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However, despite the significant role that smart cities can play to deal with recent urban challenges, the concept has been criticized for being influenced by vendor hype. There are various attempts to conceptualize smart cities and various benchmarking methods have been developed to evaluate their impact. In this paper the modelling and benchmarking approaches are systematically compared. There are six common dimensions among the approaches, namely people, government, economy, mobility, environment and living. 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"place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "8", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "13–25", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://cjres.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/1/13.short", "accessDate": "2015-10-28T19:03:59Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00066", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T14:55:44Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-19T18:08:32Z" } }, { "key": "S8NJDUR9", "version": 366, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/325867/items/S8NJDUR9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { 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"515–526", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jis.sagepub.com/content/35/5/515.short", "accessDate": "2016-02-12T14:55:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Ubiquitous city", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00086", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T15:00:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-19T18:08:31Z" } }, { "key": "S22PNN3I", "version": 366, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/325867/items/S22PNN3I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw/items/S22PNN3I", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { 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The connotation of a smart city represents city innovation in management and policy as well as technology. Since the unique context of each city shapes the technological, organizational and policy aspects of that city, a smart city can be considered a contextualized interplay among technological innovation, managerial and organizational innovation, and policy innovation. However, only little research discusses innovation in management and policy while the literature of technology innovation is abundant. This paper aims to fill the research gap by building a comprehensive framework to view the smart city movement as innovation comprised of technology, management and policy. We also discuss inevitable risks from innovation, strategies to innovate while avoiding risks, and contexts underlying innovation and risks.", "proceedingsTitle": "Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "ACM", "place": "New York, NY, USA", "date": "2011", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "185–194", "series": "ICEGOV '11", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1145/2072069.2072100", "ISBN": "978-1-4503-0746-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2072069.2072100", "accessDate": "2015-08-15T20:13:15Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Smart City As Urban Innovation", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACM Digital Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00196", "tags": [ { "tag": "public sector innovation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "smart city", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sociotechnical perspective", 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Cruickshank", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NJ6X8XJW", "version": 366, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Creating smart-er cities: An overview", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sam", "lastName": "Allwinkle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Cruickshank" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of urban technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "18", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1–16", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10630732.2011.601103", "accessDate": "2016-06-22T21:39:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Creating smart-er cities", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": 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Large, dense cities can be highly productive, innovative, and per capita very green and hence desirable for our future. However the rapid influx of new citizens presents overwhelming challenges to their governments. Along with the positive benefits that accumulate from dense, diverse cities come in equal measure the negative aspects such as informal development, traffic congestion, waste management, and access to resources and crime. The demand for services is immediate, but the tax revenues to fund them come later. At the same time, globalization has connected cities on opposite sides of the planet in forms of competition previously unknown – for capital, for resources, and for the Creative Class. These challenges lead to experiments with new approaches to the planning, design, finance, construction, governance, and operation of urban infrastructure and services that are broadly called Smart Cities. Some of these approaches are related to emerging roles of information technology. \nA new professional community – the Urban Systems Collaborative – has formed to foster mutual learning among members of the architecture, planning, engineering, transportation, utilities, information technology, operations research, social sciences, geography and environmental science, public finance and policy, and communications profession. One of its hypotheses is a new theory of cities that makes use of new, rich sources of information about what is going on in the city. Among other things, it seeks to understand the impact that information technology can have on the urban fabric and norms of behaviour.\nSystems Science, in particular work on systems of systems and scaling laws, has provided new observations of urban systems at a macro-level. The Smart City provides new instrumentation that enables observation of urban systems at a micro-level.\nThis paper describes steps towards a model that can unify the perspectives of the professions in the Urban Systems Collaborative. It begins with examples of Smart Cities and why this movement is so active. It describes how information technology plays roles in shaping new norms of behaviour intended to facilitate the continuing growth of dense populations. It then explains a key hypothesis of the Urban Systems Collaborative that the increasing accessibility of information will enable us to develop Urban Systems models that are capable of helping citizens, entrepreneurs, civic organizations, and governments to see more deeply into how their cities work, how people use the city, how they feel about it, where the city faces problems, and what kinds of remediation can be applied.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS - 2011, Hull, UK", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "23/09/2011", "volume": "55", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings55th/article/view/1703", "accessDate": "2016-03-26T19:57:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1999-6918", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "journals.isss.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00142", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T14:57:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-19T18:08:16Z" } }, { "key": "7689NNNC", "version": 364, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/325867/items/7689NNNC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw/items/7689NNNC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 319656, "username": "tlodato", "name": "Thomas Lodato", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tlodato", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1908914, "username": "werdnanoslen", "name": "Andrew Nelson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/werdnanoslen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Castells", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7689NNNC", "version": 364, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Manuel", "lastName": "Castells" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "616", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "78–93", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ann.sagepub.com/content/616/1/78.short", "accessDate": "2016-01-13T18:43:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The new public sphere", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00806", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T15:01:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-19T18:08:15Z" } }, { "key": "49MKNVV3", "version": 364, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/325867/items/49MKNVV3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw/items/49MKNVV3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 319656, "username": "tlodato", "name": "Thomas Lodato", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tlodato", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1908914, "username": "werdnanoslen", "name": "Andrew Nelson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/werdnanoslen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Albino et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-01-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "49MKNVV3", "version": 364, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vito", "lastName": "Albino" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Umberto", "lastName": "Berardi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rosa Maria", "lastName": "Dangelico" } ], "abstractNote": "As the term “smart city” gains wider and wider currency, there is still confusion about what a smart city is, especially since several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims to clarify the meaning of the word “smart” in the context of cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a smart city, what are its features, and how it performs in comparison to traditional cities. Furthermore, performance measures and initiatives in a few smart cities are identified.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Urban Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2, 2015", "volume": "22", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3-21", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/10630732.2014.942092", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092", "accessDate": "2016-06-20T11:44:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1063-0732", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Smart Cities", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00086", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T14:56:06Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-19T18:08:14Z" } }, { "key": "2M5EPSK2", "version": 364, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { 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"2016-11-14T14:57:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-19T18:08:13Z" } }, { "key": "2FQB4I29", "version": 364, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/325867/items/2FQB4I29", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw/items/2FQB4I29", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 319656, "username": "tlodato", "name": "Thomas Lodato", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tlodato", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 1908914, "username": "werdnanoslen", "name": "Andrew Nelson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/werdnanoslen", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Perera et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2FQB4I29", "version": 364, "itemType": 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"libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00194", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T14:57:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-19T18:08:12Z" } }, { "key": "GNXPFMJT", "version": 363, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/325867/items/GNXPFMJT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw/items/GNXPFMJT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 319656, "username": "tlodato", "name": "Thomas Lodato", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tlodato", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Atkinson et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GNXPFMJT", "version": 363, "itemType": "report", "title": "A Policymaker’s 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"2016-11-14T15:03:33Z" } }, { "key": "FKAQWB8G", "version": 363, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/325867/items/FKAQWB8G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw/items/FKAQWB8G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 319656, "username": "tlodato", "name": "Thomas Lodato", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tlodato", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Huggins", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FKAQWB8G", "version": 363, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Regional competitive intelligence: benchmarking and policy-making", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Huggins" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Regional Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "44", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "639–658", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00343400802331312", "accessDate": "2016-06-21T21:26:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Regional competitive intelligence", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00075", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T15:03:08Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-14T15:03:09Z" } }, { "key": "K2EIUREB", "version": 362, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 325867, "name": "pdw", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/pdw", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": 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New policy ideas, especially \"ideas that work,\" are now able to find not only a worldwide audience but also transnational salience in remarkably short order. Fast Policy is the first systematic treatment of this phenomenon, one that compares processes of policy development across two rapidly moving fields that emerged in the Global South and have quickly been adopted worldwide⎯conditional cash transfers (a social policy program that conditions payments on behavioral compliance) and participatory budgeting (a form of citizen-centric urban governance). Jamie Peck and Nik Theodore critically analyze the growing transnational connectivity between policymaking arenas and modes of policy development, assessing the implications of these developments for contemporary policymaking. Emphasizing that policy models do not simply travel intact from sites of invention to sites of emulation, they problematize fast policy as a phenomenon that is real and consequential yet prone to misrepresentation. Based on fieldwork conducted across six continents and in fifteen countries, Fast Policy is an essential resource in providing an extended theoretical discussion of policy mobility and in presenting a methodology for ethnographic research on global social policy.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015", "publisher": "University of Minnesota Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "328", "ISBN": "978-0-8166-7730-6", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Fast Policy", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00000", "tags": [ { "tag": "Political Science / Globalization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Political Science / Public Policy / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Human Geography", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "ZGBUMUW2" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-11-14T15:02:44Z", "dateModified": "2016-11-14T15:02:45Z" } } ]