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Key Findings

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I personally feel that some of the findings may not be corrected because of surveys based data here.

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Thoughts about theory (PJR):

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I think the lit review here gives us some stuff to get a hold of, even though there's no dominant theory for us to test:

\n\n

 See Siegmann (2009) for more on PAK's digital

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2009 - The Gender Digital Divide in Rural Pakistan How W.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-28T06:23:32Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-28T06:23:39Z" } }, { "key": "T88FZN38", "version": 171, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/T88FZN38", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/T88FZN38", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084936, "username": "reed9999", "name": "Philip Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/reed9999", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Siegmann", "parsedDate": "2009-08-13", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "T88FZN38", "version": 171, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Gender Digital Divide in Rural Pakistan: How Wide is it and How to Bridge it?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karin Astrid", "lastName": "Siegmann" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009/08/13", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://repub.eur.nl/pub/22393/", "accessDate": "2015-02-28T06:23:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Gender Digital Divide in Rural Pakistan", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "repub.eur.nl", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "4GBST8F8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-28T06:23:32Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-28T06:23:32Z" } }, { "key": "NAJNZMXK", "version": 170, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/NAJNZMXK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/NAJNZMXK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/2VMRW9H3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NAJNZMXK", "version": 170, "parentItem": "2VMRW9H3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:44:11Z", "url": "http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/6/S311.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S311.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:44:11Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:44:11Z" } }, { "key": "UKE8R4B9", "version": 170, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/UKE8R4B9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/UKE8R4B9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/2VMRW9H3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UKE8R4B9", "version": 170, "parentItem": "2VMRW9H3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z", "url": "http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/6/S311.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Ajrouch et al. - 2005 - Social Networks Among Men and Women The Effects o.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:44:06Z" } }, { "key": "JXPPR5XP", "version": 170, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/JXPPR5XP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/JXPPR5XP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/2VMRW9H3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JXPPR5XP", "version": 170, "parentItem": "2VMRW9H3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16260713", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z" } }, { "key": "2VMRW9H3", "version": 170, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/2VMRW9H3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/2VMRW9H3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ajrouch et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-11-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "2VMRW9H3", "version": 170, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social Networks Among Men and Women: The Effects of Age and Socioeconomic Status", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kristine J.", "lastName": "Ajrouch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alysia Y.", "lastName": "Blandon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Toni C.", "lastName": "Antonucci" } ], "abstractNote": "Objectives. This study examines the main and interactive effects of age and socioeconomic status (SES) on social networks.\nMethods. Respondents are drawn from a regional stratified probability sample aged 40 to 93 years. Hierarchical regression analysis estimates the influence of age and SES on dimensions of social networks, controlling for marital status and health among men and women.\nResults. Among men, older age was associated with older networks. Professional men report networks that are less geographically proximal, however, occupational effects are most obvious in late life. Among women, age is associated with smaller networks that are older, less geographically proximal, and less frequently contacted. Whereas less education is associated with younger network members in midlife, among women in later life, lower levels of education are not associated with a younger network. Professional women report older networks composed of a higher proportion of friends than do homemakers. Higher levels of education are linked to larger personal networks among men and women, but not to the number of individuals considered closest. Among women, higher levels of education are also associated with less proximal networks.\nDiscussion. An examination of within-group variability reveals influences of age and SES on personal networks among men and women.", "publicationTitle": "The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "11/01/2005", "volume": "60", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "S311-S317", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci", "DOI": "10.1093/geronb/60.6.S311", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/6/S311", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1079-5014, 1758-5368", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Social Networks Among Men and Women", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16260713", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:44:03Z" } }, { "key": "UGK5FRHG", "version": 168, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/UGK5FRHG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/UGK5FRHG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/Z2P8GN7J", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UGK5FRHG", "version": 168, "parentItem": "Z2P8GN7J", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:19:17Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/110/45/18070", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "18070.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:19:17Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:19:17Z" } }, { "key": "4GH7P6WS", "version": 168, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/4GH7P6WS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/4GH7P6WS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/Z2P8GN7J", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4GH7P6WS", "version": 168, "parentItem": "Z2P8GN7J", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/110/45/18070.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Kovanen et al. - 2013 - Temporal motifs reveal homophily, gender-specific .pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:19:10Z" } }, { "key": "ZFTE2C8H", "version": 168, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/ZFTE2C8H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/ZFTE2C8H", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/Z2P8GN7J", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "ZFTE2C8H", "version": 168, "parentItem": "Z2P8GN7J", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24145424", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z" } }, { "key": "Z2P8GN7J", "version": 168, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/Z2P8GN7J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/Z2P8GN7J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1639232, "username": "razaurrehman", "name": "Muhammad Raza Khan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/razaurrehman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kovanen et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-11-05", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "Z2P8GN7J", "version": 168, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Temporal motifs reveal homophily, gender-specific patterns, and group talk in call sequences", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lauri", "lastName": "Kovanen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kimmo", "lastName": "Kaski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "János", "lastName": "Kertész" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jari", "lastName": "Saramäki" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent studies on electronic communication records have shown that human communication has complex temporal structure. We study how communication patterns that involve multiple individuals are affected by attributes such as sex and age. To this end, we represent the communication records as a colored temporal network where node color is used to represent individuals’ attributes, and identify patterns known as temporal motifs. We then construct a null model for the occurrence of temporal motifs that takes into account the interaction frequencies and connectivity between nodes of different colors. This null model allows us to detect significant patterns in call sequences that cannot be observed in a static network that uses interaction frequencies as link weights. We find sex-related differences in communication patterns in a large dataset of mobile phone records and show the existence of temporal homophily, the tendency of similar individuals to participate in communication patterns beyond what would be expected on the basis of their average interaction frequencies. We also show that temporal patterns differ between dense and sparse neighborhoods in the network. Because also this result is independent of interaction frequencies, it can be seen as an extension of Granovetter’s hypothesis to temporal networks.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "11/05/2013", "volume": "110", "issue": "45", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "18070-18075", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1307941110", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/110/45/18070", "accessDate": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 24145424", "tags": [ { "tag": "human dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social networks", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-26T22:19:04Z" } }, { "key": "WZZSDTBM", "version": 167, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/WZZSDTBM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/WZZSDTBM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/7TAJDF5C", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084936, "username": "reed9999", "name": "Philip Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/reed9999", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WZZSDTBM", "version": 167, "parentItem": "7TAJDF5C", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-02-25T19:05:41Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/johs.12011/full", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "full.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-25T19:05:41Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-25T19:05:41Z" } }, { "key": "VPV92TC7", "version": 167, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/VPV92TC7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/VPV92TC7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/7TAJDF5C", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084936, "username": "reed9999", "name": "Philip Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/reed9999", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VPV92TC7", "version": 167, "parentItem": "7TAJDF5C", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-02-25T19:05:38Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/johs.12011/asset/johs12011.pdf?v=1&t=i6l3e6gx&s=69229d407c05fd2f4619198c4b167aa0258a3704", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Werbner - 2013 - Mothers and Daughters in Historical Perspective H.pdf", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-25T19:05:38Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-25T19:05:40Z" } }, { "key": "7TAJDF5C", "version": 167, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 324308, "name": "Mobile phones and gender", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/324308/items/7TAJDF5C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/mobile_phones_and_gender/items/7TAJDF5C", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1084936, "username": "reed9999", "name": "Philip Reed", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/reed9999", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Werbner", "parsedDate": "2013-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "7TAJDF5C", "version": 167, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mothers and Daughters in Historical Perspective: Home, Identity and Double Consciousness in British Pakistanis' Migration and Return", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pnina", "lastName": "Werbner" } ], "abstractNote": "Scholarly interest has increasingly focused on the predicament of second-generation counter-diasporic return migration to an ancestral homeland. The present paper portrays two generations of Pakistani middle class women migrants: two mothers, who arrived in Manchester in the 1970s, and their daughters, who both returned to live in Pakistan, one at the age of 11 and the other in her twenties, to marry. The latter in particular experienced Pakistan as culturally alien and unhomely. In Britain one mother has become extremely pious after 9/11. The paper looks at the moral careers of mothers and daughters, starting from the fact that migration initiates an irreversible process in which everyday, taken-for-granted intimacies and socialities of home and identity are subverted. Refuting simplistic theories of a continuous “transnational field”, it argues that migrants experience “double consciousness”, an awareness of competing rules, expectations and a doubling up of a subject's sense of belonging and alienation, which no return home can reverse.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Historical Sociology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1, 2013", "volume": "26", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "41-61", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Hist Sociol", "DOI": "10.1111/johs.12011", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/johs.12011/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-02-25T19:05:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1467-6443", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Mothers and Daughters in Historical Perspective", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "4GBST8F8" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-02-25T19:05:38Z", "dateModified": "2015-02-25T19:05:38Z" } } ]