of agrivoltaic systems.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2011", "volume": "36", "issue": "10", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2725-2732", "series": "Renewable Energy: Generation & Application", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable Energy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.renene.2011.03.005", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148111001194", "accessDate": "2015-07-05T14:52:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0960-1481", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Combining solar photovoltaic panels and food crops for optimising land use", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Land equivalent ratio", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Land use intensification", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Optimisation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photovoltaic systems", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "AD9PSX7J" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-07-05T14:52:38Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T19:00:36Z" } }, { "key": "RM5BN8GX", "version": 115, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/RM5BN8GX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/RM5BN8GX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/AFBICRJU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RM5BN8GX", "version": 115, "parentItem": "AFBICRJU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:59:01Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211501103X", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S136403211501103X.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T19:00:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T19:00:16Z" } }, { "key": "QW83EFRT", "version": 115, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/QW83EFRT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/QW83EFRT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/AFBICRJU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QW83EFRT", "version": 115, "parentItem": "AFBICRJU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:58:59Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211501103X/pdfft?md5=ff2d28cc786c8eaca4ef5d98b2991214&pid=1-s2.0-S136403211501103X-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Dinesh and Pearce - 2016 - The potential of agrivoltaic systems.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T19:00:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T19:00:16Z" } }, { "key": "AFBICRJU", "version": 115, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/AFBICRJU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/AFBICRJU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dinesh and Pearce", "parsedDate": "2016-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "AFBICRJU", "version": 115, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The potential of agrivoltaic systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Harshavardhan", "lastName": "Dinesh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joshua M.", "lastName": "Pearce" } ], "abstractNote": "In order to meet global energy demands with clean renewable energy such as with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, large surface areas are needed because of the relatively diffuse nature of solar energy. Much of this demand can be matched with aggressive building integrated PV and rooftop PV, but the remainder can be met with land-based PV farms. Using large tracts of land for solar farms will increase competition for land resources as food production demand and energy demand are both growing and vie for the limited land resources. This land competition is exacerbated by the increasing population. These coupled land challenges can be ameliorated using the concept of agrivoltaics or co-developing the same area of land for both solar PV power as well as for conventional agriculture. In this paper, the agrivoltaic experiments to date are reviewed and summarized. A coupled simulation model is developed for both PV production (PVSyst) and agricultural production (Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire les Cultures Standard (STICS) crop model), to gauge the technical potential of scaling agrivoltaic systems. The results showed that the value of solar generated electricity coupled to shade-tolerant crop production created an over 30% increase in economic value from farms deploying agrivoltaic systems instead of conventional agriculture. Utilizing shade tolerant crops enables crop yield losses to be minimized and thus maintain crop price stability. In addition, this dual use of agricultural land can have a significant effect on national PV production. The results showed an increase in PV power between over 40 and 70 GW if lettuce cultivation alone is converted to agrivoltaic systems in the U.S. It is clear, further work is warranted in this area and that the outputs for different crops and geographic areas should be explored to ascertain the potential of agrivoltaic farming throughout the globe.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2016", "volume": "54", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "299-308", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "DOI": "10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.024", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211501103X", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:58:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1364-0321", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Agrivoltaic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Joint production", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Photovoltaic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Solar farm", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "AD9PSX7J" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T19:00:16Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T19:00:16Z" } }, { "key": "D9227RER", "version": 114, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/D9227RER", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/D9227RER", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/R5DSRH73", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "D9227RER", "version": 114, "parentItem": "R5DSRH73", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:52:39Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881100524X/pdfft?md5=1dc8620dbcde93b80ac708ac55afb943&pid=1-s2.0-S037877881100524X-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Howard et al. - 2012 - Spatial distribution of urban building energy cons.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:52:39Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:52:46Z" } }, { "key": "I39AW4J5", "version": 114, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/I39AW4J5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/I39AW4J5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/R5DSRH73", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "I39AW4J5", "version": 114, "parentItem": "R5DSRH73", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:52:41Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881100524X", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S037877881100524X.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:52:41Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:52:41Z" } }, { "key": "R5DSRH73", "version": 114, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/R5DSRH73", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/R5DSRH73", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Howard et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "R5DSRH73", "version": 114, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Spatial distribution of urban building energy consumption by end use", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Howard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Parshall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Thompson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Hammer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Dickinson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Modi" } ], "abstractNote": "The current energy distribution infrastructure in many urban areas either cannot support anticipated future energy use or would require significant rehabilitation even if current use were maintained. Understanding the dynamics of local energy use is an important precondition of understanding how to remedy this situation. This paper builds a model to estimate the building sector energy end-use intensity (kwh/m2 floor area) for space heating, domestic hot water, electricity for space cooling and electricity for non-space cooling applications in New York City. The model assumes that such end use is primarily dependent on building function, whether residential, educational or office for example, and not on construction type or the age of the building. The modeled intensities are calibrated using ZIP code level electricity and fuel use data reported by the New York City Mayor's Office of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability. The end-use ratios were derived from the Residential and Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey's Public Use Microdata. The results provide the ability to estimate the end-use energy consumption of each tax lot in New York City. The resulting spatially explicit energy consumption can be a valuable tool for determining cost-effectiveness and policies for implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy programs.", "publicationTitle": "Energy and Buildings", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2012", "volume": "45", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "141-151", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy and Buildings", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.10.061", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881100524X", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:52:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-7788", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Building energy consumption", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "GIS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Urban energy planning", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "4NX3RGKJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:52:39Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:52:39Z" } }, { "key": "R3J86IN2", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/R3J86IN2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/R3J86IN2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/MCUVBASD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R3J86IN2", "version": 113, "parentItem": "MCUVBASD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:51:01Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114006029/pdfft?md5=8c25cc661e3397066031e0f0045717d1&pid=1-s2.0-S1364032114006029-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Abdilahi et al. - 2014 - Feasibility study of renewable energy-based microg.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:51:01Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:51:04Z" } }, { "key": "9MJQASS5", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/9MJQASS5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/9MJQASS5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/MCUVBASD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9MJQASS5", "version": 113, "parentItem": "MCUVBASD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:51:03Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114006029", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S1364032114006029.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:51:03Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:51:03Z" } }, { "key": "MCUVBASD", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/MCUVBASD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/MCUVBASD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Abdilahi et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "MCUVBASD", "version": 113, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Feasibility study of renewable energy-based microgrid system in Somaliland׳s urban centers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abdirahman Mohamed", "lastName": "Abdilahi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abdul Halim", "lastName": "Mohd Yatim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohd Wazir", "lastName": "Mustafa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Omar Tahseen", "lastName": "Khalaf" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alshammari Fahad", "lastName": "Shumran" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Faizah", "lastName": "Mohamed Nor" } ], "abstractNote": "The ever increasing and continuously unpredictable fluctuating diesel prices that power electricity generation has detrimental impact on the business climate in an area that fights to move away from recovery of post-conflict situation to a relatively rapid economic development. In view of this, this paper aims to investigate the possibility of supplying electricity from a renewable energy-supplemented hybrid system to Hargeisa, Somaliland׳s major urban center. The city has yet to establish its own standard modern electricity grid. Because of the great need to reduce energy costs in Somaliland, a feasibility study has been carried out on how to supply electricity to a sampled residential load. The electric load consists of only a primary type that is in-line with the present electricity consumption in the area. A software tool, hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) is used for the analysis. The results of the techno-economic analysis indicate the economic prospect of achieving a 58% of renewable energy (RE) penetration. This consequently reduces the cost of energy (COE) by 30% and the total net present cost (NPC) of the simulated system by a further 25% as compared to a current diesel-only microgrid. The deployment of a hybrid microgrid shows the viability of a better economic prospect than the current “business-as-usual” scenario in Somaliland.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2014", "volume": "40", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1048-1059", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "DOI": "10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.150", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114006029", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:51:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1364-0321", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "HOMER software", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microgrid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Optimal configuration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Renewable energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Somaliland", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "System design", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Techno-economic analysis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "4NX3RGKJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:51:01Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:51:01Z" } }, { "key": "4DRWFB3D", "version": 112, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/4DRWFB3D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/4DRWFB3D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/4XMAM6M6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "4DRWFB3D", "version": 112, "parentItem": "4XMAM6M6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "IEEE Xplore Abstract Record", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:49:00Z", "url": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5744615&tag=1", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abs_all.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:49:00Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:49:00Z" } }, { "key": "DKKVZRPR", "version": 112, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/DKKVZRPR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/DKKVZRPR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/4XMAM6M6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DKKVZRPR", "version": 112, "parentItem": "4XMAM6M6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-02-01T18:48:42Z", "url": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/5740654/5744557/05744615.pdf?tp=&arnumber=5744615&isnumber=5744557", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Watson and Kimball - 2011 - Frequency regulation of a microgrid using solar po.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:48:42Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:48:44Z" } }, { "key": "4XMAM6M6", "version": 112, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 330690, "name": "Columbia Center for Life Cycle Analysis", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/330690/items/4XMAM6M6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/columbia_center_for_life_cycle_analysis/items/4XMAM6M6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1693431, "username": "adamatia", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adamatia", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Watson and Kimball", "parsedDate": "2011-03", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "4XMAM6M6", "version": 112, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Frequency regulation of a microgrid using solar power", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.D.", "lastName": "Watson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.W.", "lastName": "Kimball" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes a system which is capable of frequency and voltage regulation during load changes on an islanded microgrid. The scaled microgrid model used in this paper consists of a synchronous generator, a solar panel with a single phase inverter, and a varying resistive load. The PV panel is connected to a boost converter which tracks a fraction of the solar panel's maximum power point. This allows for some reserve power, which is used to maintain a constant grid frequency during an increase in load. During an increase in load, the boost converter tracks closer to the PV panel's maximum power point, to output more power. This increase in power output helps to keep the frequency of the microgrid at the desired value. An experimental system has been built and tested using a DC motor connected to a synchronous generator to supply power to the scaled microgrid. A PV panel was used to maintain the frequency on the scaled microgrid as described above.", "proceedingsTitle": "2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)", "conferenceName": "2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2011", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "321-326", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/APEC.2011.5744615", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Converters", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DC motor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DC motors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Frequency measurement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inverters", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phase locked loops", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "frequency control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "frequency regulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "invertors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "islanded microgrid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "photovoltaic power systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "single phase inverter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar panel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "solar power", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "synchronous generator", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "synchronous generators", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "varying resistive load", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "voltage control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "voltage regulation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "4NX3RGKJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-02-01T18:48:42Z", "dateModified": "2016-02-01T18:48:42Z" } } ]