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            "creatorSummary": "Beard et al.",
            "parsedDate": "2014",
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            "version": 4,
            "itemType": "bookSection",
            "title": "Mapping the Welland Canals and the St. Lawrence Seaway with Google Earth",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Colleen",
                    "lastName": "Beard"
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                    "lastName": "MacFarlane"
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            "bookTitle": "Historical GIS Research in Canada",
            "series": "",
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            "date": "2014",
            "publisher": "University of Calgary Press",
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        "version": 9,
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            "creatorSummary": "CLARKE and GAYDOS",
            "parsedDate": "1998",
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        },
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            "key": "ATVM4KP4",
            "version": 9,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: long-term urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "KEITH C.",
                    "lastName": "CLARKE"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "LEONARD J.",
                    "lastName": "GAYDOS"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Prior research developed a cellular automaton model, that was calibrated by using historical digital maps of urban areas and can be used to predict the future extent of an urban area. The model has now been applied to two rapidly growing, but remarkably different urban areas: the San Francisco Bay region in California and the Washington/Baltimore corridor in the Eastern United States. This paper presents the calibration and prediction results for both regions, reviews their data requirements, compares the differences in the initial configurations and control parameters for the model in the two settings, and discusses the role of GIS in the applications. The model has generated some long term predictions that appear useful for urban planning and are consistent with results from other models and observations of growth. Although the GIS was only loosely coupled with the model, the model's provision of future urban patterns as data layers for GIS description and analysis is an important outcome of this type of calculation.",
            "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Geographical Information Science",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "1998",
            "volume": "12",
            "issue": "7",
            "section": "",
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            "pages": "699-714",
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            "DOI": "10.1080/136588198241617",
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    {
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        "version": 9,
        "library": {
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            "creatorSummary": "Dorling et al.",
            "parsedDate": "2000-12-23",
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            "version": 9,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "The Ghost of Christmas Past: health effects of poverty in London in 1896 and 1991",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Danny",
                    "lastName": "Dorling"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Richard",
                    "lastName": "Mitchell"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Mary",
                    "lastName": "Shaw"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Scott",
                    "lastName": "Orford"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "George Davey",
                    "lastName": "Smith"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Objectives: To compare the extent to which late 20th century patterns of mortality in London are predicted by contemporary patterns of poverty and by late 19th century patterns of poverty. To test the hypothesis that the pattern of mortality from causes known to be related to deprivation in early life can be better predicted by the distribution of poverty in the late 19th century than by that in the late 20th century.\nDesign: Data from Charles Booth's survey of inner London in 1896 were digitised and matched to contemporary local government wards. Ward level indices of relative poverty were derived from Booth's survey and the 1991 UK census of population. All deaths which took place within the surveyed area between 1991 and 1995 were identified and assigned to contemporary local government wards. Standardised mortality ratios for various causes of death were calculated for each ward for all ages, under age 65, and over age 65. Simple correlation and partial correlation analysis were used to estimate the contribution of the indices of poverty from 1896 and 1991 in predicting ward level mortality ratios in the early 1990s.\nSetting: Inner London.\nResults: For many causes of death in London, measures of deprivation made around 1896 and 1991 both contributed strongly to predicting the current spatial distribution. Contemporary mortality from diseases which are known to be related to deprivation in early life (stomach cancer, stroke, lung cancer) is predicted more strongly by the distribution of poverty in 1896 than that in 1991. In addition, all cause mortality among people aged over 65 was slightly more strongly related to the geography of poverty in the late 19th century than to its contemporary distribution.\nConclusions: Contemporary patterns of some diseases have their roots in the past. The fundamental relation between spatial patterns of social deprivation and spatial patterns of mortality is so robust that a century of change in inner London has failed to disrupt it.",
            "publicationTitle": "BMJ",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "12/23/2000",
            "volume": "321",
            "issue": "7276",
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            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "1547-1551",
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            "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1547",
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            "shortTitle": "The Ghost of Christmas Past",
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            "version": 9,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Mapping America in 1880: The Urban Transition Historical GIS Project",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "John R.",
                    "lastName": "Logan"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jason",
                    "lastName": "Jindrich"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Hyoungjin",
                    "lastName": "Shin"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Weiwei",
                    "lastName": "Zhang"
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract The Urban Transition Historical GIS [Geographic Information Systems] Project is a new data resource for U.S. counties and cities that takes advantage of the North Atlantic Population Project's 100-percent digital transcription of records from the 1880 U.S. census. The project has developed several additional resources to make possible analysis of social patterns at the level of individuals and households while taking into account information about their communities. One key contribution is the creation of historically accurate GIS maps showing the boundaries of enumeration districts in 39 major cities. These materials are now publicly available through a Web-based mapping system. Addresses of all households in these cities are also being geocoded, a step that will enable spatial analyses of residential patterns at any geographic scale. Preliminary analyses demonstrate the utility of multiple scales and the ability to combine information about individuals with data about their neighborhoods.",
            "publicationTitle": "Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "2011",
            "volume": "44",
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            "pages": "49-60",
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            "shortTitle": "Mapping America in 1880",
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            "title": "The Great Meadow: Farmers and the Land in Colonial Concord",
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            "abstractNote": "The farmers of colonial New England have been widely accused of farming extensively, neglecting manure, wearing out their land, and moving on. But did they? And if so, when and why? Brian Donahue offers an innovative, accessible, and authoritative history of the early farming practices of Concord, Massachusetts, and challenges the long-standing notion that colonial husbandry degraded the land. In fact, he argues, the Concord community of farmers achieved a remarkably successful and sustainable system of local production.Donahue describes in precise detail?using among other tools an innovative historical geographical information system (GIS) method?how land was settled and how mixed husbandry was developed in Concord. By reconstructing several farm neighborhoods and following them through many generations, he reveals the care with which farmers managed the land, soil, and water. He concludes that ecological degradation came to Concord only later, when nineteenth-century economic and social forces undercut the environmental balance that earlier colonial farmers had nurtured.",
            "series": "",
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            "publisher": "Yale University Press",
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            "shortTitle": "The Great Meadow",
            "language": "en",
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                    "tag": "History / United States / Colonial Period (1600-1775)",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "History / United States / General",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "History / United States / State & Local / New England (CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT)",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Nature / Ecosystems & Habitats / Plains & Prairies",
                    "type": 1
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                {
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                    "type": 1
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                    "lastName": "Cunfer"
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            "series": "Environmental history series",
            "seriesNumber": "no. 20",
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                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Environmental aspects History",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Great Plains",
                    "type": 1
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    {
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        "version": 8,
        "library": {
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            "creatorSummary": "Bodenhamer et al.",
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        "data": {
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            "version": 8,
            "itemType": "book",
            "title": "The Spatial Humanities: GIS and the Future of Humanities Scholarship",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "David J.",
                    "lastName": "Bodenhamer"
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                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Trevor M.",
                    "lastName": "Harris"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Geographic information systems (GIS) have spurred a renewed interest in the influence of geographical space on human behavior and cultural development. Ideally GIS enables humanities scholars to discover relationships of memory, artifact, and experience that exist in a particular place and across time. Although successfully used by other disciplines, efforts by humanists to apply GIS and the spatial analytic method in their studies have been limited and halting. The Spatial Humanities aims to re-orient -- and perhaps revolutionize -- humanities scholarship by critically engaging the technology and specifically directing it to the subject matter of the humanities. This book explores the potential of spatial methods such as text-based geographical analysis, multimedia GIS, animated maps, deep contingency, deep mapping, and the geo-spatial semantic web to re-orient humanities scholarship.",
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            "numPages": "222",
            "ISBN": "0-253-35505-2",
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