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"abstractNote": "This study evaluated the generation, maintenance, and negative side-effects of Habit Reversal (HR) and Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviour (DRO) in the elimination of thumb-sucking. Thirty children who sucked their thumbs or fingers excessively were randomly assigned to a HR, DRO or wait-list control group. Observation data were collected in three observation settings. Both procedures effectively reduced thumb-sucking in both a training setting and in two generalization settings, and initial generalization effects maintained over time. However, both procedures resulted in some temporary increases in oppositional behaviour and produced low elimination rates. Differences between HR and DRO were not statistically significant; however parents evaluated HR somewhat more favourably than DRO.",
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"title": "Treatment of a vocal tic by differential reinforcement",
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"abstractNote": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of differential reinforcement of the absence of a chronic vocal tic in a 9-year-old male. This procedure was used after problems in the application of a simplified habit reversal procedure were encountered, and when it became evident that a reinforcement procedure was more acceptable to the patient. Once differential reinforcement was implemented, a substantial decrease (to near zero frequency) in coughing and throat clearing resulted. The reduction of coughing and throat clearing was seen within and outside the treatment session. Treatment effects were maintained after fading the reinforcement and throughout posttreatment (50 weeks).;",
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"abstractNote": "This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO), differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI), and contingent watermist (CWM) in treating chronic self-injurious hand mouthing. The participant, a man with profound mental retardation, lived in a large residential facility. Prior to treatment he had participated in ineffective nonaversive treatments and was continuously mechanically restrained by his attending physician to promote healing of his hands. Baseline data collected in daily 30-minute sessions showed a hand mouthing rate of 1.5 responses/minute. Implementing the DRO, DRI, and CWM procedures in combination resulted in an initial 85% rate reduction. Each treatment component subsequently was withdrawn and reintroduced systematically in order to evaluate its relative effective upon hand mouthing. Only CWM plus differential reinforcement (DRO and/or DRI) had a significant effect upon hand mouthing. DRO plus DRI procedures were ineffective. In an effort to promote generalization of treatment effects, subsequent manipulations evaluated the effects of therapist proximity to the participant (one foot, 21 feet, or a random distance between one and 21 feet). Hand mouthing rates were reliably lower in the one-foot condition than in the 21-feet condition. The random proximity condition produced an intermediate performance. Direct care staff have implemented the DRI and CWM procedures throughout the participant's waking hours for nearly 3 years with almost complete elimination of hand mouthing.;",
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